42-543: Guarini is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Alessandro Guarini ( c. 1563 –1636) Italian writer, jurist and diplomat of the late Renaissance; son of Giovanni Battista Guarini; sometimes called "Guarini the Younger" Alessio Guarini (born 5 April 1985), Italian long-jumper Alfredo Guarini (1901–1981), Italian filmmaker Anna Guarini , Contessa Trotti, (1563–1598), Italian virtuoso singer of
84-525: A dialogue on literary theory between the poet Cesare Caporali and Torquato Tasso , whom Alessandro had known since his childhood. His Lettere were published in Ferrara in 1611. Parma Parma ( Italian: [ˈparma] ; Parmigiano : Pärma [ˈpɛːʁmɐ] ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture , music , art, prosciutto (ham), cheese and surrounding countryside. With
126-581: A forum, in what is today the central Garibaldi Square. In April 43 BC the city was destroyed. Subsequently Augustus rebuilt it. During the Roman Empire , it gained the title of Julia for its loyalty to the imperial house. Attila sacked the city in 452, and the Germanic king Odoacer later gifted it to his followers. During the Gothic War , however, Totila destroyed it. It was then part of
168-529: A population of 198,292 inhabitants, Parma is the second most populous city in Emilia-Romagna after Bologna, the region's capital. The city is home to the University of Parma , one of the oldest universities in the world. Parma is divided into two parts by the stream of the same name . The district on the west side of the river is Oltretorrente . Parma's Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe
210-520: A specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guarini&oldid=1188395559 " Categories : Surnames Italian-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Alessandro Guarini Alessandro Guarini ( c. 1563 – 15 August 1636)
252-703: A thriving economy, and the food sector is very developed. Some of the players in this sector include Barilla , which is based in the city. Chiesi Farmaceutici , in the pharma industry, is headquartered in Parma. The European Food Safety Authority is also based in Parma. Parma railway station is on the Milan–Bologna railway system. The Parma trolleybus system has been in operation since 1953. It replaced an earlier tramway network, and presently comprises four trolleybus routes. Aeroporto Internazionale di Parma , Parma's airport, offers commercial flights to cities in
294-523: Is a Serie A (first division) football club. It replaced Parma F.C. , which went bankrupt in 2015. It plays in the city's Stadio Ennio Tardini , which opened in 1923 and seats up to 23,000. Parma's other sport team is the rugby union club Zebre which competes in Pro14 , one of the top rugby competitions in the world. Parma also is home to two rugby union teams in the top national division, Overmach Rugby Parma and SKG Gran Rugby . Parma Panthers
336-560: Is the Parma American football team which provided the basis for John Grisham 's book Playing for Pizza . Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi is the ground of rugby and American football teams. Pallavolo Parma and Parma Baseball are other sports teams in the city. Nino Cavalli Stadium is a baseball stadium located in Parma. It is the home stadium of Parma Baseball of the Italian Baseball League . Parma has
378-665: The Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna (changing its name to Chrysopolis , "Golden City", probably due to the presence of the imperial treasury) and, from 569, of the Lombard Kingdom of Italy. During the Middle Ages, Parma became an important stage of the Via Francigena , the main road connecting Rome to Northern Europe; several castles, hospitals and inns were built in the following centuries to host
420-691: The Farnese pope, Paul III , detached Parma and Piacenza from the Papal States and gave them as a duchy to his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese , whose descendants ruled in Parma until 1731, when Antonio Farnese , last male of the Farnese line, died. In 1594 a constitution was promulgated, the University enhanced and the Nobles' College founded. There was also an important Jesuit college in Parma: it
462-684: The Gonzaga at Mantua . Alessandro soon after began to reside in Padua . Trouble again broke out in 1601. This time Alessandro left Italy, accompanying Guido Bentivoglio to Brussels ; but he was compelled to hasten back to meet the lawsuit his father had set in motion against him in his absence. In 1610 Giovanni Battista Guarini published a pamphlet attacking his son. Alessandro had won the suit. Alessandro Guarini seems at one time to have been professor of literae humaniores in Ferrara , and Secretary to
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#1732771919671504-564: The Mediterranean Sea acting as a barrier to the sea air. The city receives approximately 45 cm of snow each winter. On 1 January 2016, there were 192,836 resident citizens in Parma, of whom 47.64% were male and 52.36% were female. Minors (children aged 18 and younger) totalled 16.46% of the population; this is compared to pensioners, who numbered 22.64%. This compares with the Italian average of 17.45% and 22.04% respectively. In
