Misplaced Pages

#490509

54-636: The Greek Volunteer Guard ( Serbian : Грчка Добровољачка Гарда Grčka Dobrovoljačka Garda ; Greek : Ελληνική Εθελοντική Φρουρά Elliniki Ethelodiki Froura ) was a unit of Greek volunteers that fought in the Bosnian War on the side of the Army of the Republika Srpska . Some members of the unit are alleged to have been present in the area of the Srebrenica massacre and reportedly hoisted

108-723: A Greek flag over the town, which was recorded 'for marketing purposes'. The first detachment of Greek volunteers in Bosnia arrived in 1993. In March 1995, the Greek Volunteer Guard (ΕΕΦ), a contingent of one hundred Greek paramilitaries formed at the request of the Chief of Staff of the Bosnian Serb Army Ratko Mladić , became a regular fighting unit of the Drina Corps with its own insignia,

162-577: A Nigerian soldier who was part of the forgotten African army that fought in Burma for the British in the Second World War. Another Man's War was described by The Daily Telegraph as a "profoundly moving" book that "ranks alongside such classics of wartime literature as The Great Escape and Darkness Be My Friend". The Spectator said it was "an extraordinary story, very well told". NPR in

216-734: A boarding independent school in the village of Steep , near the market town of Petersfield in Hampshire in Southern England , between the years 1981-1986, followed by the University of Oxford , where he studied Modern History, and at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London , from which he obtained a master's degree in African Politics and Economics. Phillips has worked extensively in

270-613: A call for Greece to officially apologise to the victims of Srebrenica for any Greek presence in the area of the massacre. After asserting that the Greek public had been "misinformed" about the alliance with the Bosnian Serb forces, their statement called for the Greek state to apologise publicly to the families of the victims, to indict the Greek 'volunteers' who had been present in Bosnia alongside Karadzic and Mladic and who had dishonoured

324-566: A rally there, Karadžić proclaimed: "We have only God and the Greeks on our side." In 2002 the Dutch NIOD report on Srebrenica described how the Greek Volunteer Guard, had hoisted the Greek flag over Srebrenica after the town's fall, citing video footage of the event and excerpts from intercepted Bosnian Serb army telephone communications that included Gen. Ratko Mladić 's specific request for

378-559: A white double-headed eagle on a black background. The unit, led by Serb officers, was based in Vlasenica , a town in the Drina Valley . Some of the volunteers allegedly had links with Golden Dawn (Χρυσή Αυγή), a Greek nationalist political party. They were allegedly motivated to support their Orthodox brothers in battle. Archbishop Seraphim of Athens invited Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić to visit Athens in 1993. At

432-436: Is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian . Serbian is practically the only European standard language whose speakers are fully functionally digraphic , using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić , who created it based on phonemic principles. The Latin alphabet used for Serbian ( latinica )

486-527: Is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian (more specifically on the dialects of Šumadija-Vojvodina and Eastern Herzegovina ), which is also the basis of standard Croatian , Bosnian , and Montenegrin varieties and therefore the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Montenegrins was issued in 2017. The other dialect spoken by Serbs

540-591: Is closer to the Kajkavian and Chakavian dialects of Serbo-Croatian ). Speakers by country: Serbian was the official language of Montenegro until October 2007, when the new Constitution of Montenegro replaced the Constitution of 1992. Amid opposition from pro-Serbian parties, Montenegrin was made the sole official language of the country, and Serbian was given the status of a language in official use along with Bosnian , Albanian , and Croatian . In

594-530: Is shows that it was in accord with its time; for example, the Serbian Alexandride , a book about Alexander the Great , and a translation of Tristan and Iseult into Serbian. Although not belonging to the literature proper, the corpus of Serbian literacy in the 14th and 15th centuries contains numerous legal, commercial and administrative texts with marked presence of Serbian vernacular juxtaposed on

