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51-668: The beginnings of the Tiergarten can be traced back to 1527. It was founded as a hunting area for the Elector of Brandenburg , and was situated to the west of the Cölln city wall, which was the sister town of Old Berlin . It also sat in the same vicinity as the City Palace ( Stadtschloss ). In 1530 the expansion began; acres of land were purchased and the garden began to expand towards the north and west. The total area extended beyond

102-545: A change of pace and a place to discuss intellectual matters in private. Such freedom was common under the rule of Frederick II; there were even residents allowed to live within the Tiergarten. Refugees, Huguenots in hiding from the French, were allowed to erect tents and sell refreshments to the pedestrians walking through the park. In 1786, the year of the king's death, his youngest brother Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia moved into Bellevue Palace , which he had built inside

153-528: A horticultural stylistical device - which he applied at Sanssouci Park and elsewhere. As part of the Berlin -Potsdam cultural landscape, which stretches from the Pfaueninsel to Werder , many sites of Lenné's work are World Heritage Sites and have been under the protection of UNESCO collectively since 1990. The accomplishments of the garden architect are reflected in his career progression. In 1818 he

204-672: A long internship in Paris with Gabriel Thouin , who was then one of the most famous garden architects in Europe. This made him a master landscaper . On another of these trips, Lenné made the acquaintance of the creator of the English Garden in Munich , the landscape gardener Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell , who would have a lasting influence on Lenné's work. In 1812, Lenné followed his father to Koblenz , where he had been named Director of

255-526: A multitude of pathways became distinguishing features of the new garden. Up until 1881, the Tiergarten was owned by the monarchy, and came under the direct control of the King and later the Emperor . Soon after Emperor William I abolished his rights to the forest, he added the boundaries to the new district of Berlin , so that the people may use and uphold it. However, until the middle of the twentieth century,

306-528: Is a prime example. It began construction in 1956 under the initiative of Eleanor Dulles as an American contribution to the Interbau , an International Architecture Exhibition employed to exhibit new social, cultural, and ecological ideas in architecture. The Tiergarten's culture began to stagnate until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. After the reunification of East and West Berlin in 1990, many of

357-558: The Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart Memorial , is another example of how the Germans wanted to respect and honor the men and women who gave them a unique culture. The Nazi Party took control of Germany in 1933, causing a dramatic change of idealism. This change was not just social; in fact, Adolf Hitler had planned the complete renovation of the city of Berlin. " Welthauptstadt Germania ", or World Capital Germania,

408-676: The House of Hohenzollern for over 500 years. From 1618 onward, Brandenburg was ruled in personal union with the Duchy of Prussia . The Hohenzollerns raised Prussia to a kingdom as the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, and from then on Brandenburg was de facto treated as part of the kingdom even though it was legally still part of the Holy Roman Empire. The titles of Margrave of Brandenburg and Elector of Brandenburg were abolished along with

459-678: The Luisenstadt Canal , constructed in 1852, between the Landwehrkanal and the River Spree in Kreuzberg . The canal's design was based on plans by Chief Building Officer Johann Carl Ludwig Schmid . In the 1850s, he advised on the planning of several cities, including Dresden , Leipzig and Munich . Despite centering his life around Potsdam and Berlin, Lenné remained attached to his Rhenish homeland and contributed to

510-845: The Zoological Garden is situated on the south-western side. The principal road is the Straße des 17. Juni, which ends at the Brandenburg Gate to the east. Other main roads are the Altonaer Straße , Spreeweg and Hofjägerallee . In the middle of the park is the square named Großer Stern ("Great Star") with the Siegessäule (Victory column) located in its centre. In addition to the Brandenburg Gate, other notable buildings and structures located close to

561-585: The Gardens by the Prefect Jules Doazan . Later in that year, Lenné became active at Schloss Schönbrunn , where he would remain until 1814. He then returned to Koblenz, where he was given private garden commissions until 1815. Extensions to the city's fortifications gave him an opportunity to propose a plan for its beautification by the addition of gardens; however, this was not carried out because of lack of funds. In 1816, he returned to Potsdam at

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612-463: The Great ) (1712–1786) did not appreciate the hunt as his predecessors did, In 1740, he opened the park's first public gardens. In 1742 he instructed the architect Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff to tear down the fences that surrounded the territory and to turn the park into a Lustgarten (literally " pleasure garden "), one that would be open to the people of Berlin. In the baroque style popular at

663-556: The Holy Roman Empire in 1806, and Brandenburg was formally integrated into Prussia. Despite this, the Prussian kings still included the title "Margrave of Brandenburg" in their royal style. From 1871 to 1918 the Hohenzollerns were also German Emperors . John's childless death left the main core of Salzwedel to be reunited by his regent Valdemar. The remaining possessions were annexed by the respective marriages. (Note: here,

