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68-536: Guastalla is situated in the Po Valley , and lies on the banks of the Po River . Guastalla is located at around 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the cities of Reggio Emilia , Parma , and Mantua . In addition to the town of Guastalla itself, the comune also includes the hamlets of San Giacomo, San Girolamo, San Martino, San Rocco, and Tagliata. The area of Guastalla was probably settled by Etruscans as early as

136-761: A big contributor to pollution. It delivers more than 40 percent of Italy's milk production, for example, while over half of the Italian pig production is located in the Po Valley. According to research published in The Lancet Planetary Health in January 2021, which estimates the death rate associated with fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) pollution in 1000 European cities, Brescia and Bergamo in Lombardy have

204-654: A breach opened in the banks of the Po at Ficarolo and the new main course started flowing much closer to the Adige. The rulers of the whole area (except for the new delta of the Po) were the Este ; the area was formerly named County of Gavello , but two centuries after the disaster and due to the decline of the Abbey of Gavello it started being named County of Rovigo. In 1484, after the end of

272-477: A geologic feature called the fontanili ("spring") line or zone, a band of springs around the Val Po, heaviest on the north, on the lowermost slopes of the anticline. It varies from a few kilometres to as much as 50 km (30 miles) wide. The fontanili line is the outcrop, or intersection, of the anticline's water table with the surface at the edge of the bassa . The rock above the line is porous. Surface water in

340-617: A lower sea level that allowed big mammals and humans to migrate from Africa and the Middle East to central and western Europe through an empty and open Po valley, avoiding the barrier of the Alps, reaching the Loire Valley, and Iberian Peninsula, and then, when glaciation retreated, the rest of continental Europe. Urban development began in the Po Valley much later than in southern Italy or Greece. The first known ancient inhabitants of

408-716: A lower, very fertile, and well-irrigated section, known in Lombardy and western Emilia as la Bassa , "the low (plain)". The upper areas of the Po valley take local names which reflect in their meanings their being modestly suited for farming. So we have the Piedmontese vaude and baragge , the Lombard brughiere and Groane , or, exiting from the Po valley proper, the Friulian magredi , areas remote from easily reachable water tables and covered with dense woods or dry soils. This specific meaning for "lower plain" derive from

476-477: A more significant constituent in the average diet and in the agrarian regime compared to the centuries before, leading populations to reconfigure the medieval natural landscape for agricultural purposes. In creating new land for cultivation and settlement, the European communities triggered a massive landscape transformation through woodland clearance, arable intensification, the development of irrigation systems and

544-565: A year of their life expectancy. The main reasons for the high amount of air pollution over the Po valley are strictly connected to livestock and factories. The so-called "NPK fertilizers", made of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, along with manure emissions from intensive breeding and high levels of nitrogen dioxide released by diesel and petrol engines are all accountable for this disastrous air condition in Northern Italy. The region of Lombardy produces also vast amounts of animal waste,

612-402: Is a geographic and historic area in the north-east of Italy whose limits varied through centuries; it had also been known as Polesine of Rovigo for some time. Nowadays it corresponds with the province of Rovigo in the viewpoint of political geography . In the viewpoint of physical geography it is a strip of land about 100-km long and 18-km wide located between the lower courses of

680-465: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Po Valley The Po Valley , Po Plain , Plain of the Po , or Padan Plain ( Italian : Pianura Padana [pjaˈnuːra paˈdaːna] , or Val Padana ) is a major geographical feature of Northern Italy . It extends approximately 650 km (400 mi) in an east-west direction, with an area of 46,000 km (18,000 square miles) including its Venetic extension not actually related to

748-577: Is a Venetian term from Medieval Latin pollicĭnum or policĭnum , meaning " swamp " or " wetland "; this is because this territory was a swamp when it was given the name. This happened after the disasters in the Venetian hydrography that followed the decline of the Roman Empire . Polesine's origins are connected with the myth of Phaeton , the young god who drowned with the Sun chariot in

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816-530: Is an almost continuous megalopolis stretching from Turin to Trieste . The bassa Padana was settled and farmed earliest, in Etruscan and Roman times. After the collapse of the Roman Empire (5th century AD), lack of maintenance of the irrigation systems associated with a cooling climate phase (i.e. the so-called Migration Period or The Dark Age Cold Period ) led to the progressive waterlogging of