546-597: The Po River . The struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines was a feature of Parma too. In 1213, her podestà was the Guelph Rambertino Buvalelli . Then, after a long stance alongside the emperors, the Papist families of the city gained control in 1248. The city was besieged in 1247–48 by Emperor Frederick II , who was however crushed in the battle that ensued. By 1328, Rolando de' Rossi
588-764: The Botanical Garden were founded, together with the Royal Printing Works directed by Giambattista Bodoni , aided by the Amoretti Brothers as skilled and inspired punchcutters. During the Napoleonic Wars (1802–1814), Parma was annexed to France and made capital of the Taro Department . Under its French name, Parme, it was also created a duché grand-fief de l'Empire for Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance ,
630-554: The Duke. He was one of the founders of the Accademia degli Intrepidi of Ferrara. He died in Ferrara on August 15, 1636. Besides minor verses, which appear never to have been collected, he published a tragicomedy , Bradamante Gelosa (Ferrara, 1616), and three prose works: a Trattato del vero, e real fondamento della catolica fede (1635), an Apologia di Cesare ( ibid. , 1632), and Il farnetico savio overo il Tasso ( ibid. , 1610),
672-654: The Emperor's Arch-Treasurer, on 24 April 1808 (extinguished in 1926). After the restoration of the Duchy of Parma by the 1814–15 Vienna Congress , the Risorgimento 's upheavals had no fertile ground in the tranquil duchy. In 1847, after Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 's death, it passed again to the House of Bourbon , the last of whom was stabbed in the city and left it to his widow, Luisa Maria of Berry. On 15 September 1859
714-684: The Etruscans. Whether the Etruscan encampment acquired its name from its round shape, like a shield, or from its metaphorical function as a shield against the Gauls to the north, remains uncertain. The Roman colony was founded in 183 BC, together with Mutina ( Modena ); 2,000 families were settled. Parma had a certain importance as a road hub over the Via Aemilia and the Via Claudia. It had
756-699: The capital of a county in 774. Like most northern Italian cities, it was nominally a part of the Holy Roman Empire created by Charlemagne , but locally ruled by its bishops, the first being Guibodus. In the subsequent struggles between the Papacy and the Empire, Parma was usually a member of the Imperial party. Two of its bishops became antipopes : Càdalo, founder of the cathedral, as Honorius II ; and Guibert, as Clement III . An almost independent commune
798-505: The city and the land. These fiefs evolved into truly independent states: the Landi governed the higher Taro 's valley from 1257 to 1682. The Pallavicino seignory extended over the eastern part of today's province, with the capital in Busseto . Parma's territories were an exception for Northern Italy, as its feudal subdivision frequently continued until more recent years. For example, Solignano
840-624: The city, in which a notable General Strike was declared from 1 May to 6 June 1908. The struggle with Fascism had its most dramatic moment in August 1922, when the regime officer Italo Balbo attempted to enter the popular quarter of Oltretorrente. The citizens organized into the Arditi del Popolo ("The people's daring ones") and pushed back the squadristi . This episode is considered the first example of Resistance in Italy. During World War II , Parma
882-655: The duke. At the end of the 17th century, after the defeat of Pallavicini (1588) and Landi (1682) the Farnese duke could finally hold with firm hand all Parmense territories. The castle of the Sanseverino in Colorno was turned into a luxurious summer palace by Ferdinando Bibiena . In the Treaty of London (1718) it was promulgated that the heir to the combined Duchy of Parma and Piacenza would be Elisabeth Farnese 's elder son with Philip V of Spain , Don Carlos . In 1731,
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#1732771919671924-485: The dynasty was declared deposed, and Parma entered the newly formed province of Emilia under Luigi Carlo Farini . With the plebiscite of 1860 the former duchy became part of the unified Kingdom of Italy . The loss of the capital role provoked an economic and social crisis in Parma. It started to recover its role of industrial prominence after the railway connection with Piacenza and Bologna of 1859, and with Fornovo and Suzzara in 1883. Trade unions were strong in
