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56-429: In a 1279 document, the mountain bore the name Adwich ; Johannes Aventinus called it Hädweg in 1500; and, in 1540, Ätwa . Philipp Apian referred to it as Aetwha m. , i.e. Aetwha mons (mons, montis = Lat. mountain/hill); in 1720, it was recorded on a map as Aidweich . According to more recent research, the name is of Celtic origin. In 1740, it is recorded for the first time as Arber . The Großer Arber rises in

112-509: A succession of Teutonic kings stretching back to the Great Flood , ruling over vast swathes of Germany and surrounding regions until the 1st century BC, and involving themselves in numerous events from Biblical and Classical history. These rulers and their exploits are mostly fictitious, though some are derived from mythological, legendary or historical figures. Examples of the latter are Boiger, Kels II and Teutenbuecher, whose joint reign

168-639: A carpet of Cladonia spp. lichens . The proportion of trees to lichen mat increases southwards towards the "forest line", where trees cover 50 percent or more of the landscape. A southern treeline exists in the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands and the Australian Macquarie Island , with places where mean annual temperatures above 5 °C (41 °F) support trees and woody plants, and those below 5 °C (41 °F) do not. Another treeline exists in

224-579: A few mosses, lichens, and species of grass do so. In addition, no trees survive on any of the subantarctic islands near the peninsula. Southern Rata forests exist on Enderby Island and Auckland Islands (both 50°S) and these grow up to an elevation of 370 metres (1,200 ft) in sheltered valleys. These trees seldom grow above 3 m (9.8 ft) in height and they get smaller as one gains altitude, so that by 180 m (600 ft) they are waist-high. These islands have only between 600 and 800 hours of sun annually. Campbell Island (52°S) further south

280-594: A history of the country. Many of the important authorities that Aventinus collected for this purpose have been preserved only in his copies. He embodied a critical treatment of them in a complete history of Bavaria, Annales Bojorum ("Annals of Bavaria"). His condensed German version of it, the Bayerische Chronik , is the first important history in the German language. Aventinus remained a Catholic throughout his life, even though he sympathized with aspects of

336-487: A major impact on the ability of trees to place roots into the ground. When roots are too shallow, trees are susceptible to windthrow and erosion. Trees can often grow in river valleys at latitudes where they could not grow on a more exposed site. Maritime influences such as ocean currents also play a major role in determining how far from the equator trees can grow as well as the warm summers experienced in extreme continental climates. In northern inland Scandinavia there

392-435: A sufficiency of new growth to support the tree. Wind can mechanically damage tree tissues directly , including blasting with windborne particles, and may also contribute to the desiccation of foliage , especially of shoots that project above the snow cover. The actual tree line is set by the mean temperature, while the realized tree line may be affected by disturbances, such as logging . Most human activities cannot change

448-492: A too-cold summer climate (tundra) that none have any indigenous tree species. The Falkland Islands (51°S) summer temperature is near the limit, but the islands are also treeless, although some planted trees exist. Antarctic Peninsula is the northernmost point in Antarctica (63°S) and has the mildest weather—it is located 1,080 kilometres (670 mi) from Cape Horn on Tierra del Fuego —yet no trees survive there; only

504-504: A valuable record of the early history of Germany. Having studied at Ingolstadt, Vienna, Cracow and Paris, he returned to Ingolstadt in 1507 and in 1509 was appointed tutor to Louis and Ernest, the two younger brothers of William IV, Duke of Bavaria , all three the sons of Albert the Wise , the late duke of Bavaria. Aventinus retained this position until 1517, wrote a Latin grammar ( Rudimenta grammaticae latinae ; 1512) and other manuals for

560-433: Is 11 degrees. Of the approximately 1950 mm of annual precipitation, 40% falls as snow. The lowest recorded temperature of -26.4 °C was measured on January 12, 1987. The highest temperature of 30.3 °C was measured on July 27, 1983. The highest snow cover was measured on April 2, 1988, when it reached 372 cm. The weather station operated here since November 1982. In winter, the east wind together with ice snow forms

616-454: Is found at high elevations and high latitudes . Beyond the tree line, trees cannot tolerate the environmental conditions (usually low temperatures, extreme snowpack, or associated lack of available moisture). The tree line is sometimes distinguished from a lower timberline , which is the line below which trees form a forest with a closed canopy . At the tree line, tree growth is often sparse, stunted, and deformed by wind and cold. This

