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100-762: Like her predecessors, Catherine concerned herself with the Orthodox Christians under Ottoman rule; she sponsored the Orlov Revolt in the Morea during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 , and invited many Greeks like Ioannis Varvakis to settle in Russia, mainly in Crimea and New Russia . She conceived that one of her grandsons, appropriately named Constantine , would become the first emperor of

200-551: A Russian ambassador at the Ottoman court from 1700 on also allowed direct contacts of Russian officials with the Ottoman Christians, while an increasing number of the latter sought refuge and employment in Russia, where Greek colonies were established. The Ottoman Empire had its longest period of peace between 1739 ( Treaty of Belgrade ) and 1768 - three decades when it did not engage any of its European rivals. Europe

300-532: A common border with Moldavia. The first effect of this was the cession of the eastern half of Moldavia (renamed as Bessarabia ) to the Russian Empire in 1812. Phanariote rule was officially ended after the 1821 occupation of the country by Alexander Ypsilantis 's Filiki Eteria during the Greek War of Independence ; the subsequent Ottoman retaliation led to the rule of Ioan Sturdza . He was considered

400-542: A duty to defend his fatherland"; according to Polish chronicler Jan Długosz , if someone was found without carrying a weapon, he was sentenced to death . Stephen reformed the army by promoting men from the landed free peasantry răzeși (i.e. something akin to freeholding yeomen ) to infantry ( voinici ) and light cavalry ( hânsari ), reducing his dependence on the boyars , and introduced guns. The Small Host ( Oastea Mică ) consisted of around 10,000 to 12,000 men. The Large Host ( Oastea Mare ), which could reach up to 40,000,

500-673: A few hundred soldiers and inadequate arms supplies greatly disappointed the Greeks. Nevertheless, combined Russian-Greek forces attempted a campaign. The arrival of the Russian fleet in Mani in February 1770 saw the establishment of local armed groups in Mani and Kalamata. However, the small Russian expeditionary force could not convince a part of the local Greeks to take arms. The Russian manpower

600-750: A later date, the territories between the Dniester and the Bug rivers. Petru II profited from the end of the Hungarian-Polish union and moved the country closer to the Jagiellonian realm , becoming a vassal of Władysław II on September 26, 1387. This gesture was to have unexpected consequences: Petru supplied the Polish ruler with funds needed in the war against the Teutonic Knights , and

700-546: A long campaign. Meanwhile, Greek rebels were readied. Wishing to weaken the Ottoman Empire and establish a pro-Russian independent Greek state , Russian emissaries had been sent to Mani in the mid-1760s to make a pact with the strongest local military leaders, and at the same time notable Greeks approached various Russian agents, discussing plans for the liberation of Greece. In preparation for war, Russian agents promoted Greek rebellion to support military actions in

800-769: A military expedition in 1342, under King Władysław I , against the Margraviate of Brandenburg . In 1353, Dragoș , mentioned as a Vlach Knyaz in Maramureș , was sent by Louis I to establish a line of defense against the Golden Horde forces of Mongols on the Siret River . This expedition resulted in a polity vassal to Hungary, in the Baia ( Târgul Moldovei or Moldvabánya ) region. Bogdan of Cuhea , another Vlach voivode from Maramureș who had fallen out with

900-403: A military occupation under the command of Pavel Kiselyov , Russian domination gave Wallachia and Moldavia, which were not removed from nominal Ottoman control, the modernizing Organic Statute (the first document resembling a constitution , as well as the first to regard both principalities). After 1829, the country also became an important destination for immigration of Ashkenazi Jews from

1000-579: A military office) or to the Mare Vornic (approx. Governor of the Country; a civilian office second only to the Voievod , which was filled by the prince himself). Supplying the troops was by tradition-later-made-into-law the duty of the inhabitants of those lands on which the soldiers were present at a given time. The Moldavians' (as well as Wallachians') favourite military doctrine in (defensive) wars

1100-461: A stiff competition with the high boyars over appointments to the Court. As the manor system suffered the blows of economic crises, and in the absence of salarisation (which implied that persons in office could decide their own income), obtaining princely appointment became the major focus of a boyar's career. Such changes also implied the decline of free peasantry and the rise of serfdom , as well as

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1200-475: A week with feasting and in formations of small bands started to kill local Muslims in an unsuccessful effort to convince other Cretans to join them in their quest to overthrow the Ottomans. The Cretan uprising was soon suppressed by numerically superior Ottoman units. In April the revolutionaries managed to capture the fortress of Navarino however the uprising was already doomed and the Russian fleet abandoned

1300-597: Is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe , corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia ( Țara Românească ) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included

