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38-872: The peaks and mountain passes are higher compared to the Eastern Alps , while the range itself is not so broad and more arched. In the Partizione delle Alpi (in English literally Partition of the Alps ), adopted by the Italian Comitato Geografico Nazionale (National Geographic Committee) in 1926 following the IX Congresso Geografico Italiano (Italian Geographic Congress), the Alpine Range

76-423: A very diverse landscape, with predominance of hilly and mountainous terrain of Pleistocene oragins and later scuptedby by former glaciers. Over 2/3s of Slovenian Carinthia is covered by forest (lagly beech, fir, and spruce) and the amount of forested land is still increasing. Mount Peca or Mount Raduha is in the eastern part of Kamnik–Savinja Alps of northern Slovenia . The Alpine Rhine has as its source

114-813: Is a 464 kilometres (288 mi). long river in Central Europe with a drainage basin that covers an area of 14,109 km (5,448 sq mi). It risesin the Hohe Tauern national park of the Central Eastern Alps in Austria with its source being 1,898 m (6,227 ft) above sea level. It is a tributary of the Drava and subsequently the Danube . The important rivers in Tyrol are

152-770: Is divided into three main parts: Western, Central and Eastern Alps. In this traditional subdivision, the Western Alps start from the Bocchetta di Altare (or Colle di Cadibona ) and end with the Col Ferret . The Partizione delle Alpi divides the Western Alps into the following eight sections (in brackets the section number): Maritime Alps ( 1 ), Cottian Alps ( 2 ), Graian Alps ( 3 ), Provence Alps ( 4 ), Dauphiné Alps ( 5 ), Provence Prealps ( 6 ), Dauphiné Prealps ( 7 ) and Savoy Prealps ( 8 ). Eastern Alps The Eastern Alps are usually defined as

190-594: Is the highest summit of the Rätikon, located on the border between Liechtenstein and Switzerland . About half of Liechtenstein's territory is mountainous. and the highest point of Liechtenstein is the Vordere Grauspitz (Vordergrauspitz) mountain with an altitude of 2599m above sea level. The Falknishorn, at 2452 meters above sea level, is the 5th highest mountain in Liechtenstein and represents

228-711: Is the longest glacier in Austria and in the Eastern Alps . It lies within the Glockner Group of the High Tauern mountain range in Carinthia , directly beneath Austria's highest mountain, the Grossglockner . The glacier reaches from its head, the Johannisberg peak at 3,453-metre (11,329 ft), to 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) above sea level ( m AA ). The Pasterze forms the source region of

266-688: The Adige , Inn , and Drau (or Drava ). The important river in Carinthia is the Drau (or Drava ). The important river in Slovenia is the Sava . Triglav National Park was founded in 1981. It was originally set out in 1924 on a smaller scale and scrapped between 1944 and 1961. The mountains of the canton include part of a thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site , under

304-585: The Alemanni also influenced the makeup of the Principality of Liechtenstein and is also evidenced by the remains of a Roman fort at Schaan . Roman villas have been excavated in Schaanwald and Nendeln . The area that Innsbruck is located in was probably inhabited in the early Stone Age . Several surviving pre-Roman place names exist in and about the city. In the 4th century Chur also became

342-573: The Alps , on the border between Austria and Switzerland . On the eastern side is a mountain path, of grade T4, allowing non-climbers to reach the 2817 metre summit. There are six known caves in the limestone mountain, with lengths between 800 and 3000 or more yards, all with entrances on the Eastern side, in Switzerland. Mount Grauspitz ( Vorder Grauspitze or Vorder Grauspitz on some maps)

380-921: The Bohemian Massif . The easternmost spur is formed by the Vienna Woods range, with the Leopoldsberg overlooking the Danube and the Vienna basin , which is the transition zone to the arch of the Carpathian Mountains . The highest mountain in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina at 4,049 m (13,284 ft) in the Bernina Group of the Western Rhaetian Alps in Switzerland. The sole four-thousander of

418-762: The Celts before it became part of the ancient Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum . There were two Celtic tribes settled in the future Vorarlberg area: the Raeti in the highlands, and the Vindelici in the lowlands, i.e. the Lake Constance region and the Rhine Valley prior to the Romans conquered Vorarlberg area. Rome conquered the area of the future Municipality of Schellenberg in 15BCE. Most of

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456-714: The Großglockner , which stands on the border of Carinthia & East Tyrol in Austria, at 3,798 m (12,461 ft), the highest mountain of Austria. The region around the Großglockner and the adjacent Pasterze Glacier has been a special protection area within the High Tauern National Park since 1986. Other high Tyrolian mountains include Königspitze (3,851 m), Monte Cevedale (3,769 m), and Wildspitze (3,768 m). Crossing Tyrol, on

494-696: The Magyars in 925–926, when the cathedral was destroyed, and by the Saracens (940 and 954), but afterwards it flourished thanks to its location, where the roads from several major Alpine transit routes come together and continue down the Rhine River. In 926 more Magyar raiders attacked the abbey and the nearby town of St Gallen. The Lordship of Schellenberg was constituted in the 9th century by Charlemagne . Pasterze Glacier The Pasterze , at approximately 8.4 kilometres (5.2 mi) in length,