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672-655: Is given as 127–100 BC, and who are based on King Boiorix of the Cimbri, the unnamed king of the Ambrones, and King Teutobod of the Teutons. Ludwig I of Bavaria had Aventinus' bust erected in the Walhalla temple . There is a German wheat beer named after him, made by G. Schneider & Son. Tree line The tree line is the edge of a habitat at which trees are capable of growing and beyond which they are not. It

728-434: Is inhibited when excessive snow lingers and shortens the growing season to the point where new growth would not have time to harden before the onset of fall frost. Moderate snowpack, however, may promote tree growth by insulating the trees from extreme cold during the winter, curtailing water loss, and prolonging a supply of moisture through the early part of the growing season. However, snow accumulation in sheltered gullies in

784-420: Is seldom abrupt: it usually forms a transition zone between closed forest below and treeless alpine zone above. This zone of transition occurs "near the top of the tallest peaks in the northeastern United States, high up on the giant volcanoes in central Mexico, and on mountains in each of the 11 western states and throughout much of Canada and Alaska". Environmentally dwarfed shrubs ( krummholz ) commonly form

840-559: Is sometimes known as krummholz (German for "crooked wood"). The tree line often appears well-defined, but it can be a more gradual transition. Trees grow shorter and often at lower densities as they approach the tree line, above which they are unable to grow at all. Given a certain latitude, the tree line is approximately 300 to 1000 meters below the permanent snow line and roughly parallel to it. Due to their vertical structure, trees are more susceptible to cold than more ground-hugging forms of plants. Summer warmth generally sets

896-514: Is still in operation albeit at reduced level - see below. A little to the northwest and a few metres below the summit of the Great Arber stands the little Arber chapel dedicated to Saint Bartholomew the Apostle . The first chapel there was built in 1806 by the glassworks owner, Baron von Hafenbrädl. Since then the building has been renovated four times; the present one was built in 2015. On

952-537: Is substantial maritime influence on high parallels that keep winters relatively mild, but enough inland effect to have summers well above the threshold for the tree line. Here are some typical polar treelines: Trees exist on Tierra del Fuego (55°S) at the southern end of South America, but generally not on subantarctic islands and not in Antarctica. Therefore, there is no explicit Antarctic tree line. Kerguelen Island (49°S), South Georgia (54°S), and other subantarctic islands are all so heavily wind-exposed and with

1008-480: Is treeless and covered by subalpine calcareous grasses , rocky meadows ( Felsfluren ) and mountain pine bushes, which occur nowhere else in the Bavarian Forest. The characteristic bird species of this region include the meadow pipit , alpine accentor , water pipit , ring ouzel and wheatear . To the north in the direction of Lam there is farmer-managed, selection cutting forest ( Plenterwald ), in

1064-484: The Arber Bergbahn . The mountain has been turned into a winter sports area with several ski pistes . On 17 September 1949, the first chairlift was opened on the mountain. The systematic renewal of the lifts in recent years, the construction of a 6-seater gondola lift and the construction of two, six-seater chair lifts have made the mountain's ski area the most modern in the Bavarian Forest. In summer operation,

1120-555: The Bavarian Forest Nature Park in the area of the Großer Arber. Their management of the area is primarily focused on the summit region, but also on the protected areas on the mountain as a contact partner for conservation questions and for guided tours. Among their tasks are visitor information, public relations and the monitoring of protected area regulations. Since 1999, another area support service for

1176-673: The E6 European long distance path as part of a walk that take in eight or twelve 1,000-metre-high mountains respectively. On 10 June 2017 the Arberland Mountain Run took place, which also included the 2017 German Mountain Running Championships. 346 runners reached the finish line of the 13.8-kilometre course with a difference in altitude of 887 metres. The lifts on the Grosser Arber are called

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1232-570: The Eastern Bloc . The facility entered service in 1983, originally with two radar antennas. In 1996, it was converted and equipped with a large-capacity RRP 117 radar. Since then, the second tower has contained the transmitting and receiving antennas for radio communications. The Great Arber Air Defence Base is operated as part of the Integrated NATO Air Defence System. A footpath runs from Bodenmais to