884-571: Is claimed to be likely to be lost due to soaring sea level in the next centuries. Where the land surface now dips below sea level the river must run at a relative elevation between dikes. The Malossa gas condensate field was discovered in 1973 and produces at depths of 6 km (4 miles) from the Upper Triassic Dolomia Principale dolomite and the Lower Jurassic Zandobbio dolomite, capped by

952-455: Is for hydro-electric power, irrigation, and industrial transport. The cost of purifying it for human consumption makes that process less feasible. The fresh drinking water comes from hundreds of thousands of wells concentrated especially in the fontanili zone. The major settlements, therefore, are also in that zone, which has become the centre of economic development and industry in Italy, and now

1020-601: Is produced by the flow of the Po. The river is extensively used for irrigation for the region's agriculture. Po valley is considered the worst area in Europe for air quality. In March 2019, the European Space Agency (ESA) published images of nitrogen dioxide concentrations taken from the Sentinel-5P satellite. These images show a big red area, made of nitrogen dioxide and fine particles, situated above

1088-636: The Domini di Terraferma (Mainland State) of the Republic of Venice. The Este claimed again the possession of the whole Polesine during the war of the League of Cambrai , but after a short occupation in 1508-1511 the frontiers were back to those of 1484. Between 1602 and 1604, an agreement between the Republic of Venice and the Papal States that then ruled over the southern part of the Po delta allowed

1156-604: The Adige and the Po rivers, limited to the east by the Adriatic Sea and leaving the western limit undefined. The eastern portion of Polesine corresponds to the delta of the Po, and it is constantly expanding eastward because of the detritus sediment phenomenon. The Po and the Adige are the first and the third biggest rivers of Italy as for rate of flow , yet another river flows across Polesine between these two main rivers:

1224-604: The Apennines in the south to the Alps in the north, including the northern Adriatic. In addition to the Po and its affluents, the contemporary surface may be considered to include the Savio , Lamone and Reno to the south, and the Adige , Brenta , Piave and Tagliamento of the Venetian Plain to the north, among the many streams that empty into the north Adriatic from the west and north. Geo-political definitions of

1292-575: The Canal Bianco ; this means that by far most of the fresh water of Italy flows into the sea through Polesine. Due to this large amount of water it has to deal with, it has many canals for drainage . The biggest city is Rovigo (51,000 inhabitants), followed by Adria (20,000 people). Other important centres are Porto Viro , Lendinara , Porto Tolle , Badia Polesine , Occhiobello and Taglio di Po . Important agricultural centres are Arquà Polesine , Loreo , Polesella and Lusia . Polesine

1360-554: The Guelph-Ghibelline reciprocate bloodbath of the 13th and 14th centuries. The Signorie came from spent out Communal institutions. With Venice 's expansion on the eastern mainland in the first half of the 15th century and Milan 's supremacy in the center and west the region (not significantly diminished by the Black Death of 1348) reached unprecedented peaks of prosperity. Vast areas were irrigated and cultivated with

1428-587: The Po river basin; it runs from the Western Alps to the Adriatic Sea . The flatlands of Veneto and Friuli are often considered apart since they do not drain into the Po, but they effectively combine into an unbroken plain, making it the largest in Southern Europe . It has a population of 17 million, or a third of Italy's total population. The plain is the surface of an in-filled system of ancient canyons (the "Apennine Foredeep") extending from

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1496-533: The Venetian domain was invaded, forcing Venice into neutrality as an independent power. In the end, Spain prevailed with Charles V 's victory over Francis I of France at the Battle of Pavia in 1525. The Spanish domination was oppressive, adding its burden to the Counterreformation imposed by the archbishopric of Milan ; Protestantism was prevented from making inroads in the area. Burning at

1564-697: The War of Ferrara , the Republic of Venice took possession of the area north of the Tartaro-Canalbianco, named "Polesine of Rovigo" by the Este because of its characteristic of being an island between rivers; other lands outside the proper named "Polesine of Rovigo" were also annexed, including the areas of Adria , Polesella and Guarda Veneta . All these areas established the Territory of Polesine inside