532-625: The Möll river, a left tributary of the Drava . Its waters also feed the Margaritze reservoir , used to generate electricity at the Kaprun hydropower plant north of the Alpine crest . The name Pasterze is possibly derived from Slovene : pasti , "pasture". Indeed the detection of wood, peat and pollen in the area of the retreating glacier indicate vegetation and also the use as pastureland during

570-803: The Upper Rhine River. Eastern Switzerland, Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein was under the Alemanni and 73% of Liechtenstein's current population still speak the native Alemannic dialect of German at home as of 2022. After the fall of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in 553, the Germanic tribe of the Lombards invaded Italy via the Tyrol and founded the Lombard Kingdom of Italy , which no longer included all of Tyrol, but only its southern part. The northern part of Tyrol came under

608-660: The Western Alps , with the contiguous ice shield ending in the region of the Niedere Tauern in Austria . This allowed many species to survive the ice age in the Eastern Alps where they could not survive elsewhere. For that reason, many species of plants are endemic to the Eastern Alps. The first signs of humans living in the area of present-day Liechtenstein can be dated back to the Middle Paleolithic era. Neolithic farming settlements appeared in

646-512: The Eastern Alps (AVE) widely used by Austrian and German mountaineers , these mountain chains comprise several dozen smaller mountain groups, each assigned to four larger regions: For the breakdown of these regions into mountain groups see the List of mountain groups in the Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps . The Swiss Alpine Club (SAC) has a slightly different classification of

684-704: The Eastern Alps (two-part division of the Alps ) or to the Central Alps (three-part division of the Alps) depending on how its geology classified. The Rätikon mountain range, in the Central Eastern Alps , derives its name from Raetia . The Julian Alps cross the Italian border from Frulia into Slovenia's Municipality of Bovec. The highest mountain is Mt. Triglav 2,864 m (9,396 ft). The High Tauern mountain range in which Mt Grossglockner , 3,797 m (12,457.35 ft) lies, separates Carentania from

722-779: The Inn'. Vorarlberg 's notable mountain ranges include the Silvretta, the Rätikon, the Verwall and the Arlberg. The highest mountain is the Piz Buin , whose rocky peak of 3,312 m (10,866 ft). The Silvretta Alps cut across Tirol and Vorarlberg (both in Austria), and Graubünden (Switzerland). Mount Sulzfluh is well frequented by climbers and is situated in the Rätikon range of

760-890: The Rhine Valley and belong to the Helvetic cover or flysch zone of the Alps. A sandstone mountain belt called the Flyschzone runs along the Northern Margin of the Limestone Alps and used to be part the submereded sea bed of the Tethys Ocean . The chain also includes the Klippenzone and Steinitzer Wald . Liechtenstein lies entirely within the Rhaetikon and is thus allotted either to

798-687: The Swiss canton of Grisons, which flows through the Chur Rhine Valley, or Grisonian Rhine Valley ( German : Churer Rheintal, or Bündner Rheintal ) and Vorarlberg Rhine Valley ( German : Voralberger Rheintal ). It later forms the border between Switzerland to the west and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the east. The Mur ( German pronunciation: [ˈmuːɐ̯] ) or Mura ( Slovene pronunciation: [ˈmúːɾa] ; Croatian: [mǔːra] ; Hungarian: [ˈmurɒ] ; Prekmurje Slovene : Müra or Möra )

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836-626: The area east of a line from Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine valley, up to the Splügen Pass at the Alpine divide , and down the Liro River to Lake Como in the south. The peaks and mountain passes are lower than the Western Alps , while the range itself is broader and less arched. The Eastern Alps include the eastern parts of Switzerland (mainly Graubünden ), all of Liechtenstein , and most of Austria from Vorarlberg to

874-477: The border between North and South Tyrol, runs the main chain of the Alps . The city of Innsbruck is in the broad valley between high mountains of the so-called North Chain in the Karwendel Alps ( Hafelekarspitze , 2,334 metres or 7,657 feet) to the north and Patscherkofel (2,246 m or 7,369 ft) and Serles (2,718 m or 8,917 ft) to the south. The name "Innsbruck" means 'bridge over

912-540: The east, as well as parts of extreme Southern Germany ( Upper Bavaria ), northwestern Italy ( Lombardy ), northeastern Italy ( Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia ) and a good portion of northern Slovenia ( Upper Carniola and Lower Styria ). In the south the range is bound by the Italian Padan Plain ; in the north the valley of the Danube River separates it from

950-717: The easternmost mountainous areas of Friuli , known as the Friulian Slavia , as well in as the Karst Plateau and the area north and south of Gorizia . At this time, Chur was also conquered by the Franks . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , Ticino was ruled by the Ostrogoths , the Lombards and the Franks . The Alemanni or Alamanni , were a confederation of Germanic tribes on