966-525: The fifteen-year-old Don Carlos became Charles I Duke of Parma and Piacenza, at the death of his childless great uncle Antonio Farnese. In 1734, Charles I conquered the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and was crowned as the King of Naples and Sicily on 3 July 1735, leaving the Duchy of Parma to his brother Philip (Filippo I di Borbone-Parma) . All the outstanding art collections of the duke's palaces of Parma, Colorno and Sala Baganza were moved to Naples . Parma
1008-415: The fourteen years between 2002 and 2016, the population of Parma experienced 17.72% growth, while Italy as a whole grew by 6.45%. In the same period foreign born residents in Parma experienced +385.02% growth, while in Italy growth was of +274.75%. The current birth rate of Parma is 8.62 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 8.01 births. As of 1 January 2016 , 84.09% of
1050-425: The hands of his fellow students. His father commanded him to go back to Perugia . He respectfully declined (as he says), and had finally to take refuge from his angry parent at the home of an uncle at Parma . A reconciliation was effected in 1584. Two years later his father married him to a wealthy heiress, Virginia Palmiroli, whose father was recently dead, and himself took over the management of her property. Soon
1092-752: The increasing number of pilgrims who passed by Parma and Fidenza, following the Apennines via Collecchio, Berceto and the Corchia ranges before descending the Passo della Cisa into Tuscany, heading finally south toward Rome. The city had a medieval Jewish community. The Palatine Library houses the largest collection of Hebrew manuscripts in Italy, and the second-largest in the world after the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Under Frankish rule, Parma became
1134-702: The late Renaissance Carmen Guarini (born 18 January 1953), Argentine anthropologist Francesco Guarini (bishop) (died 1569), Bishop of Imola Francesco Guarino or Guarini (1611–1651 or 1654), Italian painter of the Baroque period Frank Joseph Guarini (born 1924), American politician Giovanni Battista Guarini (1538–1612), Italian poet and diplomat Giovanni Luigi Guarini (died November 1579), Bishop of Aquino Guarino Guarini (1624–1683), Italian architect and Theatine priest Justin Guarini (born 1978), American singer who rose to fame on
1176-597: The monument to Verdi . However, Parma did not see widespread destruction during the war. Parma was liberated from the German occupation (1943–1945) on 26 April 1945 by the partisan resistance and the Brazilian Expeditionary Force . In Parma, the average annual high temperature is 17 °C (63 °F), the annual low temperature is 9 °C (48 °F), and the annual precipitation is 777 millimetres (30.59 inches). The following data comes from
1218-821: The population was Italian . The largest foreign group came from other parts of Europe (namely Moldova , Romania , Albania , and Ukraine : 6.45%), followed by Sub-Saharan Africa (namely Ghana , Nigeria and Ivory Coast : 1.81%), North Africa (namely Morocco and Tunisia : 1.46%) and the Philippines : 1.33%. Parma is famous for its food and rich gastronomical tradition: two of its specialties are Parmigiano Reggiano cheese (also produced in Reggio Emilia ) and Prosciutto di Parma ("Parma ham"), both given Protected designation of origin status. Parma also claims several stuffed pasta dishes, such as tortelli d'erbetta and anolini in brodo . In 2004, Parma
1260-466: The round shield called Parma . Parma was already a built-up area in the Bronze Age . In the current position of the city rose a terramare . The "terramare" (marl earth) were ancient villages built of wood on piles according to a defined scheme and squared form; constructed on dry land and generally in proximity to the rivers. During this age (between 1500 BC and 800 BC) the first necropolis (on
1302-567: The sites of the present-day Piazza Duomo and Piazzale della Macina) were constructed. The city was most probably founded and named by the Etruscans , for a parma or palma (circular shield) was a Latin borrowing, as were many Roman terms for particular arms, and the names Parmeal , Parmni and Parmnial appear in Etruscan inscriptions. Diodorus Siculus reported that the Romans had changed their rectangular shields for round ones, imitating
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1344-433: The television show American Idol Marco Antonio Guarini (1570 – 1638), Italian historian and scholar Maurizio Guarini (born 1955), Italian rock musician Raimondo Guarini (1765–1852), Italian scholar and man of letters See also [ edit ] Guarani (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Guarini . If an internal link intending to refer to
1386-427: The weather station located at the university in the city center. It is affected by the urban heat island phenomenon. Parma has a mid-latitude , four-season humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ) with heavy continental influences due to the city's inland position. Relatively nearby coastal areas like Genoa have far milder climates with cooler summers and milder winters, with the mountains separating Parma from
