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38-571: Grimsby Dock Tower is a hydraulic accumulator tower and a maritime landmark at the entrance to the Royal Dock, Grimsby , in North East Lincolnshire , England. It was completed on 27 March 1852, based on William Armstrong 's idea of the hydraulic accumulator , with the purpose of containing a 30,000-imperial-gallon (140,000 L) reservoir at a height of 200 feet (61 m), that was used to provide hydraulic power to power

76-399: A plaque was placed on the bricks paying tribute to the minesweeper crews of the war. The tower's lift is no longer in operation with access to the top via a spiral staircase in one corner of the building. The second balcony is currently used for the transmission and reception of radio signals. The tower is Grade I listed and is the subject of a Preservation Order. There is a model of

114-408: A buffer to absorb fluctuations in pressure. They are used to smooth out the delivery from piston pumps. Another use is as a shock absorber to damp out water hammer ; this application is an integral part of most ram pumps . Loss of air will result in loss of effectiveness. If air is lost over time, the design must include some way to replenish the accumulator. A compressed gas accumulator consists of

152-452: A cylinder with two chambers that are separated by an elastic diaphragm, a totally enclosed bladder, or a floating piston. One chamber contains the fluid and is connected to the hydraulic line. The other chamber contains an inert gas (typically nitrogen ), usually under pressure, that provides the compressive force on the hydraulic fluid. Inert gas is used because oxygen and oil can form an explosive mixture when combined under high pressure. As

190-417: A decade. Around the same time, John Fowler was working on the construction of the ferry quay at nearby New Holland but could not use similar hydraulic power as the poor ground conditions did not permit a tall accumulator tower to be built. By the time Grimsby was opened, it was already obsolete as Armstrong had developed the more complex, but much smaller, weighted accumulator for use at New Holland. In 1892

228-446: A large aircraft, that require a considerable volume of fluid can also benefit from one or more accumulators. These are often placed close to the demand to help overcome restrictions and drag from long pipework runs. The outflow of energy from a discharging accumulator is much greater, for a short time, than even large pumps could generate. An accumulator can maintain the pressure in a system for periods when there are slight leaks without

266-460: A larger portion of the accumulator volume being used. If the pressure does not vary over a very wide range this can be a cost effective way to reduce the size of the accumulator needed. If the accumulator is not of the piston type care must be taken that the bladder or membrane will not be damaged in any expected over-pressure situation, many bladder-type accumulators cannot tolerate the bladder being crushed under pressure. A compressed gas accumulator

304-407: A nearly constant pressure, regardless of the volume of fluid in the cylinder, until it is empty. (The pressure will decline somewhat as the cylinder is emptied due to the decline in weight of the remaining fluid.) A working example of this type of accumulator may be found at the hydraulic engine house, Bristol Harbour . The original 1887 accumulator is in place in its tower, an external accumulator

342-424: A very high pressure (approaching the system operating pressure) and are designed to prevent the bladder or membrane being damaged by this internal pressure when the system pressure is low. For bladder types this generally requires the bladder to be filled with the gas so that when system pressure is zero the bladder is fully expanded rather than being crushed by the gas charge. To prevent the bladder being forced out of

380-718: A year before the Grimsby system. The tower was designed by James William Wild who based its appearance on that of the Torre del Mangia on the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena . It was built under the supervision of J. M. Rendel , who was the civil engineer in charge of construction of the Royal Dock. The ground floor of the tower was lined with pink, white and blue drapery when Queen Victoria came with Prince Albert to visit

418-444: Is actually not wool at all. It is from the cotton plant. Most cotton comes from India, The United States, or China. Cotton plants prefer heavy soil to grow well. Good locations, such as seasonally dry tropical areas, or subtropics are perfect. This agriculture article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about textiles is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This medical article

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456-467: Is placed in the ideal location to absorb pulsations of energy from the multi-piston pump . It also helps protect the system from fluid hammer . This protects system components, particularly pipework, from both potentially destructive forces. An additional benefit is the additional energy that can be stored while the pump is subject to low demand. The designer can use a smaller-capacity pump. The large excursions of system components, such as landing gear on

494-474: The Perran Foundry , Cornwall. During the building of the tower, Armstrong developed another system using weighted accumulators , which at once was found to have great advantages. The working hydraulic pressure was greater, permitting more compact and cheaper machinery and everything was at ground level. The first such installation was at New Holland dock and pier, actually brought into use more than