SECTION 10

#1732775797491

648-645: Is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs . It is the official and national language of Serbia , one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and co-official in Montenegro and Kosovo . It is a recognized minority language in Croatia , North Macedonia , Romania , Hungary , Slovakia , and the Czech Republic . Standard Serbian

702-435: Is the only general historical dictionary of Serbo-Croatian. Its first editor was Đuro Daničić , followed by Pero Budmani and the famous Vukovian Tomislav Maretić . The sources of this dictionary are, especially in the first volumes, mainly Štokavian . There are older, pre-standard dictionaries, such as the 1791 German–Serbian dictionary or 15th century Arabic-Persian-Greek-Serbian Conversation Textbook . The standard and

756-849: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian, written in the Cyrillic script : Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свешћу и треба једни према другима да поступају у духу братства. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian, written in the Latin alphabet : Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i svešću i treba jedni prema drugima da postupaju u duhu bratstva. Article 1 of

810-484: The Greek flag by raising it over the carnage at Srebrenica, and to pursue the 'supposedly unknown' people who had manipulated them. In 2006, the Minister of Justice , Anastasios Papaligouras , commissioned an inquiry and in 2011, a judge said there was not enough evidence to proceed. In 2007 in the paper Eleftheri ora , Kyriakos Katharios , a member of the Greek Volunteer Guard, denied that they had participated in

864-953: The Middle East , West Africa , Asia and Europe and has covered major stories such as the AIDS epidemic, the humanitarian crisis in Darfur , the war in Liberia and the 2002 Southern African food crises, the war in Iraq, the South Asian tsunami, the Greek debt crisis and the Brexit referendum. Phillips joined the BBC's African service in 1991, remaining until 1993. He then became the BBC's stringer in Mozambique , where he learned Portuguese . In 1997 he

918-631: The Proto-Slavic language . There are many loanwords from different languages, reflecting cultural interaction throughout history. Notable loanwords were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, English, Russian, German, Czech and French. Serbian literature emerged in the Middle Ages , and included such works as Miroslavljevo jevanđelje ( Miroslav's Gospel ) in 1186 and Dušanov zakonik ( Dušan's Code ) in 1349. Little secular medieval literature has been preserved, but what there

972-641: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Barnaby Phillips Phillips spent much of his early childhood in Kenya in East Africa , and later lived in Switzerland. Phillips was educated at Bedales School ,

1026-457: The official script of Serbia's administration by the 2006 Constitution . The Latin script continues to be used in official contexts, although the government has indicated its desire to phase out this practice due to national sentiment. The Ministry of Culture believes that Cyrillic is the "identity script" of the Serbian nation. However, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language , or standard language itself by any means, leaving

1080-488: The 2023 Montenegrin census, 43.18% declared Serbian to be their native language, while Montenegrin was declared by 34.52% of the population. Standard Serbian language uses both Cyrillic ( ћирилица , ćirilica ) and Latin script ( latinica , латиница ). Serbian is a rare example of synchronic digraphia , a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them. Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or

1134-591: The Benin Bronzes was published in 2021, and was widely reviewed. Prospect Magazine listed it as one of its 'Best Books of the Year'. The Financial Times said it was 'gripping...a must read'. The Economist said it 'adds new and much-needed context to the story of the Edo empire and its bloody finale'. The Evening Standard said this 'compelling book is full of African voices...balanced, sternly critical of

SECTION 20

#1732775797491

1188-507: The Brits when that is appropriate, but at the same time humane, reasonable, and ultimately optimistic.' The Times Literary Supplement said it was 'a balanced reconstruction of the Benin saga and probes the difficult choices facing European – and Nigerian – museums….Phillips excels at tracing the roundabout ways in which objects could find their way into museums.' The Sunday Times said it

1242-707: The Central African Republic and Ukraine. He also played a prominent role in the reporting of the January 2015 Paris attacks, and of the Greek debt crisis. In 2016, Phillips was appointed Al Jazeera's UK Correspondent, and led the coverage of the June 2016 Brexit referendum. He left Al Jazeera in 2018, to take up the post of Director of Communications with the Elephant Protection Initiative. Phillips' second book, Loot- Britain and