1400-494: Is bordered on the principalities of Halych, Volhynia and Kiev. Archaeological research also identified the location of 13th-century fortified settlements in this region. Alexandru V. Boldur identified Voscodavie, Voscodavti, Voloscovti, Volcovti, Volosovca and their other towns and villages between the middle course of the rivers Nistru/Dniester and Nipru/Dnieper. The Bolohoveni disappeared from chronicles after their defeat in 1257 by Daniel of Galicia 's troops. Their ethnic identity

1500-652: Is rendered under the composite form Moldo-Wallachia (in the same way Wallachia may appear as Hungro-Wallachia ). Ottoman Turkish references to Moldavia included Boğdan Iflak ( بغدان افلاق , meaning ' Bogdan 's Wallachia') and Boğdan (and occasionally Kara-Boğdan , قره بغدان , "Black Bogdania"). See also names in other languages . The names of the region in other languages include French : Moldavie , German : Moldau , Hungarian : Moldva , Russian : Молдавия ( Moldaviya ), Turkish : Boğdan Prensliği , Greek : Μολδαβία . The inhabitants of Moldavia were Christians. Archaeological works revealed

1600-622: Is uncertain; although Romanian scholars, basing on their ethnonym identify them as Romanians (who were called Vlachs in the Middle Ages ), archeological evidence and the Hypatian Chronicle (which is the only primary source that documents their history) suggest that they were a Slavic people . In the early 13th century, the Brodniks , a possible Slavic – Vlach vassal state of Halych , were present, alongside

1700-655: The seimeni . However, Moldavia and the similarly affected Wallachia remained both important sources of income for the Ottoman Empire and relatively prosperous agricultural economies (especially as suppliers of grain and cattle – the latter was especially relevant in Moldavia, which remained an under-populated country of pastures ). In time, much of the resources were tied to the Ottoman economy , either through monopolies on trade that were only lifted in 1829, after

1800-910: The Bolgrad , Cahul , and Ismail counties. Russian domination ended abruptly after the Crimean War , when the Treaty of Paris also passed the two Romanian principalities under the tutelage of Great European Powers (together with Russia and the Ottoman overlord, power-sharing included the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Austrian Empire , the French Empire , the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia , and Prussia ). Due to Austrian and Ottoman opposition and British reserves,

1900-526: The Habsburg Empire its northwestern part, which became known as Bukovina . For Moldavia, it meant both an important territorial loss and a major blow to the cattle trade, as the region stood on the trade route to Central Europe. The Treaty of Jassy in 1792 forced the Ottoman Empire to cede Yedisan to the Russian Empire, which made Russian presence much more notable, given that the Empire acquired

2000-576: The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and areas of Russia ( see History of the Jews in Romania and Sudiți ). The first Moldavian rule established under the Statute, that of Mihail Sturdza , was nonetheless ambivalent: eager to reduce abuse of office, Sturdza introduced reforms (the abolition of slavery, secularization , economic rebuilding), but he was widely seen as enforcing his own power over that of

2100-572: The Ottoman Empire and restore the Byzantine Empire . The Austro-Russian alliance was formalized in May 1781. The Greek Plan was masterminded by Prince Potemkin who gave Greek names to the newly founded towns in New Russia (e.g., Odessa and Kherson ). Byzantine symbolism was highlighted in new churches such as Kherson Cathedral . Another meeting of the Russian and Austrian monarchs

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2200-601: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into Moldavian territory (see Moldavian Magnate Wars ), and rivalries between pretenders to the Moldavian throne encouraged by the three competing powers. The Wallachian prince Michael the Brave , after previously taking over Transylvania , also deposed Prince Ieremia Movilă, in 1600, and managed to become the first Prince to rule over Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania;

2300-738: The Russo-Turkish War of 1710-1711 . Prince Dimitrie Cantemir sided with Peter in open rebellion against the Ottomans, but he was defeated at Stănilești . Sultan Ahmed III officially discarded recognition of local choices for princes, imposing instead a system relying solely on Ottoman approval: the Phanariote epoch , inaugurated by the reign of Nicholas Mavrocordatos . Phanariote rule was marked by political corruption , intrigue, and high taxation, as well as by sporadic incursions of Habsburg and Russian armies deep into Moldavian territory. Nonetheless, they also attempted legislative and administrative modernization inspired by The Enlightenment (such as

2400-527: The Tatars ; this gave them great mobility and also flexibility, in case they found it more suitable to dismount their horses and fight in hand-to-hand combat, as it happened in 1422, when 400 horse archers were sent to aid Jagiellon Poland , Moldavia's overlord against the Teutonic Knights . When making eye-contact with the enemy, the horse archers would withdraw to a nearby forest and camouflage themselves with leaves and branches; according to Jan Długosz, when

2500-455: The Treaty of Adrianople (which did not affect all domains directly), or through the raise in direct taxes - the one demanded by the Ottomans from the princes, as well as the ones demanded by the princes from the country's population. Taxes were directly proportional with Ottoman requests, but also with the growing importance of Ottoman appointment and sanctioning of princes in front of election by