532-562: The Grimsby Dock Tower entirely constructed of Lego , at Legoland in Windsor. 53°34′59″N 0°04′13″W  /  53.5831°N 0.0703°W  / 53.5831; -0.0703 Accumulator tower Compressed gas accumulators, also called hydro-pneumatic accumulators, are by far the most common type. The first accumulators for William Armstrong 's hydraulic dock machinery were simple raised water towers . Water

570-490: The Grimsby Docks. The tower was built to carry a tank 200 feet (61 m) above the ground with a direct feed into the machinery. Small pumps topped up the tank as the hydraulic machinery drew off water. The tower system was brought into use in 1852 working the machinery of the lock gates, dry-docks and fifteen quayside cranes, and also to supply fresh water to ships and the dwelling houses on the dock premises. The water

608-431: The base, and tapers gradually to 26 feet (7.9 m) below the first projection; its walls are 4 feet (1.2 m) thick and narrow to 3 feet (0.91 m) at the string course under the corbels . The bricks of this plain brick tower were made from clay obtained from excavations in the marsh adjoining the docks, and are set in blue lime mortar. Hoop iron bond is used in the walls to a considerable extent. The foundation of

646-597: The cotton is then bleached using hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite and sterilized. It is also a refined product ( absorbent cotton in U.S. usage) which has medical , cosmetic and many other practical uses. The first medical use of cotton wool was by Joseph Sampson Gamgee at the Queen's Hospital (later the General Hospital) in Birmingham , England . Although cotton wool is called cotton wool it

684-433: The device when the system pressure is low there is typically either an anti-extrusion plate attached to the bladder that presses against and seals the entrance, or a spring-loaded plate on the entrance that closes when the bladder presses against it. It is possible to increase the gas volume of the accumulator by coupling a gas bottle to the gas side of the accumulator. For the same swing in system pressure this will result in

722-636: The dock and 'open' the tower in October 1854. Her Majesty gave permission for Prince Albert, the Prince of Wales and the Princess Royal to accompany Rendel in the hydraulic lift to the gallery running around the tower above the water tank, from which a clear view of Grimsby, Cleethorpes and the mouth of the Humber estuary is obtained. The tower is 309 feet (94 m) high, 28 feet (8.5 m) wide at

760-650: The erection of the hydraulic accumulator tower on the opposite pier approximately 200 feet (61 m) to the North West of the Dock Tower took over - water in this structure was pressurised by a 300-tonne weight. Present dock and lock machinery are powered by electric or electro-hydraulic energy. During the Second World War , there were plans to demolish the tower, as it acted as a beacon for German Luftwaffe aircraft heading towards Liverpool . Later,

798-413: The force it exerts on the fluid is increased linearly. The metal bellows accumulators function similarly to the compressed gas type, except that the elastic diaphragm or floating piston is replaced by a hermetically sealed welded metal bellows . Fluid may be internal or external to the bellows. The advantages to the metal bellows type include exceptionally low spring rate, allowing the gas charge to do all

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836-463: The machinery of the Grimsby Docks . The extreme height of the tower was necessary to achieve sufficient pressure, and as a result of this, the tower can be seen for several miles around, even far inland on the north bank of the Humber estuary in villages such as Patrington . The tower was built to provide water pressure to power the hydraulic machinery (for cranes, lock gates and sluices) at

874-668: The mid-nineteenth century finally closing in the 1970s with 5 hydraulic power stations, operated by the London Hydraulic Power Company . Railway goods yards and docks often had their own separate system. A simple form of accumulator is an enclosed volume, filled with air. A vertical section of pipe, often enlarged diameter, may be enough and fills itself with air, trapped as the pipework fills. Such accumulators typically do not have enough capacity to be useful for storing significant power since they cannot be pre-charged with high pressure gas, but they can act as

912-443: The operating cylinder. The design precharge normally ensures that the moving parts do not foul the ends or block fluid passages. Poor maintenance of precharge can destroy an operating accumulator. A properly designed and maintained accumulator should operate trouble-free for years. Cotton wool Cotton wool consists of silky fibers taken from cotton plants in their raw state. Impurities, such as seeds, are removed and

950-530: The original Grimsby tower's function was replaced, on Fowler's advice, by a smaller weighted accumulator on an adjacent dock, although the tower remains to this day as a well-known landmark. Other surviving towers include one adjacent to East Float in Birkenhead , England, and another located at the Bramley-Moore Dock, Liverpool, England. The latter tower is to be renovated as part of plans for

988-401: The preferred item is a gas charged accumulator, but simple systems may be spring-loaded. There may be more than one accumulator in a system. The exact type and placement of each may be a compromise due to its effects and the costs of manufacture. An accumulator is placed close to the pump with a non-return valve preventing flow back to the pump. In the case of piston-type pumps this accumulator