1296-480: The Greek court to dismiss the legal action, which it described as "surreal" and a clear case of judicial harassment. Referring to the quality, thoroughness, and courage of Michas's reporting of the Greek "volunteers"'military support to the Bosnian Serbs, and successive Greek governments' reluctance to investigate the issue, the organisation found the "self-censorship" of the Greek political class and media about

1350-425: The Greek flag to be hoisted over the town to honour "the brave Greeks fighting on our side." The Report also revealed that the Greek government had sent shipments of light arms and ammunition to the Bosnian Serb army between 1994 and 1995. According to a report by Agence France Presse (AFP), a dozen Greek volunteers were fighting alongside Serb forces at the time of the Srebrenica massacre . The GVG's involvement in

1404-881: The Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors the Cyrillic one. Latin script has become more and more popular in Serbia, as it is easier to input on phones and computers. The sort order of the ćirilica ( ћирилица ) alphabet: The sort order of the latinica ( латиница ) alphabet: Serbian is a highly inflected language , with grammatical morphology for nouns, pronouns and adjectives as well as verbs. Serbian nouns are classified into three declensional types, denoted largely by their nominative case endings as "-a" type, "-i" and "-e" type. Into each of these declensional types may fall nouns of any of three genders : masculine, feminine or neuter. Each noun may be inflected to represent

1458-410: The Latin script predominates, although both scripts are commonly seen. The Serbian government has encouraged increasing the use of Cyrillic in these contexts. Larger signs, especially those put up by the government, will often feature both alphabets; if the sign has English on it, then usually only Cyrillic is used for the Serbian text. A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors

1512-450: The Latin script tends to imply a cosmopolitan or neutral attitude, while Cyrillic appeals to a more traditional or vintage sensibility. In media, the public broadcaster, Radio Television of Serbia , predominantly uses the Cyrillic script whereas the privately run broadcasters, like RTV Pink , predominantly use the Latin script. Newspapers can be found in both scripts. In the public sphere, with logos, outdoor signage and retail packaging,

1566-757: The South Asian tsunami. He joined Al-Jazeera in 2006 and became one of its Europe Correspondents, based in Athens. He has also reported from the Balkans and from regions outside Europe, such as the Turkish/Iraq border, and on the general elections in the United States (2008) and India (2009). He moved to London in December 2010, after Al Jazeera closed its Athens bureau, to continue reporting on European news stories. In 2011, Phillips directed and presented

1620-568: The United States described it as "riveting" and chose it as "one of the Best Books of 2014"'. The Times Literary Supplement said it was "impressive....a gripping military history which brings African witnesses to the dying days of the British Empire out of the shadows". Another Man's War came out in paperback in June 2015. The Guardian described it as a 'lucid, exquisitely detailed' book. Most recently, Phillips reported from

1674-477: The attack on Srebrenica was reported in the Greek media and several volunteers were interviewed there. In his book Unholy Alliance , published in 2002, the Greek author Takis Michas referred to the claim reported by the Sarajevo weekly review Global that a dozen Greek paramilitaries had been present in the area of the Srebrenica massacre and had raised the Greek flag over the town, reproducing pictures of

Greek Volunteer Guard - Misplaced Pages Continue

1728-483: The beginning of the 13th century, the entire official correspondence of Dubrovnik with states in the hinterland was conducted in Serbian. In the mid-15th century, Serbia was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and for the next 400 years there was no opportunity for the creation of secular written literature. However, some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time, in the form of oral literature,

1782-439: The choice of script as a matter of personal preference and to the free will in all aspects of life (publishing, media, trade and commerce, etc.), except in government paperwork production and in official written communication with state officials, which have to be in Cyrillic. Traffic signs and directional signs, and place names, on main or international roads are to be written with both Cyrillic and Latin script To most Serbians,