1288-774: The Rear Bavarian Forest (403), the sub-unit of the Arber- Kaitersberg Ridge (403.5) and the natural region of the Arber Massif (403.51). On the southeastern flank of the Großer Arber lies the lake of Großer Arbersee and, to the northwest and north-northeast of the Kleiner Arber is the Kleiner Arbersee , which both lie within a nature reserve . Among the rivers and streams rising on the mountain are: two Arberbachs (one to

1344-592: The Rear Bavarian Forest on the boundary of the Upper Bavarian Forest Nature Park to the north and the Bavarian Forest Nature Park to the south. The boundary runs close to the summit, which itself is in the municipality of Bayerisch Eisenstein , while its southwestern flank is in Bodenmais  – both in the county of Regen. Its western slopes are in the municipality of Lohberg in the county of Cham. The Großer Arber has four tops:

1400-529: The Selkirk Mountains of southeastern British Columbia causes the tree line to be 400 metres (1,300 ft) lower than on exposed intervening shoulders. In some mountainous areas, higher elevations above the condensation line, or on equator-facing and leeward slopes, can result in low rainfall and increased exposure to solar radiation. This dries out the soil, resulting in a localized arid environment unsuitable for trees. Many south-facing ridges of

1456-529: The Special Area of Conservation of the Great and Little Arber and Arber lakes ( Großer und Kleiner Arber mit Arberseen , FFH no. 6844-373; 22.952 km) and the bird reserve of the Great and Little Arber and Schwarzeck ( Großer und Kleiner Arber mit Schwarzeck , VSG no. 6844-471; 35.4624 km). The summit region of the Großer Arber does not rise above the natural tree line . Nevertheless, it

1512-463: The Großer Arber has been provided by the neighbouring Upper Bavarian Forest Nature Park (focus: summit plateau and Kleiner Arbersee Nature Reserve). From the summit region of the Großer Arber, the nature reserve of the Great Arbersee and Arberseewand ( Großer Arbersee und Arberseewand , CDDA no. 163348; designated in 1939; 1.4857  km ) runs away to the southeast. Extending from

1568-595: The Protestant reform. He was in communication with Philipp Melanchthon and Martin Luther . He rejected auricular confession, objected to pilgrimages and indulgences, and opposed the claims of the hierarchy as excessive. He showed a strong dislike for monks. On this account, he was imprisoned in 1528, but his friends soon effected his release. The remainder of his life was somewhat unsettled, and he died at Regensburg. The Annals , which are in seven volumes, deal with

1624-486: The Roman Catholics. A more complete edition was published at Basel in 1580 by Nicholas Cisner. Aventinus, who has been called the "Bavarian Herodotus," wrote other books of lesser importance, and a complete edition of his works was published at Munich (1881–1886). In his Annals , Aventinus preserved some of the text of the now lost 8th-century chronicle of Creontius . In his Chronik , Aventinus fabricated

1680-472: The actual tree line, unless they affect the climate. The tree line follows the line where the seasonal mean temperature is approximately 6 °C or 43 °F. The seasonal mean temperature is taken over all days whose mean temperature is above 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). A growing season of 94 days above that temperature is required for tree growth. Because of climate change , which leads to earlier snow melt and favorable conditions for tree establishment,

1736-744: The east and one to the south), the Geigenbach, Hirschaubach, Schwellbach, Seebach, Steinbach, Teufelsbach, and Weidenbach. The Großer Regen flows past the mountain to the northeast, being fed near the mountain by the Arberseeback and Teufelsbach, and on the northwestern flank the White Regen drains the Kleiner Arbersee, which is fed by the Weidenbach. Since summer 1995, a full-time nature conservation presence has been active in

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1792-608: The estates in Bayerisch Eisenstein . In 1884, a wooden mountain hut was built by the Bavarian Forest Club . In 1903, the first hut was built on the summit. The current shingle-covered one was built in 1936 and extended in 1985. As early as 1939, large parts of the area were put under protection, in order to save its uniqueness. During the Cold War , a military radar station was built at the top which

1848-553: The film will be broadcast at the beginning of each year on Bavarian television in the programme Zwischen Spessart und Karwendel . Since the 19th century, the Großer Arber and the extended woodlands down to Bayerisch Eisenstein with several former forest glassworks were owned by the princely House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen . They procured the estate of the master glassworker, Hafenbrädl, in Böhmisch Eisenstein, later Markt Eisenstein, today Železná Ruda , and, in 1872,