2600-470: The boyars and the boyar Council – Sfatul boieresc  [ ro ] (drawing in a competition among pretenders, which also implied the intervention of creditors as suppliers of bribes). The fiscal system soon included taxes such as the văcărit (a tax on head of cattle), first introduced by Iancu Sasul in the 1580s. The economic opportunities offered brought about a significant influx of Greek and Levantine financiers and officials, who entered

2700-575: The boyars or of the monasteries. Historian Nicolae Iorga associated the Roma people's arrival with the 1241 Mongol invasion of Europe and considered their slavery as a vestige of that era; he believed that the Romanians took the Roma as slaves from the Mongols and preserved their status to control their labor. Other historians consider that the Roma were enslaved while captured during the battles with

2800-452: The stagnation of the Ottoman Empire ; at one point, during the 1650s and 1660s, princes began relying on counterfeit coinage (usually copies of Swedish riksdalers , as was that issued by Eustratie Dabija ). The economic decline was accompanied by a failure to maintain state structures: the feudal -based Moldavian military forces were no longer convoked, and the few troops maintained by the rulers remained professional mercenaries such as

2900-562: The 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca allowed Russia to intervene in favour of Ottoman subjects of the Eastern Orthodox faith - leading to campaigns of petitioning by the Moldavian boyars against princely policies. In 1712, Hotin was taken over by the Ottomans and became part of a defensive system that Moldavian princes were required to maintain, as well as an area for Islamic colonization (the Laz community). In 1775, Moldavia lost to

3000-748: The Catholics in the Ottoman Empire, and particularly the Holy Land . This caused the Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem to turn to Russia for support in recovering their privileges. The Austrian advance into the northwestern Balkans during the Great Turkish War also caused concern, with the Serbian patriarch and the ruler of Wallachia , Șerban Cantacuzino , seeking Russian support as early as 1688. The presence of

3100-569: The Greek point of view, the revolt had significant consequences. On the one hand, it cost a huge number of lives (both in battle, and in the Ottoman reprisals that followed). On the other hand, the Milet-i Rum, of which Greek were a part, did well out of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. Greek ships, for example, gained the right to sail under the Russian flag and had open access to the Black Sea and

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3200-706: The Hungarian king, crossed the Carpathians in 1359, took control of Moldavia, and succeeded in wrenching Moldavia from Hungarian control. His realm extended north to the Cheremosh River , while the southern part of Moldavia was still occupied by the Tatar Mongols. After first residing in Baia, Bogdan moved Moldavia's seat to Siret (it was to remain there until Petru II Mușat moved it to Suceava ; it

3300-520: The Ionian islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos also reinforced the revolutionary forces in Peloponesse. Gastouni was also taken, while Patras was found under siege by the Greek units. Additional uprisings occurred around the towns of Mesolongi and Nafpaktos in central Greece. In March 12 the western legion and the Russian fleet began to siege the fortress of Koroni. However, after six week

3400-755: The Mediterranean. Russia gained the right to protect the Orthodox population and its churches and to build an Orthodox cathedral in Istanbul. Russia also obtained the right to appoint Consuls throughout the empire, and most of these were Greeks. The treaty ushered in major changes to the Greek world. Greek connections to Russia became even stronger because of the influence of prominent Greeks in Russia such as Count Demetrio Mocenigo, Count Ioannis Kapodistrias , Alexandros Ypsilantis , Skarlatos D. Sturdza, Spyridon Destunis, and others who occupied high positions in

3500-643: The One-Eyed , Ottoman overlordship was confirmed in the shape that would rapidly evolve into control over Moldavia's affairs. Peter IV Rareș , who reigned in the 1530s and 1540s, clashed with the Habsburg monarchy over his ambitions in Transylvania (losing possessions in the region to George Martinuzzi ), was defeated in Pokuttya by Poland, and failed in his attempt to extricate Moldavia from Ottoman rule –

3600-483: The Peloponnese forced the central Ottoman government to send a regular Turkish military force to suppress those Albanian troops in 1779, and eventually drive them out from Peloponnese. From the Russian point of view, Count Orlov's mission was mostly a success, damaging the Ottoman fleet, directing Ottoman troops south, and contributing to the victory that led to the signing of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca . From

3700-503: The Russian imperial administration. In the decades after the revolt, tens of thousands of Greeks emigrated from the Ottoman to the Russian empire, establishing colonies in the Crimea and along the shores of the Sea of Azov. Cities like Mariupol and Taganrog became booming commercial centers dominated by Ottoman Greek immigrants and their Greek-Russian successors. They would play prominent roles in

3800-538: The Russians failed to bring the forces they promised, the revolt was soon crushed. Greek reinforcements from Macedonia and Olympus region faced opposition in their descent to Morea and thus were unable to assist the revolutionaries. Meanwhile, one of the Ottoman Empire's most competent military commanders and former Grand Vizier, Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha, took up the command of the garrison at Nafplion and, after calling for militia from some northern provinces, he crushed