714-683: The Margraves and Electors of various partitions of Brandenburg:   – Margraves and Electors of Brandenburg   – Margraves of Brandenburg-Kulmbach   – Margraves of Brandenburg-Stendal   – Margraves of Brandenburg-Ansbach   – Margraves of Brandenburg-Salzwedel   – Margraves of Brandenburg-Bayreuth   – Margraves of Brandenburg-Küstrin   – Margraves of Brandenburg-Schwedt Peter Joseph Lenn%C3%A9 Peter Joseph Lenné (the Younger) (29 September 1789 – 23 January 1866)

765-469: The Tiergarten (on the premises of a former mansion on the banks of the Spree river which Knobelsdorff had built for himself in 1743). Furthermore a pheasant house was erected inside the park, which would later become the core of the Zoological Garden , a zoo founded in 1844 that lies within the greater Tiergarten. During the revolutions of 1848 , the park hosted the first assembly demanding the abolishment of

816-540: The Tiergarten and its various cultural elements. Many statues were destroyed or damaged. Some of the Berlin citizens even buried statues in the grounds of the nearby Bellevue Palace in order to prevent further destruction. They were not recovered until 1993. After the war, the Tiergarten became part of the British Occupation sector of West Berlin . The area however underwent a sudden, violent change; much of

867-403: The Tiergarten remained in the style that Lenné had left it in. The biggest changes came in the form of nationalistic memorials that began construction in 1849 under the directorship of Eduard Niede and Hermann Geitner . These monuments were seen as patriotic contributions to the culture of the Tiergarten. The Siegesallee ("Victory Avenue") could be considered the most famous addition. Built under

918-413: The Tiergarten, allowing easy movement from north to south for motor vehicles, trams , and more recently S-Bahn trains. The original proposal for the tunnel was met with great opposition from environmentalists, who believed the vegetation would be damaged due to shifts in ground-water levels; in fact, the first plans for construction were denied by a court order. Two memorial monuments are located towards

969-499: The bodies of water turned silty, every bridge was destroyed, the monuments lay on their sides and were badly damaged. Plans to fill the waterways with debris from the war were also suggested, but were prevented by the head of the Berlin Central Office of Environmental Planning, Reinhold Lingner. In 1945, almost directly after the fall of Berlin , the occupying Soviets erected a Soviet War Memorial (Tiergarten) for

1020-516: The city of Berlin began to expand and the hunting area shrank to accommodate the growth. Frederick Wilhelm I (1688–1740), Elector of Brandenburg (1713–1740), feeling the need to bring change to his private hunting grounds, built many structures that are still visible today. As the King was expanding Unter den Linden , a roadway that connected the City Palace and the Tiergarten, he had a swathe of forest removed in order to connect his castle to

1071-483: The creation of a rural Volkspark , or people's park, that would also serve as a sort of Prussian national park that would help lift the spirits of those who visited. However, the King Frederick William III rejected Lenné's plan. Against the opposition of a hesitant bureaucracy, Lenné submitted a modified version of his concept. This plan was accepted and realized between 1833 and 1840. The park

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1122-425: The current Tiergarten, and the forests were perfect for hunting deer and other wild animals ( Tiergarten might literally be translated as animal garden ). The Elector of Brandenburg had wild animals placed within the Tiergarten, which was fenced off from the outside to prevent the creatures from escaping, and was the main hunting ground for the electors of Brandenburg . This hobby, however, began to fade away as

1173-512: The eastern end of the park—the Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism , built 2008, and the Memorial to the Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism , built 2012. The park is located on the northern and central side of Tiergarten Ortsteil and is bordered, on the northern side, by the river Spree . The little quarter Hansaviertel borders on it at the north-western side and

1224-592: The fallen soldiers of the Red Army on the north side of the current Straße des 17. Juni. Situated less than a mile away from the Reichstag , it was built at such short notice that it was located in the planned British sector. When the Berlin Wall went up around West Berlin in 1961, the monument became inaccessible to the people for whom it was built, although Soviet honour guards were allowed to be stationed at

1275-403: The family tradition. He began his apprenticeship as a gardener in 1808 with his uncle, Josef Clemens Weyhe, court gardener at the electoral Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl . At the instigation of his father, he also took university courses in botany. From 1809 to 1812, his father paid for Lenné's many study trips to France , Switzerland , and Southern Germany . In 1811, he completed

1326-546: The first tree, a linden , to signify the beginning of the restoration. West Germany took over the operation and sponsorship with about 250,000 young trees being delivered to the former capital from all over the Bundesrepublik, even being delivered via plane during the Berlin Blockade . Alverdes's plan did away with the pre-existing baroque-styled structures in the park, claiming the style was not in keeping with