1632-431: The intermittent streams of the mountains tends to disappear below ground only to spring out again in the spring zone . The spring zone is often called "the middle valley." Surface runoff water (the Po and its affluents) is not of much value to the valley's dense population for drinking and other immediate uses, being unreliable, often destructive, and heavily polluted by sewage and fertilizers. Its main anthropic value

1700-468: The kingdom of Italy , always with its capital in Pavia. The affirmation of large landownership from the eighth/ninth centuries accelerated the process of land reclamation and intensified land use, transforming the landscape of the Po Valley. After the chaotic feudal dissolution of the empire and much fighting among pretenders to the imperial crown, Otto I of Saxony set the stage for the following phase of

1768-528: The 20th century) came the Germanic Lombards , a warrior people who gave their name to almost the whole of the Po valley: Lombardy . In the Middle Ages the term was used to indicate all of northern Italy. The Lombards divided their domain in duchies , often contending for the throne; Turin and Friuli, in the extreme west and east end respectively, seem to have been the most powerful, whereas

1836-660: The 7th century BCE, but the name of the city is mentioned for the first time in 864 CE. Of Lombard origin, the city was ruled by the Torelli family from 1406 to 1539, when it became the capital of a duchy under the Gonzaga family and housed artists like Guercino and Torquato Tasso . In 1748, by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle , the city became part of the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza e Guastalla , to which it belonged until 1847, when it

1904-503: The Alps. The shoreline of the Adriatic depends on a balance between the sedimentation rate and isostatic factors. Until about 1950, the Po delta was prograding into the Adriatic. After that time due to human alteration of geologic factors, such as the sedimentation rate, the delta has been degrading and the coastline subsiding, resulting in ongoing contemporaneous crises in the city of Venice , where much irreplaceable art and architecture

1972-497: The Lower Cretaceous Marne di Bruntino marl . The Po Valley is often regarded as a syncline , or dip in the crust due to compression at the edges. Regardless of whether this concept accurately describes its geology, the valley is manifestly a sediment-filled trough, or virtual syncline, continuous with the deeps of the Adriatic Sea . The surface terrain is therefore divided into two overall types of landform :

2040-406: The Po Valley and the natural depressions on the right side of the Po River turned in vast swamp basins. The waterlogging process of the area continued until the 10th century influencing the human sustenance and settling practices. According to historical-archaeological data, indeed, the wetlands were exploited for fishing as well as for transport by boat while the early medieval sites settled on

2108-602: The Po Valley area, which incorporates the city of Milan , Turin , and Bologna . Milan and Turin share high levels of ozone and nitrogen oxides , which are mainly produced by cars' diesel and petrol engines. To shed light on the danger for humans living polluted environments, Chicago Energy Policy Institute has developed the Air Quality Life Index (AQLI), a system capable of analyzing air pollution worldwide. According to AQLI findings, Po valley air pollution affects inhabitants so hard that it cuts off about half

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2176-667: The Po Valley during some of his brightest campaigns (1796 and 1800, culminating in the historical Battle of Marengo ), he found an advanced country and made it into his Kingdom of Italy . With Napoleon's final defeat the Austrians came back, but they were no longer welcome. In the west, in Piedmont , the Savoy dynasty would emerge to serve as a springboard for Italian unification. The Risorgimento , after an unsuccessful start in 1848 and 1849, triumphed ten years later in Lombardy , which

2244-521: The Po Valley reached its peak during the Renaissance (15th–16th centuries) and continued in the Modern Age (17th–18th centuries), with the last marsh areas only being reclaimed in the 20th century: channels and drainage system are still active and allow the Po Valley to be drained and be cultivatable. The Po Valley has a generally humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa ) climate. The conformation of

2312-542: The Po Valley suffer the most serious impact at European level due to poor air quality, first of all the metropolitan area of Milan, thirteenth in the ranking in terms of fine particulate impact, where any year 3967 premature deaths occur – approximately 9% of the total. 45°19′49″N 9°47′56″E  /  45.33028°N 9.79889°E  / 45.33028; 9.79889 Polesine Polesine ( Italian: [poˈleːzine] ; unified Venetian script: Połéxine [poˈɰezine] ; Ferrarese : Pulésan )