3900-703: The Russo-Greek expedition at Tripolitsa. The Muslim Albanian mercenaries hired by the Ottomans remained in the Peloponnese for several years after the suppression of the revolt, periodically launching reprisals against the Greeks, thus taking revenge for the Christian forces that had massacred Muslim civilians and destroyed property during the uprising. Referred to by the local Greek populace as " Turk-Albanians ", those forces had also destroyed many cities and towns in Epirus during 1769–70. In Patras nearly no one

4000-587: The Tatars. The practice of enslaving prisoners may also have been taken from the Mongols. The ethnic identity of the "Tatar slaves" is unknown, they could have been captured Tatars of the Golden Horde , Cumans , or the slaves of Tatars and Cumans. While it is possible that some Romani people were slaves or auxiliary troops of the Mongols or Tatars, most of them came from south of the Danube , demonstrating that slavery

4100-539: The Vlachs, in much of the region's territory (towards 1216, the Brodniks are mentioned as in service of Suzdal ). Somewhere in the 11th century, a Viking named Rodfos was killed by Vlachs presumably in the area of what would become Moldavia. In 1164, the future Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos , was taken prisoner by Vlach shepherds in the same region. The Franciscan Friar William of Rubruck , who visited

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4200-417: The church and state. By the 1850s, the movement gained support from almost the whole of Romanian society. In December 1855, following a proposal by Prince Grigore Alexandru Ghica , a bill drafted by Mihail Kogălniceanu and Petre Mavrogheni was adopted by the Divan; the law emancipated all slaves to the status of taxpayers (citizens). Support for the abolitionists was reflected in Romanian literature of

4300-412: The country lost Bender to the Ottomans, who included it in their Silistra Eyalet . A period of profound crisis followed. Moldavia stopped issuing its own coinage c.  1520 , under Prince Ștefăniță , when it was confronted with rapid depletion of funds and rising demands from the Porte . Such problems became endemic when the country, brought into the Great Turkish War , suffered the impact of

4400-433: The court of the Great Khan in the 1250s, listed "the Blac", or Vlachs, among the peoples who paid tribute to the Mongols, but the Vlachs' territory is uncertain. Friar William described "Blakia" as " Assan's territory" south of the Lower Danube, showing that he identified it with the northern regions of the Second Bulgarian Empire . Later in the 14th century, King Charles I of Hungary attempted to expand his realm and

4500-427: The crown and the traditional system of succession were ended by scores of illegitimate reigns; one of the usurpers, Ioan Iacob Heraclid , was a Protestant Greek who encouraged the Renaissance and attempted to introduce Lutheranism to Moldavia. In 1595, the rise of the Movilești boyars to the throne with Ieremia Movilă coincided with the start of frequent anti-Ottoman and anti- Habsburg military expeditions of

4600-409: The day of the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia by means of a personal union . In 1862, after diplomatic missions that helped remove opposition to the action, the United Principalities (the basis of modern Romania) was formally created, and instituted Cuza as Domnitor – thus officially ending the existence of the Principality of Moldavia. All other pending legal matters were clarified after

4700-430: The decision by Constantine Mavrocordatos to salarize public offices, to the outrage of boyars, and the abolition of serfdom in 1749, as well as Scarlat Callimachi 's Code ), and signified a decrease in Ottoman demands after the threat of Russian annexation became real and the prospects of a better life led to waves of peasant emigration to neighboring lands. The effects of Ottoman control were also made less notable after

4800-420: The enemy entered the wood, they were "showered with arrows" and defeated. The heavy cavalry consisted of the nobility, namely, the boyars, and their guards, the viteji (lit. "brave ones", small nobility) and the curteni (court cavalry). These were all nominally part of the Small Host. In times of war, boyars were compelled by the feudal system of allegiance to supply the prince with troops in accordance with

4900-420: The episode ended in Polish conquests of lands down to Bucharest , soon ended by the outbreak of the Polish–Swedish War and the reestablishment of Ottoman rule. Polish incursions were dealt a blow by the Ottomans during the 1620 Battle of Cecora , which also saw an end to the reign of Gaspar Graziani . A period of relative peace followed during the more prosperous and prestigious rule of Vasile Lupu . He took

5000-543: The eventual fall of Napoleon in 1815. The new Concert of Europe was more concerned with maintaining the territorial integrity of the nations that occupied the Balkan peninsula. The following major cities were given Greek inspired names during this period. Some of them were new settlements, others were renamed. Orlov Revolt Ottoman victory Ottoman Muslim Albanian mercenaries 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 The Orlov revolt ( Greek : Ορλωφικά, Ορλοφικά, Ορλώφεια , lit.   'Orlov events')