988-400: The influence of the Bavarii , while the west was probably part of Alamannia . Most of Tyrol came under the control of the Duchy of Bavaria (created c. 555) while the rest remained under the Lombards. By the 590s AD, today's East Tyrol and Carinthia had come to be referred to in historical sources as Provincia Sclaborum (the Country of Slavs). The territory settled by Slavs, however,

1026-565: The lands of the region were once part of a Roman province called Raetia , which was established in 15 BCE. The current capital of Graubünden, Chur , was known as Curia in Roman times. The area was later part of the diocese of Chur . A Roman road crossed Liechtenstein from south to north, traversing the Alps by the Splügen Pass and following the right bank of the Rhine at the edge of the floodplain, for long uninhabited because of periodic flooding. Some Roman villas have been excavated in Schaanwald and Nendeln . Nearly 2,000 years later, some of

1064-399: The last interglacial period until about 1,500 BC. The surrounding area was purchased by the German and Austrian Alpine Club in 1918; today the glacier is part of the High Tauern National Park . The Pasterze is a major tourist destination, accessible via the scenic Grossglockner High Alpine Road and a funicular railway that leads down to its margin. Since its opening in 1963, the edge of

1102-432: The name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona , in 2008. The Vienna Woods are a protected piece of upland forestry in Austria. The Pasterze Glacier a protected piece of mountain glacier in Austria. The ranges are subdivided by several deeply indented river valleys, mostly running east–west, including the Inn , Salzach , Enns , Adige , Drava , and Mur valleys. According to the traditional Alpine Club classification of

1140-401: The population of Graubünden still speak Romansh which has descended from Vulgar Latin . By 259, Alamanni tribes had overrun the Limes and caused widespread devastation of Roman cities and settlements in the Crisis of the Third Century . The Roman Empire succeeded in re-establishing the Rhine as the border, but it was now a frontier province. The late Roman influx from the north by

1178-420: The range, its name is taken from the Bernina Pass and was given in 1850 by Johann Coaz , who also made the first ascent. The rocks composing Piz Bernina are diorites and gabbros , while the massif in general is composed of granites ( Piz Corvatsch , Piz Palü ). Excepting other peaks in the Bernina range, the next highest is the Ortler at 3,905 m (12,812 ft) in Italian South Tyrol and third

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1216-407: The ranges, based on the political borders in the canton of Graubünden. In Italy the 1926 Partizione delle Alpi concept is quite common, recently superseded by the SOIUSA attempt to combine the different approaches. Other specific, especially hydrographical arrangements are also in use. The Alps comprise four main nappe systems: During the Würm glaciation , the Eastern Alps were drier than

1254-470: The seat of the first Christian bishopric north to the Alps . Despite a legend assigning its foundation to a legendary British king, St Lucius, the first known bishop is one Asinio in AD 451. In the 6th century the Slavs settled the area , and the local dioceses collapsed. This is shown in archaeological culture . A Slavic language group was established in the area. The Alpine Slavs , who are reckoned to be ancestors of present-day Slovenes, also settled in

1292-403: The southernmost point of the country. The area known as the Liechtenstein-Graubünden-Vorarlberg border triangle is around the Naafkopf mountain that reaches 2570m above sea level. In addition to the peaks of the Alpine chain, which belong to the Limestone Alps, two inselbergs , Fläscherberg (1135 meters above sea level .) in the south and Eschnerberg (698 m) in the north, rise from

1330-490: The state of Salzburg in the northwest. To the northeast and to the east beyond the Pack Saddle mountain pass is the state of Styria . Carinthia lies in the Karawanks mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps and contains both the Meža Valley down to the confluence with the Drava Valley ( Dravska dolina ) and the Municipality of Jezersko south of the Seeberg Saddle mountain pass, totalling 478 km (185 sq mi): Austrian and Slovenian Carinthia has

1368-428: The valleys around 5300 BCE. A Bronze Age settlement at the site goes back as far as the Pfyn culture (3900–3500 BCE), making Chur one of the oldest settlements in Switzerland . In ancient times, the area of what is today Ticino was settled by the Lepontii, a Celtic tribe. Later, probably around the reign of Augustus, it became part of the Roman Empire . In ancient times, the region had long been inhabited by

1406-479: Was a former Alpine Slavic (Alpska Slovanščina) \proto-Slovenian principality that emerged from Samo's Empire in the second half of the 7th century, in the territory of present-day southern Austria and north-eastern Slovenia. Carantania was absorbed into the Frankish Empire in 745. The province of Lower Rhaetia was formed in 814. The Frankish March of Carinthia , created within the Carolingian Empire in 889. The city of Chur suffered several invasions: by

1444-439: Was also inhabited by remnants of the indigenous Romanised Celtic and Pannonian population, who preserved the Christian faith and helped convert the Slavs of Carantania . From 623 to 658 Slavic peoples between the upper Elbe River and the Karawanks mountain range. They united under the leadership of King Samo (Kralj Samo). Carantania, (AKA: Carentania, Slovene: Karantanija, German: Karantanien, in Old Slavic *Korǫtanъ),

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