2380-584: The Territory of Rovigo to establish the Province of Rovigo in the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. The eastern lands were at first annexed to the Province of Venice; on 1851 the whole Po delta was detached from the Province of Venice and attached to the Province of Rovigo, thus giving the Polesine the extension it has nowadays. Due to the large amount of water passing through Polesine, many floods happened during

2448-521: The Ticino River and are protected by a Biosphere Reserve. The Po Valley has had traces of inhabitation since at least 780,000 years ago, when the first big glaciation of pleistocene took place. Sites like Monte Poggiolo may have served as refuges of human populations fleeing the terribly cold conditions of northern Europe during the subsequent glaciations along pleistocene. The valley was covered by sea level in warm times, but glaciations could cause

2516-524: The ancient name of Bologna . The Etruscan domination left significant marks and introduced urban civilisation, but was short-lived. Its inhabitants, the Venetics , likely being a distinct group who, being skillful merchants, were, in time, also culturally influenced by both Etruscans and Greeks . By 500 BC the Etruscans were gradually displaced from the region by migrating Gauls. By 196 BC, Rome

2584-580: The area, despite the destruction caused by Allied aerial bombing of many cities and heavy frontline fighting in Romagna . The Resistance protected the main industries, which the Third Reich was using for war production, preventing their destruction: on 25 April 1945 a general insurrection in the wake of the German defeat was a huge success. Most cities and towns, notably Milan and Turin, were freed by

2652-476: The capital soon shifted from Verona to Pavia . Monza also was an important town in that time, more so than ruined Milan . The Lombards' harsh, caste -like rule over the natives softened somewhat with their conversion from Arianism to Catholicism . The Lombard kingdom was overthrown in 774 by Charlemagne and his Frankish armies, becoming a prized part of the Carolingian Empire , forming

2720-471: The centuries. The main floods had been: Actual Polesine territory is, geologically speaking, of recent formation , created by drifts taken by rivers Po and Adige, and subsequently from human modifications. In fact, men reclaimed and decontaminated the area before embanking the biggest waterways. First origins goes up to the Pliocene epoch . Contemporary to the rising of Alps and Apennine Mountains ,

2788-551: The digging of a new final course for the Po known as the "cutting of Porto Viro"; the toponym Taglio di Po means exactly "cutting of Po" and refers to this event, that has been the last change in the main course of the river until today. After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 all the lands to the north of the Po were included into the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia ; part of these lands, the western and central lands, were annexed to

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2856-403: The drainage of wetlands. Land reclamations works profoundly modified many European regions. In Central Po Plain the earliest evidence of attempts to clear the forests and drain the wetlands is mentioned in historical documents from the late 8th century, but only from the 10th to 13th centuries were land and water management activities actually carried out widely. Further civil wars escalated in

2924-505: The entire Padania was filled by a long inlet (the Adriatic depression ) and the seabed of this huge ditch was full of troughs and elevations . At the end of the last glaciation (10.000 years ago), most of Padania actual territory was just formed. Landscape 's last mutation was due to the raising of the sea level and the ice melting . In 1604, river Po's natural course was artificially modified and after this work actual delta

2992-409: The fall of Rome and the disasters in the hydrography of the whole Veneto, traditionally referred to as the breach at Cucca in 589, Adria and its port lost their significance. In the meantime Rovigo was founded and fortified later in the 10th century, and provided of a city wall in the 12th century; it became the new centre of the area. In 1152, another disaster changed the hydrography of Polesine:

3060-476: The fluvial ridges, in topographically higher and strategic position in the surrounding swampy meadows. The Po Valley has been completely turned to agriculture since the Middle Ages , when efforts from monastic orders, feudal lords and free communes converged. The older and smaller cities deriving from ancient times are still located there. According to historical maps and documents the land reclamation of

3128-599: The highest death rate from fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in Europe. Vicenza ( Veneto ) and Saronno (Lombardy) are in fourth and eighth place, respectively, in a top ten of ten cities. Turin and Milan are also at the top of the European ranking – 3rd and 5th respectively – in terms of increased mortality from nitrogen dioxide, a gas that is produced mainly from traffic and in particular from diesel vehicles, while Verona , Treviso , Padova , Como and Venice rank eleventh, fourteenth, fifteenth, seventeenth and twenty-third respectively. The data show that many cities in