5100-438: The exiled revolutionaries to return to Moldavia c. 1853, which led to the creation of the National Party ( Partida Națională ), a trans-boundary group of radical union supporters which campaigned for a single state under a foreign dynasty. In 1856, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris , the Russian Empire returned to Moldavia a significant territory in southern Bessarabia (including a part of Budjak ), organised later as

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5200-418: The extent of their manorial domain . Other troops consisted of professional foot soldiers ( lefegii ) which fulfilled the heavy infantry role, and the plăieși , free peasants whose role was that of border guards: they guarded the mountain passes and were prepared to ambush the enemy and to fight delaying actions. In the absence of the prince, command was assigned to the Mare Spătar (Grand Sword-Bearer,

5300-418: The first of a new system, since the Ottomans and Russia had agreed in 1826 to allow for the election by locals of rulers over the two Danubian Principalities , and convened on their mandating for seven-year terms. In practice, a new foundation to reigns in Moldavia was created by the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) , beginning a period of Russian domination over the two countries which ended only in 1856. Begun as

5400-399: The first ruler of the Ghica family , George Ghica . In the early 1680s, Moldavian troops under George Ducas intervened in right-bank Ukraine and assisted Mehmed IV in the Battle of Vienna , only to suffer the effects of the Great Turkish War . During the late 17th century, Moldavia became the target of the Russian Empire 's southwards expansion, inaugurated by Peter the Great with

5500-424: The fortresses of Navarino , Methone and the administrative center of Morea, Tripolitsa (modern Tripoli), remained in Ottoman hands. The rebels did manage to control the fortress of Mystras , where they set up a local government. The population of Corinth rose in revolt and began to besiege nearby Nafplio . The Ottoman guard of the citadel of Monemvasia was also threatened. A total of 5,000 volunteers from

5600-459: The founding figure of the principality. The names Moldavia and Moldova are derived from the name of the Moldova River ; however, the etymology is not known and there are several variants: On a series of coins of Peter I and Stephen I minted by Saxon masters and with German legends, the reverses feature the name of Moldavia in the form Molderlang / Molderlant (recte: Molderland ). In several early references, Moldavia

5700-472: The garrison couldn't be taken. Meanwhile, the Greek revolt in Crete was led by Daskalogiannis. Soon after Sfakians refused to pay taxes and revolted in great numbers. However, the support promised by the Russian emissaries never arrived at Crete and Daskalogiannis was left to his own devices. He managed to organize a band of 2,000 well armed men who descended from the mountains onto the plains of western Crete. There with messianic overtones they prepared for

5800-492: The help of a small number of Russian officers and soldiers. The "Eastern Spartan Legion" in Laconia , with 1,200 men, was organized by P. P. Dolgorukov and led by Georgios "Yiorgakis" Mavromichalis, while the "Western Spartan Legion" in Messenia was led by G. M. Barkov and Antonios Psarros . The Greek rebels were initially successful and managed to defeat Ottoman forces in Laconia and eastern Messenia in southern Morea . The revolt however failed to effectively spread, thus

5900-574: The history of Greece and the Greeks until their destruction in the 1930s. The revolt was a crucial event for the further development of Philhellenism as an important literary movement in the Western world. As such, the protagonist in Friedrich Hölderlin's novel Hyperion participates in a 1770 revolt inspired by the Orlov Revolt. Moldavia Moldavia ( Romanian : Moldova , pronounced [molˈdova] or Țara Moldovei lit.   ' The country of Moldova ' ; in Romanian Cyrillic : Молдова or Цара Мѡлдовєй )

6000-402: The influence of the Catholic Church eastwards after the fall of Cuman rule, and ordered a campaign under the command of Phynta de Mende (1324). In 1342 and 1345, the Hungarians were victorious in a battle against Tatar-Mongols ; the conflict was resolved by the death of Jani Beg , in 1357. The Polish chronicler Jan Długosz mentioned Moldavians (under the name Wallachians ) as having joined

6100-494: The mid-19th century. The issue of the Roma slavery became a theme in the literary works of various liberal and Romantic intellectuals, many of whom were active in the abolitionist camp. The Romanian abolitionist movement was also influenced by the much larger movement against Black slavery in the United States through press reports and through a translation of Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom's Cabin . Translated by Theodor Codrescu and first published in Iași in 1853, under

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6200-464: The name Coliba lui Moșu Toma sau Viața negrilor în sudul Statelor Unite din America (which translates back as "Uncle Toma's Cabin or the Life of Blacks in the Southern United States of America"), it was the first American novel to be published in Romanian. The foreword included a study on slavery by Mihail Kogălniceanu. Under the reign of Stephen the Great , all farmers and villagers had to bear arms. Stephen justified this by saying that "every man has

