65-572: Guangxi Normal University ( simplified Chinese : 广西师范大学 ; traditional Chinese : 廣西師範大學 ; pinyin : Guǎngxī shīfàn dàxué , abbreviated GXNU ) is a provincial research university located in Guilin , Guangxi , China with historical strengths in teacher education, basic arts and sciences, and international exchange programs. Established in 1932 as one of the earliest normal schools (teacher training institutions) in China, GXNU has evolved into
130-508: A MOOC focused on the life and works of Tang Dynasty poets from the historical Guangxi region. Guangxi Normal University has 22 academic disciplines recognized as Guangxi Key Disciplines, indicating a high quality program compared to programs at other universities in Guangxi. The university hosts 11 Experimental Teaching Demonstration Centers. From 2011 to 2015, Guangxi Normal University was awarded 317 national-level research projects. Overall,
195-443: A component—either a character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓ ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏ ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of
260-567: A comprehensive university granting undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral degrees across 21 colleges and departments with 75 undergraduate majors. The GXNU chemistry department is ranked in the Global Top 1% according to the Thomson Reuters 2017 InCites Essential Science Indicators (ESI), based on citation frequency of published research papers. Guangxi Normal University was established in 1932 as Guangxi Provincial Teacher's College,
325-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst
390-407: A few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as
455-676: A group of Chinese universities which host international students awarded a Chinese Government Scholarship by the Chinese Ministry of Education or a Confucius Institute Scholarship awarded by the Hanban government agency. It also receives students awarded the ASEAN Scholarship by the Guangxi provincial government. The university has established cooperative programs with over 200 institutions in 40 countries such as Malaysia 's Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman . In particular, GXNU
520-498: A nationwide reorganization of higher education institutions. In July 1953, the Ministry of Education ordered the re-establishment of the normal school as an independent institution to be known as Guangxi Teacher's College. To support the creation of the new school, Guangxi University transferred 53 professors in its departments of Chinese, foreign languages, history, mathematics, physics, and chemistry, as well as 256 faculty members of
585-610: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as
650-573: A part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui , the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ),
715-485: A power struggle between the provincial Guangxi government and the Nationalist Ministry of Education, resulting in a long period of evolution, absorption into other institutions, renaming, and re-establishment. In 1936, the provincial government ordered the school to merge into National Guangxi University (now known as Guangxi University , the flagship public university of Guanxi province). The school became
SECTION 10
#1732776791463780-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌 'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊ 'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,
845-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with
910-813: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at
975-623: Is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c. 100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to
1040-606: Is the host institution for three Confucius Institutes , located at Prince of Songkla University in Thailand , State University of Malang in Indonesia , and Hanoi University in neighboring Vietnam . In recognition of its considerable international population, the university annually celebrates foreign holidays including Christmas , Halloween , and Songkran , as well as hosting its own International Cultural Festival and Foreign Language Karaoke Contest. Other events include
1105-456: Is the only institution in Guangxi province designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education as an official "demonstration base" for experimental international student programs; as such, educating international students is an integral part of the GXNU mission. Undergraduate, graduate, doctoral, and Chinese language programs sponsor over 1,600 international students on the GXNU campus. GXNU is one of
1170-547: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,
1235-670: The Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of
1300-778: The Cultural Revolution in 1975 by the 4th National People's Congress . Until the Ministry's 1975 restoration, the State Council 's Science and Education Group was the most important government body in the education bureaucracy. On June 18, 1985, the Eleventh Standing Committee of the 6th National People's Congress decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the National Education Commission of
1365-719: The Ming dynasty (circa 1372-1392). Originally a walled palace complex built as a home for Zhu Shouqian , the Prince of Jingjiang, it has housed 14 kings from 12 generations through the Ming and Qing dynasties, as well as Sun Yat-sen who stayed in one of the mansions in 1921. The only college campus with a 5A rating from the China National Tourism Administration , the Wangcheng Campus features
SECTION 20