3196-455: The most modern techniques available. The population averaged some 50 people per square kilometer, a very high standard for those times. In 1494, the ruinous Italian Wars began between France and Spain , which lasted for decades. Land changed hands frequently. Even Switzerland received some Italian-speaking lands in the north ( Canton Ticino , not technically a part of the Padan region), and

3264-516: The north. The Po Valley and the Adriatic overlay a foreland basin and a system of deeply buried ancient canyons surviving from the tectonic collision of an offshore land mass, Tyrrhenis, with the mainland, an incident within the collision of the African and Eurasian plates. Since the Messinian (7–5 mya ) the system has been filling with sediment mainly from the older Apennines but also from

3332-471: The partisans days before the Allies arrived. After the war, the Padan area took the lead in the economic miracle of the 1950s and 60s. Since 1989, Lega Nord , a federation of Northern regionalist parties, has promoted either secession or larger autonomy for the Padan area which they call Padania . The Po Valley is one of the most important industrial and agricultural areas in Europe. Hydroelectricity

3400-400: The plain north of the Adriatic and the territory south of the lower Po, as shown in the regional depiction included with this article. The law defines the Po basin as "the territory from which rainwater or snow and glacier melt flows on the surface, gathers in streams of water either directly or via tributaries...". The United Nations Environment Program includes the Alps and Apennines as far as

3468-458: The plain, or flat surface of the fill, and the anticline at the edges, taking the form of hilly country in which the outcrops of the original rock are visible along with alluvial fans formed from the outwash of the more severe anticlinal terrain; that is, the Apennines and the Alps. The valley is broadly divided into an upper, drier part, often not particularly suited for agriculture, and

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3536-582: The plain, surrounded by the Alps and the Apennines , and the influence of the Adriatic Sea cause high levels of relative humidity throughout the year. The climate is increasingly warmer and more humid farther south and east. Winters are cool and damp, with January mean temperatures ranging between 0 and 5 °C (32 and 41 °F). Fog and mist are frequent, although the urban heat effect has made winters less foggy and cold than before in some areas. Snow and winter droughts can deny sufficient moisture to

3604-652: The region's history by adding the Po Valley to the Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic nation in 962. In Veneto , the lagoon capital of Venice , emerged a great sea power in alliance with its old master, the Byzantine Empire . In time the Comuni emerged, as towns thrived in commerce. Soon Milan became the most powerful city of the central plain of Lombardy proper, and despite being razed in 1162, it

3672-424: The river Eridano (the former name of the river Po). In Crespino , a small village in Polesine, there is a square (the chief one of the town) dedicated to Phaeton, to commemorate the old legend and the oral tradition saying that Phaeton died in the tract of the river Po crossing Crespino. The Adige river flowed more to the north than nowadays and the main course of the Po river was more to the south (more or less it

3740-676: The river's origin in the southern Piedmontese province of Cuneo , also known as the Provincia granda . The valley is crossed by a number of affluents running down from the Alps in the north and from the Apennines in the south. The Po's major affluents include the Tanaro , Scrivia , Trebbia , Panaro and Secchia in the south, Dora Riparia , Dora Baltea , Sesia , Ticino (draining Lake Maggiore ), Lambro , Adda (draining Lake Como ), Oglio (draining Lake Iseo ) and Mincio (draining Lake Garda and called Sarca in its upper reaches) in

3808-403: The soil for agriculture. Summers are hot and humid, with July mean temperatures ranging between 22 and 25 °C (72 and 77 °F) (1971–2000 averages). Frequent thunderstorms and sudden hailstorms can produce large hail, dump large quantities of rain, and destroy crops. Supercell thunderstorms produce large hail, with significant agricultural costs. Tornadoes are common in the plains of

3876-507: The sources of the tributaries of the Po but excludes Veneto and that portion of Emilia-Romagna south of the lower Po; that is, it includes the region drained by the Po but only the Po and its tributaries. The altitude of the valley through which the Po flows, exclusive of its tributaries, varies from approximately 4 m (15 feet) below sea level in the Polesine subregion (the delta around Ferrara ) to about 2,100 m (6,900 feet) at