6300-525: The newly founded Moldavian Metropolitan seat ; Patriarch Antony IV even cast an anathema over Moldavia after Roman I expelled Constantinople's candidate, sending him back to Byzantium. The crisis was finally settled in favor of the Moldavian princes under Alexander I . Nevertheless, religious policy remained complex: while conversions to faiths other than Orthodox were discouraged (and forbidden for princes), Moldavia included sizable Latin Catholic communities (Germans and Magyars ), as well as Armenians of

6400-441: The newly instituted consultative Assembly. A supporter of the union of his country with Wallachia and of Romanian Romantic nationalism , he obtained the establishment of a customs union between the two countries (1847) and showed support for radical projects favored by low boyars; nevertheless, he clamped down with noted violence the Moldavian revolutionary attempt in the last days of March 1848. Grigore Alexandru Ghica allowed

6500-464: The non-Chalcedonian Armenian Apostolic Church ; after 1460, the country welcomed Hussite refugees (founders of Ciuburciu and, probably, Huși ). The principality of Moldavia covered the entire geographic region of Moldavia. In various periods, various other territories were politically connected with the Moldavian principality. This is the case of the province of Pokuttya , the fiefdoms of Cetatea de Baltă and Ciceu (both in Transylvania ) or, at

6600-411: The north. Russian artillery captain Grigorios Papadopoulos (or Georgios Papasoglu ), a Greek, was dispatched to Mani. Georgios Papazolis, another Greek officer of the Russian army, cooperated with the brothers Grigory and Alexei Orlov in preparations for a Greek insurrection in the Morea during the Russian military operations against the Ottoman Empire in 1769. The organization of the Greek rebellion

6700-401: The outbreak of war in 1768. During the same period, Russian influence began to spread among the Christians living under Ottoman rule. Prophecies of a 'golden nation' or 'blonde nation' that would destroy the Ottoman Empire began circulating already in the 1690s, during the height of the Russo-Turkish War of 1686–1700 . At the same time, the Franco-Ottoman alliance resulted in advantages for

6800-418: The property of Romanian Orthodox and Greek Orthodox monasteries, and țigani boierești ("Gypsies belonging to the boyars"), who were enslaved by the category of landowners. The abolition of slavery was carried out following a campaign by young revolutionaries who embraced the liberal ideas of the Enlightenment . In 1844, Moldavian Prince Mihail Sturdza proposed a law on the freeing of slaves owned by

6900-458: The rapid fall in the importance of low boyars (a traditional institution, the latter soon became marginal, and, in more successful instances, added to the population of towns); however, they also implied a rapid transition towards a monetary economy , based on exchanges in foreign currency. Serfdom was doubled by the much less numerous slave population ( robi ), composed of migrant Roma and captured Nogais . The conflict between princes and boyars

7000-420: The region in following June. As soon as the first news of the Russian-backed Greek revolt reached the Ottoman capital, the first anti-Greek pogroms broke out in various cities of the Ottoman Empire, including Smyrna . With the assistance of Greek islanders, the Russian fleet was able to score a major victory against the Ottoman Navy in the Battle of Cesme , but this did not help the Greek army in Morea. As

7100-420: The regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak ), all of Bukovina and Hertsa . The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time. The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova , and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine. The original and short-lived reference to the region was Bogdania , after Bogdan I ,

7200-502: The remains of a Christian necropolis at Mihălășeni , Botoșani county , from the 5th century. The place of worship, and the tombs had Christian characteristics. The place of worship had a rectangular form with sides of eight and seven meters. Similar necropolises and places of worship were found at Nicolina, in Iași The Bolohoveni are mentioned by the Hypatian Chronicle in the 13th century. The chronicle shows that this land

7300-574: The replacement of Cuza with Carol of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in April 1866, and the creation of an independent Kingdom of Romania in 1881. Slavery ( Romanian : robie ) was part of the social order from before the founding of the Principality of Moldavia, until it was abolished in stages during the 1840s and 1850s. Most of the slaves were of Roma (Gypsy) ethnicity. There were also slaves of Tatar ethnicity, probably prisoners captured from

7400-868: The restored Byzantium. Another important consideration was Russia's goal of free access to the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus , which the Ottomans controlled. For this plan to succeed, the Great European Powers would need to agree to it and the Danube powers to cooperate. In May 1780, Catherine arranged a secret meeting with Joseph II , the Holy Roman Emperor, in Mogilyov . In a series of letters from September 1781, Catherine and Joseph discussed their plans to partition

7500-583: The state reached its most glorious period. Stephen blocked Hungarian interventions in the Battle of Baia , invaded Wallachia in 1471, and dealt with Ottoman reprisals in a major victory (the 1475 Battle of Vaslui ); after feeling threatened by Polish ambitions, he also attacked Galicia and resisted a Polish invasion in the Battle of the Cosmin Forest (1497). However, he had to surrender Chilia (now Kiliia) and Cetatea Albă (now Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi),