1904-404: The general cooling trend. Compared with arctic tree lines, alpine tree lines may receive fewer than half of the number of degree days (above 10 °C (50 °F)) based on air temperature, but because solar radiation intensities are greater at alpine than at arctic tree lines the number of degree days calculated from leaf temperatures may be very similar. At the alpine tree line, tree growth

1960-644: The gondolas transport hikers and tourists to the summit. Slalom and giant slalom competitions have been held on the mountain for the Alpine Ski European Cup since 1973 and, for the Alpine Ski World Cup , since 1976. The races were sponsored by the German Ski Association and alternated between Ofterschwang , Zwiesel and Berchtesgaden . Since 2011, no more ski world cups have taken place there, and according to

2016-407: The habitat can be described as the alpine zone . Treelines on north-facing slopes in the northern hemisphere are lower than on south-facing slopes, because the increased shade on north-facing slopes means the snowpack takes longer to melt. This shortens the growing season for trees. In the southern hemisphere, the south-facing slopes have the shorter growing season. The alpine tree line boundary

2072-581: The history of Bavaria in conjunction with general history from the earliest times to 1460, and the author shows sympathy for the Empire in its struggle with the Papacy. He took pains with his work, and to some degree anticipated the modern historiography. Another result of his nonconformity was that the Annals were not published until 1554. Many passages were omitted in this Ingolstadt edition, as they reflected on

2128-435: The internal sap of trees, killing them. In addition, permafrost in the soil can prevent trees from getting their roots deep enough for the necessary structural support. Unlike alpine tree lines, the northern tree line occurs at low elevations. The arctic forest–tundra transition zone in northwestern Canada varies in width, perhaps averaging 145 kilometres (90 mi) and widening markedly from west to east, in contrast with

2184-475: The lack of suitable soil, such as along talus slopes or exposed rock formations, prevents trees from gaining an adequate foothold and exposes them to drought and sun. The arctic tree line is the northernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere where trees can grow; farther north, it is too cold all year round to sustain trees. Extremely low temperatures, especially when prolonged, can freeze

2240-399: The limit to which tree growth can occur: while tree line conifers are very frost-hardy during most of the year, they become sensitive to just 1 or 2 degrees of frost in mid-summer. A series of warm summers in the 1940s seems to have permitted the establishment of "significant numbers" of spruce seedlings above the previous treeline in the hills near Fairbanks, Alaska . Survival depends on

2296-648: The main top with its 1913 summit cross , the Bodenmaiser Riegel with its characteristic, often photographed Richard Wagner Kopf , as well as the Kleiner and Großer Seeriegel. Also part of the mountain group is the Little Arber (1,384 m). The Großer Arber is part of the natural regional major unit group of the Upper Palatine and Bavarian Forest (No. 40), in the major unit of

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2352-526: The mountains of the Western U.S. have a lower treeline than the northern faces because of increased sun exposure and aridity. Hawaii's treeline of about 8,000 ft (2,400 m) is also above the condensation zone and results due to a lack of moisture. On coasts and isolated mountains, the tree line is often much lower than in corresponding altitudes inland and in larger, more complex mountain systems, because strong winds reduce tree growth. In addition,

2408-411: The occasion of the centenary of the chapel's construction, Abbot Willibald Adam of Metten Abbey celebrated a mountain mass for the first time in the presence of 2,000 people on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1906. On 29 August 1965, the priest of Arber, Josef Kufner, celebrated another mass here, thus founding the first actual Arber parish fair ( Arberkirchweih ). Since then it has been celebrated every year on

2464-654: The penultimate Sunday in August. After mass, people meet for lunch in the Arber Hut; afterwards, folk singers and musicians give performances. Two buildings owned by the German Air Force together with their radomes are situated on the summit. The site was built during the Cold War, in the face of vehement protests by conservationists, close to the border with Czechoslovakia in order to monitor air traffic in

2520-464: The predominance of conifers ): The alpine tree line at a location is dependent on local variables, such as aspect of slope, rain shadow and proximity to either geographical pole . In addition, in some tropical or island localities, the lack of biogeographical access to species that have evolved in a subalpine environment can result in lower tree lines than one might expect by climate alone. Averaging over many locations and local microclimates ,