3944-446: The stake became common practice during witchhunts , especially in the neighboring Alpine lands. During this bleak period, however, Lombard industry recovered, especially the textile branch, its pillar. When the War of Spanish Succession traded Milan to Austria , government and administration improved significantly. Though the peasantry began a century-long plunge into misery, cities prospered and grew. When Napoleon I entered

4012-625: The thick forests and swamps were the Ligurians , who may have been an Indo-European people. After the progressive immigration in the 7th century BC of Celtic peoples known as the Insubres (hence the name of Insubria sometimes being given to northwestern Lombardy ), the southern and central regions were conquered and colonised here and there by a pre-Indo-European people, the Etruscans , who left names such as Parma , Ravenna and Felsina,

4080-439: The valley depend on the defining authority. The Po Basin Water Board ( Italian : Autorità di bacino del fiume Po ), authorized in 1989 by Law no. 183/89 to oversee "protection of lands, water rehabilitation, the use and management of hydro resources for the national economic and social development, and protection of related environment" within the Po basin, has authority in several administrative regions of north Italy, including

4148-472: The valley. The Friuli-Venezia Giulia ,beyond the Po River plain itself, is downwind of the mountains and upwind of moisture sources from nearby is an exception. Spring and autumn are well-marked and pleasant. Both winter and summer are less mild in the lower parts along the Po, while the Adriatic Sea and the great lakes moderate the local climate in their proximity. Rainfall varies between 700 and 1,200 mm (30 and 45 inches) and equally distributed during

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4216-606: The year. Rainfall maximums are during autumn and spring. Winds are usually weak, although sudden bursts of foehn or thunderstorms can sweep the air clean. The almost enclosed nature of the Padan basin with much road traffic, makes it prone to a high level of pollution in winter, when cold air clings to the soil . The natural potential vegetation of the Po basin is a mixed broadleaf forest of pedunculate oak , poplars , European hornbeam , alders , elderberry , elms , willows , maples , ash , and other central-European trees. The largest remaining fragments of forest are located around

4284-424: Was a Milan-driven Lombard League with Papal benediction that defeated emperor Frederick Barbarossa at the Battle of Legnano in 1176. Between the 10th and 13th centuries, concurrent with the Medieval Warm Period climate phase, the European population grew substantially, almost tripling (in Northern and Central Italy, the urban population doubled), and increasing the demand for cultivated lands. Cereals became

4352-457: Was conquered by a Franco-Piedmontese army. In 1866 Veneto joined young Italy, thanks to Prussia 's defeat of Austria . Poverty in the countryside increased emigration to the Americas , a phenomenon which subsided in the central region towards the end of the 19th century, but persisted in Veneto well into the 20th century. Industry grew rapidly, thanks to an abundance of water and literate manpower. The World Wars did not significantly damage

4420-417: Was inherited by the Duke of Modena . Since the unification of Italy in 1861, Guastalla has been a part of Italy. SMEG (from Smalterie Metallurgiche Emiliane Guastalla), a major manufacturer of high-end domestic appliances, was founded by Vittorio Bertazzoni in Guastalla in 1948, where it still has its headquarters. Guastalla town: Around Guastalla: This article on a location in Emilia–Romagna

4488-408: Was master of the woody plains and soon displaced the Etruscans, dotting the region with bustling colonies, clearing the land, fighting the last rebel tribes and gradually imposing its own civilisation. The Gothic War and Justinian's plague devastated the Padan population. In this scenario of desolation, from which many people had fled to the mountains for safety (making them fairly populated till

4556-432: Was the current Po of Volano channel). This means that in ancient times the area lying between the two rivers was much larger than the current area named Polesine. The Greeks founded Adria in the 12th -11th century BC on a former channel of the Po (nowadays it is the lower course of the Canal Bianco river); the channel was given the name Adria and the sea was given the name Adriatic after the colony name. The channel Adria

4624-441: Was then recognized to be the lower course of the Mincio river, that was flowing into the Adriatic sea in ancient times. Etruscans and Venetians inhabited the area during the 6th and 5th centuries BC, then it was conquered by the Romans. Etruscans and Romans decontaminated the area by digging canals for drainage. Some historians think that the battle of the Raudine Plain of 101 BC could have been fought in this area. After

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