1026-466: The proposed development of the area associated with the construction of a new football stadium for Everton F.C. A raised weight accumulator consists of a vertical cylinder containing fluid connected to the hydraulic line. The cylinder is closed by a piston on which a series of weights are placed that exert a downward force on the piston and thereby pressurizes the fluid in the cylinder. In contrast to compressed gas and spring accumulators, this type delivers

1064-402: The pump being cycled on and off constantly. When temperature changes cause pressure excursions the accumulator helps absorb them. Its size helps absorb fluid that might otherwise be locked in a small fixed system with no room for expansion due to valve arrangement. The gas precharge in an accumulator is set so that the separating bladder, diaphragm or piston does not reach or strike either end of

1102-496: The six accumulators may still be seen in situ in the bridge's museum. Regent's Canal Dock, now named Limehouse Basin has the remains of a hydraulic accumulator, dating from 1869, a fragment of the oldest remaining such facility in the world, the second at the dock, which was installed later than that at Poplar Dock , originally listed incorrectly as a signalbox for the London and Blackwall Railway , when correctly identified, it

1140-458: The tower is a solid masonry wall built upon a timber bearer piling . Approximately one million bricks were used in its construction. Local legend has it that the tower was built on a foundation of cotton wool ; the story likely has its origins in the profitable import of cotton to West Yorkshire which gave an impetus to the building of the Royal Dock and the tower. The Dock Tower continued to provide water for hydraulic working until 1892 when

1178-409: The volume of the compressed gas changes, the pressure of the gas (and the pressure on the fluid) changes inversely. For low pressure water system use the water usually fills a rubber bladder within the tank (pictured), preventing contact with the tank which would otherwise need to be corrosion resistant. Units designed for high-pressure applications such as hydraulic systems are usually pre-charged to

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1216-411: The well by a brick culvert 3 ft (0.91 m) in diameter. Water was conveyed from the well to the tower in a cast-iron pipe thirteen inches in diameter when it was then forced into the tank by two force pumps, each of ten inches in diameter, worked by a duplicate, horizontal engine of twenty-five horse power. All the engines, pumps and pipes and the whole of the machinery were made by Mr Mitchell of

1254-790: The work with little change in pressure from full to empty, a long stroke that allows efficient usage of the casing volume, and the bellows can be built to be resistant to overpressure that would crush a bladder-type separator. The welded metal bellows accumulator provides an exceptionally high level of accumulator performance, and can be produced with a broad spectrum of alloys, resulting in a broad range of fluid compatibility. Other advantages to this type are that it does not face issues with high pressure operation, may be built to be resistant to very high or low temperatures or certain aggressive chemicals, and may be longer lasting in some situations. Metal bellows tend to be much more costly to produce than other common types. In modern, often mobile, hydraulic systems

1292-538: Was added in 1954 and this system was used until 2010 to power the Cumberland Basin (Bristol) lock gates. The water is pumped from the harbour into a header tank and then fed by gravity to the pumps. The working pressure is 750 psi (5.2 MPa , or 52 bar ) which was used to power the cranes, bridges and locks of Bristol Harbour . The original operating mechanism of Tower Bridge , London , also used this type of accumulator. Although no longer in use, two of

1330-404: Was invented by Jean Mercier for use in variable-pitch propellers . A spring type accumulator is similar in operation to the gas-charged accumulator above, except that a heavy spring (or springs) is used to provide the compressive force. According to Hooke's law the magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is linearly proportional to its change of length. Therefore, as the spring compresses,

1368-493: Was obtained from a well, 15 ft (4.6 m) in diameter and 47 ft (14 m) deep, with a boring of 5 in (130 mm) in diameter to the chalk rock in the centre, situated near to where the Grimsby Evening Telegraph has its present offices. The well was also fed by seven borings of 5 in (130 mm) in diameter, at intervals in a length of 300 ft (91 m), which discharged into

1406-409: Was pumped to a tank at the top of these towers by steam pumps. When dock machinery required hydraulic power, the hydrostatic head of the water's height above ground provided the necessary pressure. These simple accumulators were extremely tall. For instance, Grimsby Dock Tower , built in 1852, is 309 feet (94 m) tall. Because of their size, they were costly, and so were constructed for less than

1444-509: Was restored as a tourist attraction by the now defunct London Docklands Development Corporation . Now owned by the Canal & River Trust , it is open for large groups on application to the Dockmaster's Office at the basin and on both the afternoons of London Open House Weekend , held on the third weekend of September each year. London had an extensive public hydraulic power system from

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