#17327767914631430-554: The "Dot" stroke : The traditional components ⺥ and 爫 become ⺈ : The traditional component 奐 becomes 奂 : Ministry of Education of the People%27s Republic of China The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China is a constituent department of the State Council , responsible for basic education , vocational education , higher education , and other educational affairs throughout
1495-459: The "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across
1560-482: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3
1625-520: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of
1690-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components
1755-602: The College of Culture and Education (many of them faculty of the original Guangxi Provincial Teacher's College), to the Guangxi Teacher's College. Once again independent, the school was granted the historic Jingjiang Princes' Palace in Guilin, Guangxi as its new Wangcheng Campus. Until 1978, it was the only institution of higher education in Guangxi authorized to grant a Bachelor's degree in teacher education. In 1981,
1820-685: The Guangxi Teacher's College received authorization to grant master's degrees. On May 29, 1983, the institution incorporated as the Guangxi Normal University. It granted its first doctoral degrees in 2006. As of 2018, the university had 26,831 undergraduate students, 6,386 graduate students, and 171 PhD candidates, including over 1,600 international students across all degree programs. Additionally, 16,000 correspondence, online, and visiting students are enrolled in GXNU programs. Guangxi Normal University runs massive online open courses through various colleges and departments, including
1885-901: The Indonesia Culture Day in May, the International Student-Parent Conference in June, and the Vietnamese Culture Day and Teacher's Day on November 20 of each year. In mid-April, GXNU celebrates the International Cultural Festival, which features parades, student games, food exhibitions and cultural shows focused on Thai, Lao, Cambodian, and Burmese culture. While the festival is focused on the international student communities, all students are welcome to attend
1950-481: The Ministry of Education sought to develop a system of political counselors as a pilot program in universities. Tsinghua University established a political counselor program in 1953, becoming the first university to do so. In this program, new graduates who were also Chinese Communist Party members worked as political counselors in managing the student body and student organizations, often simultaneously serving as Communist Youth League secretaries. The program
2015-661: The Ministry of Higher Education was restored. In July 1966, the Ministry of Higher Education was once again merged into the Ministry of Education. In June 1970, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the Science and Education Group of the State Council. The Ministry of Education was restored after the disruptions of
Guangxi Normal University - Misplaced Pages Continue
2080-684: The National Guangxi University College of Liberal Arts, which focused on the humanities and no longer functioned solely as a normal school. In 1941, a greater demand for schoolteachers in Guangxi caused the college to be separated from Guangxi University and reconstituted as the independent Guangxi Teacher's College. The school was renamed the Guangxi Guilin Teacher's College in 1942, and then National Guilin Teacher's College in 1943. In February 1946,
2145-550: The People's Republic of China. In 1998, the Decision on Institutional Reform of the State Council was adopted at the First Session of the 9th National People's Congress , and the National Education Commission was renamed the Ministry of Education. In 2003, China's Ministry of Education called for adding environmental education content throughout the public school curriculum from the first year of primary school through
2210-553: The Shaw Building, a teacher training facility built with funds donated to Guangxi Normal University by Run Run Shaw , a Hong Kong entertainment mogul and philanthropist, and the Yucai Campus Library, which is among the oldest and most extensive libraries in Guangxi. There is an apartment complex for international students and a monument honoring the friendship of Chinese and Vietnamese students. Opened in 2007,
2275-539: The Wangcheng, Yucai, and Yanshan campuses, including the library at Yanshan Campus which is the largest library in Guangxi province. As of 2016, the total number of physical books in the GXNU libraries surpassed 3,260,000. The libraries also maintain access to 2,226,653 electronic books and resources across 82 databases. Guangxi Normal University is known for extensive international collaboration through exchange programs and research collaboration agreements. The university
2340-861: The Yanshan Campus ( 雁山校区 ) includes the GXNU athletic facilities and the Yanshan Campus Library, which is the largest library in Guanxi province. The campus also includes Confucius Square, where the university hosts annual commemorations of Confucius' birthday, celebrations of ancient Chinese civilization, Chinese New Years' celebrations, and ethnic food festivals. The Yanshan Campus cafeteria specializes in ethnic Zhuang and local foods. [REDACTED] Media related to Guangxi Normal University at Wikimedia Commons Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write
2405-428: The character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between
2470-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant
2535-473: The country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from