1377-749: The further beautification of Koblenz, particularly in the Rheinanlagen , which was under his management until 1861. His love of his work on the Rhine and Mosel made him decide to build the residence named for him, the Lenné-Haus, in which he wished to spend the evening of his life; however, the manner of his death did not allow this. Lenné's last resting place is at the Bornstedt Cemetery in Potsdam. Busts of Peter Joseph Lenné are located at

1428-603: The groundwork for Lenné's designs for the surrounding area of Potsdam, which he wanted to turn into a Gesamtkunstwerk . The upgrades of the Glienicke grounds were followed - in close cooperation with the architects Karl Friedrich Schinkel , Ludwig Persius , and Ferdinand von Arnim - by those of others such as the Böttcherberg and facing it Babelsberg Park , which was completed by Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau . Characteristic of Lenné's work are versatile sight axes -

1479-722: The monument, with approval from the British occupying forces. On June 2, 1945, the Berlin Magistrate decided they would restore the Greater Tiergarten. The first suggestions came in 1946/47. Reinhold Lingner and Georg Pniower, Professor of Garden Design at Berlin University , were the first to offer plans, but both were rejected during the division of Berlin by the Allied powers. Instead, they decided to follow

1530-524: The national censors. At the end of the 18th century, Knobelsdorff's late- baroque form had been all but replaced by ideas for a new, scenic garden ideal. The castle park Bellevue and Rousseau Island were laid out by court gardener Justus Ehrenreich Sello in the late 18th century. It was then in 1818 that the king commissioned the help of Peter Joseph Lenné , a young man who was at the time the gardener's assistant at Sanssouci in Potsdam . His plans involved

1581-437: The newly built Charlottenburg Palace . Der Große Stern , the central square of the Tiergarten, and Kurfürstenplatz , the electoral plaza, were added, with seven and eight boulevards respectively. This is seen as the beginning of a transformation in the Tiergarten, a movement from the king's personal hunting territory to a forest park designed for the people. Frederick Wilhelm I's son and successor, Frederick II ( Frederick

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1632-509: The northerly neighbouring quarter of Moabit a much smaller park bears the same name, thus both are differentiated as Großer and Kleiner Tiergarten . The Tiergarten has an area of around 210 hectares (520 acres), and after Tempelhofer Freiheit , it is the second biggest parkland in Berlin and the third biggest inner-city parkland in Germany. The park is principally served by the S-Bahn at

1683-412: The numbering of the princes is the same for all principalities, as all were titled Margraves of Brandenburg, despite the different parts of land and its particular numbering of the rulers. The princes are numbered by the year of their succession.) This includes Kings of Prussia with the title of Margrave of Brandenburg (1806–1918) and pretenders to the throne of Prussia (1918–present) The colours denote

1734-561: The orders of Emperor William II , it was lined with statues of former Prussian royal figures of varying historical importance. The Prachtboulevard ("Magnificence Boulevard") was added in 1895 and became the area known as the Königsplatz, which would later become Platz der Republik . The park is covered in statues commemorating those famous to the Prussians and the activities they enjoyed doing. Animal statues are to be found throughout

1785-470: The outskirts of the park changed drastically. For instance, along the streets that border the southern boundary of the park, dilapidated embassy buildings that had stood for decades were reoccupied and others were rebuilt from the ground up, such as the Nordic embassies. On the northern border the new German Chancellery was built, along with office buildings for the everyday work of the delegates. The Reichstag

1836-670: The park are the Soviet War Memorial , the Reichstag (seat of the Bundestag ) and Federal Chancellery (seat of the Chancellor of Germany ) (all in the eastern borders), the new central railway station (in the north) and, on the southeastern borders, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe , the Memorial to the Sinti and Roma victims of National Socialism and the central square of Potsdamer Platz . In

1887-434: The park, playing the counterpart to the stone hunters that also inhabit the area. Built by famous sculptor Friedrich Drake , a statue to Queen Louise , beloved queen of the Prussians, is also to be found here alongside her husband, Frederick William III . Statues of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Gotthold Ephraim Lessing , Theodor Fontane , Richard Wagner and Albert Lortzing were also erected. The Komponistendenkmal , or

1938-514: The period. The combination of baroque and regional art was tossed out. Being a very natural park landscape, the Tiergarten was a very important large green space for rest and relaxation for the West Berliners, who were separated from the surrounding East German countryside by the Berlin Wall. Several buildings have been added to the area surrounding the park, many of which were constructed by foreign architects. The Haus der Kulturen der Welt

1989-575: The plans of the Tiergarten Director Willy Alverdes, whose plan seemed to be a more pragmatic approach: instead of rebuilding the park in a new fashion, Alverdes' plans depended on the existing design of the park. He wanted to establish a tranquil, spacious park where one could relax and recover. The Tiergarten was re-forested between 1949 and 1959. On March 17, 1949, the Lord Mayor Ernst Reuter planted