1836-613: The conflict area with the knowledge of senior Greek politicians. Michas focused on inaction : "No-one tried to stop them and the Greek legal authorities made no attempt to assist the work of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia at The Hague by pursuing inquiries about crimes the volunteers may have committed themselves or known about". The suit against Michas was funded by an umbrella group of right-wing Greek nationalists. The campaigning organisation Reporters Sans Frontieres urged

1890-474: The documentary "Burma Boy", for Al Jazeera's Correspondent series. The documentary, tracing the extraordinary life of a Nigerian veteran of a Burma campaign, Isaac Fadoyebo , won a CINE Golden Eagle Award in 2012. His book Another Man's War , published in 2014, tells the same story, and also examines the legacy of British rule in Nigeria and Burma. It tells the dramatic story of the survival of Isaac Fadoyebo,

1944-580: The early 19th century, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić promoted the spoken language of the people as a literary norm. The dialects of Serbo-Croatian , regarded Serbian (traditionally spoken in Serbia), include: Vuk Karadžić 's Srpski rječnik , first published in 1818, is the earliest dictionary of modern literary Serbian. The Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (I–XXIII), published by the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts from 1880 to 1976,

1998-570: The major 'levels' of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system." It has lower intelligibility with the Eastern South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Macedonian , than with Slovene (Slovene is part of the Western South Slavic subgroup, but there are still significant differences in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation to the standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian, although it

2052-450: The massacre. While acknowledging the raising of the Greek flag , he stated that the honours received from Mladić were not linked to the incident. In an interview with Al-Jazeera Katharios claimed that he had been telephoned at home by fellow volunteers who told him that they had raised the flag but had not taken part in the battle itself. Serbian language Serbian ( српски / srpski , pronounced [sr̩̂pskiː] )

2106-605: The matrix of Serbian Church Slavonic . By the beginning of the 14th century the Serbo-Croatian language, which was so rigorously proscribed by earlier local laws, becomes the dominant language of the Republic of Ragusa . However, despite her wealthy citizens speaking the Serbo-Croatian dialect of Dubrovnik in their family circles, they sent their children to Florentine schools to become perfectly fluent in Italian. Since

2160-407: The most notable form being epic poetry . The epic poems were mainly written down in the 19th century, and preserved in oral tradition up to the 1950s, a few centuries or even a millennium longer than by most other "epic folks". Goethe and Jacob Grimm learned Serbian in order to read Serbian epic poetry in the original. By the end of the 18th century, the written literature had become estranged from

2214-415: The noun they modify, but must agree in number, gender and case with the modified noun. Serbian verbs are conjugated in four past forms— perfect , aorist , imperfect , and pluperfect —of which the last two have a very limited use (imperfect is still used in some dialects, but the majority of native Serbian speakers consider it archaic), one future tense (also known as the first future tense, as opposed to

Greek Volunteer Guard - Misplaced Pages Continue

2268-517: The noun's grammatical case , of which Serbian has seven: Nouns are further inflected to represent the noun's number , singular or plural. Pronouns, when used, are inflected along the same case and number morphology as nouns. Serbian is a pro-drop language , meaning that pronouns may be omitted from a sentence when their meaning is easily inferred from the text. In cases where pronouns may be dropped, they may also be used to add emphasis. For example: Adjectives in Serbian may be placed before or after

2322-682: The only completed etymological dictionary of Serbian is the " Skok ", written by the Croatian linguist Petar Skok : Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika ("Etymological Dictionary of Croatian or Serbian"). I-IV. Zagreb 1971–1974. There is also a new monumental Etimološki rečnik srpskog jezika (Etymological Dictionary of Serbian). So far, two volumes have been published: I (with words on A-), and II (Ba-Bd). There are specialized etymological dictionaries for German, Italian, Croatian, Turkish, Greek, Hungarian, Russian, English and other loanwords (cf. chapter word origin ). Article 1 of