2576-416: The responsible organising committee, no further races are planned for the foreseeable future. Johannes Aventinus Johann Georg Turmair (or Thurmayr ) (4 July 1477 – 9 January 1534), known by the pen name Johannes Aventinus ( Latin for "John of Abensberg ") or Aventin , was a Bavarian Renaissance humanist historian and philologist . He authored the 1523 Annals of Bavaria ,

2632-528: The so-called Arbermandl . The mountain pines and mountain spruces of the Great Arber freeze into bizarre and often comical-looking shapes. Cameraman Martin Lippl made a film about it in 1985. The recordings were made somewhat accidentally during a short break of sunshine during a blizzard . Elfie Pertramer later underscored these recordings with a mystical poem. Under the title Voices from the Magic Forest

2688-404: The south towards Bodenmais is state forest. Großer Arber has a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) bordering on humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ). The summit region of the Great Arber has an average of 160 days of frost and 150 days of snow cover per year. Because of late and early frosts, the vegetation period lasts little more than 100 days. The July temperature in the highest areas

2744-459: The southwesternmost parts of the Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregion, where the forest merges into the subantarctic tundra (termed Magellanic moorland or Magellanic tundra). For example, the northern halves of Hoste and Navarino Islands have Nothofagus antarctica forests but the southern parts consist of moorlands and tundra. Some typical Arctic and alpine tree line tree species (note

2800-711: The summit region to the northwest is the Little Arbersee Nature Reserve ( Kleiner Arbersee , CDDA no. 164117; 1998; 4.1059 km). Near the mountain at the Riesloch Falls is the Riesloch nature reserve (CDDA no. 318989; 1939; 33.4  ha ). On the mountain itself are parts of the protected landscapes of the Bavarian Forest ( Bayerischer Wald , CDDA no. 396098; 1983; 2310.1276 km) and Upper Bavarian Forest ( Oberer Bayerischer Wald , CDDA no. 396128 1308.5616 km),

2856-454: The telescoped alpine timberlines. North of the arctic tree line lies the low-growing tundra , and southwards lies the boreal forest . Two zones can be distinguished in the arctic tree line: a forest–tundra zone of scattered patches of krummholz or stunted trees, with larger trees along rivers and on sheltered sites set in a matrix of tundra; and "open boreal forest" or "lichen woodland", consisting of open groves of erect trees underlain by

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2912-692: The top of the mountain. It begins at the walkers' car park of Rissloch and climbs up past the Riesloch Falls . The descent may be made past the Little Arber, past the waterfalls and ending back at the start. In addition, there are two tours - the Eight Thousanders Tour ( "8-1000er Tour" ) and the Twelve Thousanders Tour ( "12-1000er Tour" ) - which are hiking trails that include an ascent of the mountain along

2968-505: The tree line in North Cascades National Park has risen more than 400 feet (120 m) in 50 years. Several types of tree lines are defined in ecology and geography : An alpine tree line is the highest elevation that sustains trees; higher up it is too cold, or the snow cover lasts for too much of the year, to sustain trees. The climate above the tree line of mountains is called an alpine climate , and

3024-517: The treeline rises 75 metres (245 ft) when moving 1 degree south from 70 to 50°N, and 130 metres (430 ft) per degree from 50 to 30°N. Between 30°N and 20°S, the treeline is roughly constant, between 3,500 and 4,000 metres (11,500 and 13,100 ft). Here is a list of approximate tree lines from locations around the globe: Like the alpine tree lines shown above, polar tree lines are heavily influenced by local variables such as aspect of slope and degree of shelter. In addition, permafrost has

3080-475: The upper limit. The decrease in air temperature with increasing elevation creates the alpine climate. The rate of decrease can vary in different mountain chains, from 3.5 °F (1.9 °C) per 1,000 feet (300 m) of elevation gain in the dry mountains of the western United States, to 1.4 °F (0.78 °C) per 1,000 feet (300 m) in the moister mountains of the eastern United States. Skin effects and topography can create microclimates that alter

3136-514: The use of his pupils, and in 1515 traveled in Italy with Ernest. In his zeal for learning, he helped found the Sodalitas litteraria Angilostadensis, the "literary brotherhood of Ingolstadt", under the auspices of which several old manuscripts were brought to light; however, it soon ceased to exist (1520). In 1517, William appointed him as Bavaria's official historian and commissioned him to write

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