2600-436: The country. The Ministry of Education acts as the predominant funder of national universities and colleges in China. The ministry also accredits tertiary institutions , degree curriculum , and school teachers of the country. The Ministry of Education currently has 19 internal departments and bureaus. As of 2022 , there were 75 colleges and universities affiliated with the Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Education
2665-476: The early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see
Guangxi Normal University - Misplaced Pages Continue
2730-497: The events. Guangxi Normal University consists of three urban campuses in Guilin, Guangxi, China. The campuses are connected by private shuttle buses arranged by GXNU, as well as the local #98 public bus route. The Wangcheng Campus ( 王城校区 ) is the main campus of Guangxi Normal University. It is located on the grounds of the Jingjiang Princes' Palace (colloquially known as Wangcheng), a historical royal complex dating to
2795-467: The first normal school in the Guangxi region and one of the first teacher training institutions in the country. Its first president was notable educator Yang Dongyu ( 杨东莼 ; 楊東蒓 ). The original campus was located in the Yanshan District of Guilin, where the modern university now maintains a branch campus. Almost immediately from its establishment, the fledgling institution became the center of
2860-634: The first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over
2925-463: The first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including
2990-475: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility
3055-406: The founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during
3120-466: The increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d. 782 BC ) to unify character forms across the states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what
3185-465: The left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d. 208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However,
3250-402: The most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935,
3315-541: The old Chengyun gate leading to the Prince's Mansion, the ancient Guoxue Hall which houses the university's School of Chinese Civilization, and Solitary Beauty Peak, the tallest mountain formation in Guilin, with panoramic views of the city and surrounding countryside. The complex is surrounded by the best-preserved Ming-era city wall in China. The Yucai Campus ( 育才校区 ), located in east Guilin next to Seven Star Park, features open park spaces interspersed with academic halls and dormitories. Established in 1976, structures include
SECTION 50
#17327767914633380-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted
3445-465: The recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on
3510-426: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted
3575-603: The school moved to the city of Nanning and became the National Nanning Teacher's College. In February 1950, the school moved back to Guilin and merged with National Guangxi University for the second time. This time, the school became the National Guangxi University Teacher's College, also known as the College of Culture and Education, retaining its function as a normal school. In 1953, the People's Republic of China began
3640-467: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊
3705-414: The second year of high school. Its guidelines on environmental education emphasized firsthand experience and recommended that a quarter of environmental education content should consist of "practice activities". In 2019, the Ministry issued a new regulation aimed at unifying the teaching materials for primary and middle schools across China in areas including history, language, and politics. In 1952,
3770-427: The traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to
3835-833: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes
3900-597: The university funded 2,122 research projects for a total of 403 million yuan in research expenditure. Faculty members published 3,919 journal articles. Guangxi Normal University was awarded 139 provincial and municipal research awards, including the Guangxi Natural Science Award, Guangxi Science and Technology Progress Award, and Guangxi Social Science Award. The university hosts the State Key Laboratory of Joint Construction, which
3965-522: The use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of
SECTION 60
#17327767914634030-464: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by
4095-543: Was founded in October 1949. The work of the ministry was overseen by the Culture and Education Commission that was created at the same time. On October 19, writer and poet Guo Moruo was made the director of the commission, and linguist Ma Xulun was made the first education minister of the People's Republic of China. In February 1958, the Ministry of Higher Education was merged into the Ministry of Education. In July 1964,
4160-500: Was interrupted by the Cultural Revolution but resumed in 1977. After its endorsement by Deng Xiaoping , the program expanded across higher educational institutions. Beginning in the 1990s, the political counselor system was further institutionalized and expanded in higher educational institutions throughout China, with the Ministry issuing standardized rules such as term limits and age limits in 2000. According to
4225-620: Was jointly established with the Chinese Ministry of Education . Guangxi Normal University publishes the Journal of Guangxi Normal University (Natural Sciences Edition), which has been compiled into the national Chinese Core Journals Overview, as well as the Journal of Guangxi Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition). From 2011 to 2015, GXNU hosted 9 international and national conferences on topics ranging from inorganic chemistry to wildlife ecology and resource conservation. Guangxi Normal University contains three main libraries on
#462537