1428-456: The young couple found courage to dispute this arrangement, and were driven from the house. They resorted to the law; but Duke Alfonso II d'Este , to avoid scandal, appointed an arbiter . Seemingly his decision was too favorable to the son, for the old poet soon after gave up his offices at Court and retired from Ferrara. In 1593 father and son once more were reconciled in a meeting at the Court of
1470-615: Was a Pallavicino family possession until 1805, and San Secondo belonged to the Rossi well into the 19th century. Between the 14th and the 15th centuries, Parma was at the centre of the Italian Wars. The Battle of Fornovo was fought in its territory. The French held the city in 1500–1521, with a short Papal parenthesis in 1512–1515. After the foreigners were expelled, Parma belonged to the Papal States until 1545. In that year
1512-810: Was a strong centre of partisan resistance. The train station and marshalling yards were targets for high altitude bombing by the Allies in the spring of 1944. Much of the Palazzo della Pilotta , situated not far (half a mile) from the train station, was destroyed. Along with it the Teatro Farnese and part of the Biblioteca Palatina were destroyed by Allied bombs; some 21,000 volumes of the library's collection were lost. Several other monuments were also damaged: Palazzo del Giardino, Steccata and San Giovanni churches, Palazzo Ducale, Paganini theater and
1554-551: Was an Italian writer, jurist and diplomat. He is famous for his dialogue Il farnetico savio overo il Tasso (1610). Alessandro was the eldest of the four sons of Giovanni Battista Guarini , author of the Pastor Fido . He belonged to the family established in Ferrara by his ancestor Guarino da Verona . The date of his birth is uncertain. Sent at an early age to study at the University of Perugia , he promptly returned to Ferrara, complaining of poor health and bad treatment at
1596-1444: Was appointed the seat of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and was appointed to the Creative Cities Network as UNESCO City of Gastronomy. Parma also has two food multinationals, Barilla and Parmalat , and a medium-large food tourism sector, represented by Parma Golosa and Food Valley companies. The comune (municipality) of Parma is subdivided into a number of frazioni : Alberi, Baganzola, Beneceto, Botteghino, Ca'Terzi, Calestano, Carignano, Carpaneto, Cartiera, Casalbaroncolo, Casalora di Ravadese, Casaltone, Case Capelli, Case Cocconi, Case Crostolo, Case Nuove, Case Rosse, Case Vecchie, Casino dalla Rosa, Casagnola, Castelletto, Castelnovo, Cervara, Chiozzola, Coloreto, Colorno, Corcagnano, Eia, Fontanini, Fontanellato,Fontevivo,Gaione, Ghiaiata Nuova, Il Moro, La Catena, La Palazzina, Malandriano, Marano, Marore, Martorano, Molino di Malandriano, Osteria San Martino, Panocchia, Paradigna, Pedrignano, Pilastrello, Pizzolese, Ponte, Porporano, Pozzetto Piccolo, Quercioli, Ravadese, Ronco Pascolo, Rosa, San Pancrazio , San Prospero, San Ruffino, San Secondo, Sissa, Soragna, Terenzo, Tizzano Val Parma, Traversetolo, Trecasali, Valera, Viarolo, Viazza, Vicofertile, Vicomero, Vigatto, Vigheffio, Vigolante. Parma Calcio 1913 , founded in 2015,
1638-450: Was created around 1140; a treaty between Parma and Piacenza of 1149 is the earliest document of a comune headed by consuls . After the Peace of Constance in 1183 confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance, long-standing quarrels with the neighbouring communes of Reggio Emilia , Piacenza and Cremona became harsher, with the aim of controlling the vital trading line over
1680-528: Was made signore of Parma. In 1331, the city submitted to King John of Bohemia . Parma fell under the control of Milan in 1341. After a short-lived period of independence under the Terzi family (1404–1409), the Sforza imposed their rule (1440–1449) through their associated families of Pallavicino , Rossi, Sanvitale and Da Correggio. These created a kind of new feudalism , building towers and castles throughout
1722-452: Was the largest owned by the order in the entire region of Emilia-Romagna and it acquired a strong reputation in the scientific field, given that Fathers Giuseppe Biancani , Niccolò Cabeo and Mario Bettinus , all members of the order, taught there. The war to reduce the barons' power continued for several years: in 1612 Barbara Sanseverino was executed in the central square of Parma, together with six other nobles charged of plotting against
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1764-540: Was under French influence after the Peace of Aachen (1748). Parma became a modern state with the energetic action of prime minister Guillaume du Tillot . He created the bases for a modern industry and fought strenuously against the church's privileges. The city lived a period of particular splendour: the Biblioteca Palatina (Palatine Library), the Archaeological Museum, the Picture Gallery and
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