7600-486: The throne as a boyar appointee in 1637 and began battling his rival Gheorghe Ștefan , as well as the Wallachian prince Matei Basarab . However, his invasion of Wallachia, with the backing of Cossack Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky , ended in disaster at the Battle of Finta in 1653. A few years later, Moldavia was occupied for two short intervals by the anti-Ottoman Wallachian prince Constantin Șerban , who clashed with

7700-683: The throne for supporting Fyodor Koriatovych in his conflict with Vytautas the Great of Lithuania . Under Stephen I . Although Alexander I was brought to the throne in 1400 by the Hungarians (with assistance from Mircea I of Wallachia ), he shifted his allegiances towards Poland (notably engaging Moldavian forces on the Polish side in the Battle of Grunwald and the Siege of Marienburg ), and placed his own choice of rulers in Wallachia. His reign

7800-464: The two main fortresses in the Budjak , to the Ottomans in 1484, and in 1498 he had to accept Ottoman suzerainty, when he was forced to agree to continue paying tribute to Sultan Bayezid II . Following the taking of Hotin (Khotyn) and Pokuttya , Stephen's rule also brought a brief extension of Moldavian rule into Transylvania : Cetatea de Baltă and Ciceu became his fiefs in 1489. Under Bogdan III

7900-549: The two thrones could not be occupied by the same person, allowing Partida Națională to introduce the candidacy of Alexandru Ioan Cuza in both countries. On January 17 (January 5, 1859, Old Style ), in Iași , he was elected prince of Moldavia by the respective electoral body. After street pressure over the much more conservative body in Bucharest , Cuza was elected in Wallachia as well (February 5/January 24), this being considered as

8000-530: The union program as demanded by radical campaigners was debated intensely. In September 1857, given that Caimacam Nicolae Vogoride had perpetrated fraud in elections in Moldavia, the Powers allowed the two states to convene ad hoc divans , which were to decide a new constitutional framework; the result showed overwhelming support for the union, as the creation of a liberal and neutral state. After further meetings among leaders of tutor states, an agreement

8100-450: The wars with the Nogai and Crimean Tatars . The institution of slavery was first attested in a 1470 Moldavian document, through which Prince Stephen the Great frees Oană, a Tatar slave who had fled to Jagiellon Poland . The exact origins of slavery are not known, as it was a common practice in medieval Europe . As in the Byzantine Empire , the Roma were held as slaves of the state, of

8200-668: Was a Greek uprising in the Peloponnese and later also in Crete that broke out in February 1770, following the arrival of Russian Admiral Alexey Orlov , commander of the Imperial Russian Navy during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) , at the Mani Peninsula . The revolt, a major precursor to the Greek War of Independence (which erupted in 1821), was part of Catherine the Great's so-called " Greek Plan " and

8300-405: Was a scorched earth policy combined with harassment of the advancing enemy using hit-and-run tactics and disruption of communication and supply lines, followed by a large scale ambush: a weakened enemy would be lured in a place where it would find itself in a position hard or impossible to defend. A general attack would follow, often with devastating results. The shattered remains of what was once

8400-493: Was a widespread practice. The Tatar slaves, smaller in numbers, were eventually merged into the Roma population. Traditionally, Roma slaves were divided into three categories. The smallest was owned by the hospodars , and went by the Romanian-language name of țigani domnești ("Gypsies belonging to the lord"). The two other categories comprised țigani mănăstirești ("Gypsies belonging to the monasteries"), who were

8500-516: Was arranged as part of Catherine's Crimean journey of 1787 . Both countries declared war on the Ottoman Empire later that year. Joseph's death in 1790, followed by the Treaty of Jassy and the Treaty of Sistova , in which Austria gained little, effectively ended the agreement. Austrian and European interests also had moved westward with the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789 which would occupy European affairs and alliances until

8600-605: Was caught up in costly and bloody conflicts while the Ottomans stayed out and tended to economy and politics, and rebuilding social and administrative organization. This peaceful period came to an end on 23 October 1768, when the Porte declared war on Russia. Causes included aggressive Russian foreign policy, Russian interference in Crimea (an Ottoman vassal), and the power struggle in Poland-Lithuania . There were insignificant events in 1768–69, as both sides prepared for

8700-620: Was eventually suppressed by the Ottomans . The first attempts of the nascent Russian Empire , under Tsar Peter the Great , to expand south to Ottoman-ruled territories in the Crimea and the Sea of Azov failed, and it was not until the Treaty of Niš in 1739 that their possession of Azov was recognized. Russo-Ottoman antagonism continued to grow over the following decades, as the two powers rivalled over influence in their borderlands in Crimea, Ukraine, Poland , and Moldavia , leading finally to

8800-540: Was finally moved to Iași under Alexandru Lăpușneanu - in 1565). The area around Suceava, roughly correspondent to future Bukovina , would later constitute one of the two administrative divisions of the new realm, under the name Țara de Sus (the "Upper Land"), whereas the rest, on both sides of the Prut river, formed Țara de Jos (the "Lower Land"). Disfavored by the brief union of Angevin Poland and Hungary (the latter