2376-400: The other. In general, the alphabets are used interchangeably; except in the legal sphere, where Cyrillic is required, there is no context where one alphabet or another predominates. Although Serbian language authorities have recognized the official status of both scripts in contemporary Standard Serbian for more than half of a century now, due to historical reasons, the Cyrillic script was made

2430-582: The presence of any Greek paramilitaries or mercenaries forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Srebrenica massacre, "surprising and disturbing". Reporters Sans Frontieres called for further examination of the role of the Greek authorities. On 17 September, shortly before the court hearing was due to commence, Vitalis withdrew from the action. In 2005, Greek deputy Andreas Andrianopoulos called for an investigation. On 10 July 2005, 163 Greek academics, politicians, journalists and political activists issued

2484-413: The second conditional (without use in the spoken language—it should be used for impossible conditional clauses). Serbian has active and passive voice . As for the non-finite verb forms, Serbian has one infinitive , two adjectival participles (the active and the passive), and two adverbial participles (the present and the past). Most Serbian words are of native Slavic lexical stock, tracing back to

2538-433: The second future tense or the future exact, which is considered a tense of the conditional mood by some contemporary linguists), and one present tense . These are the tenses of the indicative mood. Apart from the indicative mood, there is also the imperative mood . The conditional mood has two more tenses: the first conditional (commonly used in conditional clauses, both for possible and impossible conditional clauses) and

2592-444: The semi-official Athens News Agency , Nikolas Voulelis , admitted to widespread censorship in the Greek media , "Editorial interference was a given." said Voulelis. In 2009, Stavros Vitalis , a representative of the Greek volunteers, announced that he was suing Michas over allegations in his book Unholy Alliance . Vitalis maintained that the volunteers were members of the Bosnian Serb army who had taken part in what he described as

2646-466: The spoken language. In the second half of the 18th century, the new language appeared, called Slavonic-Serbian . This artificial idiom superseded the works of poets and historians like Gavrilo Stefanović Venclović , who wrote in essentially modern Serbian in the 1720s. These vernacular compositions have remained cloistered from the general public and received due attention only with the advent of modern literary historians and writers like Milorad Pavić . In

2700-455: The town's "re-occupation". In his press statement he acknowledged that "I was present with a group of senior Serb officers in all the operations for the re-occupation of Srebrenica by the Serbs". This was despite Vitalis having told the journalist Barnaby Phillips that, although in Bosnia, he was not at Srebrenica when it fell to the Serbs. Vitalis also claimed that Greek volunteers travelled to

2754-574: The volunteers published in the Greek press. Michas also said that Radovan Karadžić had subsequently decorated the volunteers. In September 1995, four of the unit's fighters were awarded the Order of White Eagle by Karadžić. In the Ingeborg Beugel 's documentary "The Greek way" by Dutch public broadcaster IKON , which investigated Greek solidarity with Serbia in the Bosnian war , a director of

SECTION 50

#1732775797491

2808-422: Was 'perfect timing for this valuable guide to a complex narrative', The Spectator described it as a 'gripping work of live history...It is the handling of this seeping undertone of racism that makes this book so valuable, a primer for the debate on colonial guilt and echoing white supremacy.' In the United States, The Wall Street Journal said 'Mr. Phillips has written a humane and thoughtful book, devoid of

2862-699: Was based in Angola for most of the year. In 1998, he became the BBC's Nigeria Correspondent, based in Lagos , Nigeria , and in 2001 was appointed Southern Africa Correspondent. Whilst at the BBC, he worked extensively in the Middle East, West Africa and Asia, and has covered major stories such as the AIDS epidemic, the humanitarian crisis in Darfur, the wars in Liberia and Iraq, the 2002 Southern African food crises, and

2916-571: Was designed by the Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s based on the Czech system with a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in a parallel system. Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian , a Slavic language ( Indo-European ), of the South Slavic subgroup. Other standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian are Bosnian , Croatian , and Montenegrin . "An examination of all

#490509