2040-595: The rail stops of Berlin Tiergarten (situated at the western entrance on the Straße des 17. Juni) and Berlin Bellevue (lines S5 S7 S75). The N9 bus also serves the park. List of rulers of Brandenburg This article lists the Margraves and Electors of Brandenburg during the period of time that Brandenburg was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire . The Mark, or March , of Brandenburg

2091-716: The son of the court and university gardener Peter Joseph Lenné the Elder (1756–1821), and his wife, Anna Catharina Potgieter (also Potgeter), daughter of the mayor of Rheinberg . The Lenné family originated from the Prince-Bishopric of Liège . Circa 1665, Peter Joseph's ancestor Augustin Le Neu had settled in Poppelsdorf near Bonn as court gardener of Archbishop-Elector Maximilian Henry of Bavaria . Having obtained his Abitur degree, Peter Joseph Lenné decided to adopt

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2142-648: The suggestion of Prussian forestry official Georg Ludwig Hartig and General Graf von Hacke . There he received the position of Assistant Gardener to the Court Garden Director at Sanssouci . While still working as an assistant gardener, in spring 1816 Lenné received a commission from the Prussian chief minister Karl August von Hardenberg to renovate the grounds around his country house at Klein-Glienicke. This work on Glienicke Palace , which would later become Prince Carl of Prussia 's residence, laid

2193-469: The time he added flowerbeds , borders and espaliers in geometrical layouts, along with mazes , water basins and ornamental ponds; he also commissioned sculptures to add cultural significance. Unique to the time period, areas of congregation called "salons" were established along the many different walkways in the park. These salons were blocked off from the walking path by hedges or trees and often furnished with seating, fountains and vases, offering guests

2244-402: The wooded area was felled and turned to firewood due to the shortage of coal, and the now empty fields were turned into temporary farmland by order of British troops. There were around 2,550 plots of land available for growing potatoes and vegetables. However, these two factors caused the once great forest to nearly disappear; only 700 trees survived out of over 200,000 that once lined the parkway,

2295-708: Was a Prussian gardener and landscape architect . As director general of the Royal Prussian palaces and parks in Potsdam and Berlin, his work shaped the development of 19th-century German garden design in the Neoclassical style. Laid out according to the principles of the English landscape garden , his parks are now World Heritage Sites . Lenné was born in Bonn , then part of the Electorate of Cologne ,

2346-891: Was an employee of the Royal Garden Authority, and in 1822, he received a promotion to Gardening Director. That same year, Lenné became a founding member of the Prussian Society for the Promotion of Horticulture. Lenné also accepted the position of Manager of the Division of Orchard Cultivation and later of the Parks Division. In 1823, the Gardener Academy in Schöneberg and Potsdam was founded under his management. Here garden architecture

2397-479: Was modeled after English gardens, but Lenné made sure to pay attention to Knobelsdorff's structures and layouts. By draining forests areas he allowed for more footpaths, roadways, and bridleways to be laid down. Several features became characteristic components of the Tiergarten. Wide-open grass lawns traversed by streams and clusters of trees, lakes with small islands, countless bridges like the Löwenbrücke, and

2448-898: Was one of the primary constituent states of the Holy Roman Empire . It was created in 1157 as the Margraviate of Brandenburg by Albert the Bear , Margrave of the Northern March . In 1356, by the terms of the Golden Bull of Charles IV , the Margrave of Brandenburg was given the permanent right to participate in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor with the title of Elector ( German : Kurfürst ). The early rulers came from several different dynasties, but from 1415 Brandenburg and its successor states were ruled by

2499-462: Was refurbished with a new, glass dome that has become a popular tourist attraction. Several overgrown areas that had been used for picnics and football were replaced with open spaces and grassy lawns that have added to the prestige of the park. Due to its status as a garden memorial of the city of Berlin, encroachment onto the Tiergarten from businesses and residents has been illegal since 1991. A large tunnel, commissioned in 2006, has been built under

2550-402: Was taught in a scientific manner for the first time. In 1828, Lenné was named the sole Garden Director and in 1845, Prussian Garden Director-General. The Prussian Academy of Arts made Lenné an honorary member. In 1840, the recently enthroned King Frederick William IV assigned the urban planning of Berlin to Lenné. One of his most important achievements in this role survives in the building of

2601-497: Was the idea the Nazis wanted to bring to fruition. The Tiergarten was to be a central location in the new city. The Charlottenburger Chaussee, today known as the Straße des 17. Juni , was to be the central line between the east and west, and was widened from 27 metres (89 ft) to 53 metres (174 ft), the same width as the current street. The Berlin Victory Column was also moved to the Großer Stern, where it remains to this day. The Second World War caused significant damage to

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