8900-636: Was granted control over Pokuttya until the debt was repaid; as this is not recorded to have been carried out, the region became disputed by the two states, until it was lost by Moldavia in the Battle of Obertyn (1531). Prince Petru also expanded his rule southwards to the Danube Delta . His brother Roman I conquered the Hungarian-ruled Cetatea Albă in 1392, giving Moldavia an outlet to the Black Sea , before being toppled from

9000-577: Was left alive after the Turkish-Albanian invasion. The city of Mystras was left in ruins and the metropolitan bishop Ananias was executed despite having saved the life of several Turks during the uprising. A great number of local Greeks were killed by the Albanian groups, while several children were sold to slavery. In nine years following the revolt c. 20,000-30,000 local Greeks either succumbed or left their homeland. The Ottoman government

9100-479: Was much fewer than expected and mutual distrust developed between the Greek and Russian leaders. Among the Greek leaders that were approached were Panagiotis Benakis , a notable from Kalamata , the local metropolitan bishop Anthimos, and Cretan shipping magnate John Vlachos " Daskalogiannis ". Initially an army of 1,400 men was formed, but additional reinforcement of Cretans arrived the following days. The Greek forces were divided into major units (called legions) with

9200-539: Was one of the most successful in Moldavia's history, but also saw the first confrontation with the Ottoman Turks at Cetatea Albă in 1420, and later even a conflict with the Poles. A deep crisis was to follow Alexandru's long reign, with his successors battling each other in a succession of wars that divided the country until the murder of Bogdan II and the ascension of Petru III Aron in 1451. Nevertheless, Moldavia

9300-463: Was put under brothers Orlov, with Alexei as the Russian fleet commander. Some Greek notables joined the Russian side, and promised them men and supplies, while in return they expected massive Russian aid (10,000 soldiers and military equipment). Russia planned to incite Orthodox Christians to revolt, and sent agents to Bosnia , Herzegovina , Montenegro , Albania , Crete and the Morea . Another Orlov brother, Fyodor Orlov  [ ru ] ,

9400-598: Was reached (the Paris Convention ), whereby a limited union was to be enforced – separate governments and thrones, with only two bodies in common (a Court of Cassation and a Central Commission residing in Focșani ); it also stipulated that an end to all privilege was to be passed into law, and awarded back to Moldavia the areas around Bolhrad , Cahul , and Izmail . However, the Convention failed to note whether

9500-592: Was recruited from all the free peasantry older than 14 and strong enough to carry a sword or use a bow . This seldom happened, for such a levée en masse was devastating for both economy and population growth. In the Battle of Vaslui , Stephen had to summon the Large Host and also recruited mercenary troops. In the Middle Ages and early Renaissance , the Moldavians relied on light cavalry ( călărași ) which used hit-and-run tactics similar to those of

9600-644: Was sent to coordinate rebels in Morea, deemed the most important strategic area in mainland Greece (due to its ports). Russia assembled a war fleet for deployment in the Mediterranean, described as "one of the most spectacular events of the 18th century", which caught the Ottomans off-guard. The first fleet contingent (out of two) departed in August 1769 and arrived in the Aegean in December. This expedition of four ships,

9700-707: Was still the country's overlord), Bogdan's successor Lațcu accepted conversion to Latin Catholicism around 1370. Despite the founding of the Latin diocese of Siret , this move did not have any lasting consequences. Despite remaining officially Eastern Orthodox and culturally connected with the Byzantine Empire after 1382, princes of the House of Bogdan-Mușat entered a conflict with the Constantinople Patriarchate about control of appointments to

9800-481: Was subject to further Hungarian interventions after that moment, as Matthias Corvinus deposed Aron and backed Alexăndrel to the throne in Suceava . Petru Aron's rule also signified the beginning of Moldavia's Ottoman Empire allegiance, as the ruler agreed to pay tribute to Sultan Mehmed II . Under Stephen the Great , who took the throne and subsequently came to an agreement with Casimir IV of Poland in 1457,

9900-422: Was to become exceptionally violent – the latter group, who frequently appealed to the Ottoman court in order to have princes comply with its demands, was persecuted by rulers such as Alexandru Lăpușneanu and John III . Ioan Vodă's revolt against the Ottomans ended in his execution (1574). The country descended into political chaos, with frequent Ottoman and Tatar incursions and pillages. The claims of Mușatins to

10000-434: Was unable to pay the wages the Albanian mercenaries demanded for their service, causing the latter to ravage the region. In 1774 the Russo-Turkish War ended with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca which granted general amnesty to the population. Nevertheless, attacks by Muslim Albanian mercenaries in the region continued not only against the Greek population but also against Turks. The extensive destruction and lack of control in

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