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80-632: The Guernsey Martyrs were three women who were burned at the stake for their Protestant beliefs, in Guernsey , Channel Islands , in 1556 during the Marian persecutions . Guillemine Gilbert and Perotine Massey were sisters, who lived with their mother, Catherine Cauchés (sometimes given as "Katherine Cawches"). Perotine was the wife of a Norman Calvinist minister, who was in London , possibly to avoid persecution. The three women were brought to court on

160-485: A papal bull denouncing an alleged practice among the Prussians, that girls were dressed in fresh flowers and wreaths and were then burned alive as offerings to evil spirits. Under 6th-century Emperor Justinian I , the death penalty had been decreed for impenitent Manicheans , but a specific punishment was not made explicit. By the 7th century, however, those found guilty of "dualist heresy" could risk being burned at

240-612: A charge of receiving a stolen goblet. Although they were found to be not guilty of that charge, it emerged that their religious views were contrary to those required by the church authorities. They were returned to prison in Castle Cornet and later found guilty of heresy by an ecclesiastical court held in the Town Church and handed over to the Royal Court for sentencing where they were condemned to death. The execution

320-621: A church could be condemned to be burnt alive. Only those found guilty of malevolent witchcraft could be punished by death by fire. Burning was used during the witch-hunts of Europe , although hanging was the preferred style of execution in England and Wales. The penal code known as the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina (1532) decreed that sorcery throughout the Holy Roman Empire should be treated as

400-472: A criminal offence, and if it purported to inflict injury upon any person the witch was to be burnt at the stake. In 1572, Augustus, Elector of Saxony imposed the penalty of burning for witchcraft of every kind, including simple fortunetelling . From the latter half of the 18th century, the number of " nine million witches burned in Europe" has been bandied about in popular accounts and media, but has never had

480-434: A following among specialist researchers. Today, based on meticulous study of trial records, ecclesiastical and inquisitorial registers and so on, as well as on the utilization of modern statistical methods, the specialist research community on witchcraft has reached an agreement for roughly 40,000–50,000 people executed for witchcraft in Europe in total, and by no means all of them executed by being burned alive. Furthermore, it

560-622: A man and his wife were burned alive in Río de la Plata , and in 1699, a Jew was burnt alive in Mexico City . In 1535, five Moriscos were burned at the stake on Majorca ; the images of a further four were also burnt in effigy , since the actual individuals had managed to flee. During the 1540s, some 232 Moriscos were paraded in autos-da-fé in Zaragoza ; five of those were burnt at the stake. The claim that out of 917 Moriscos appearing in autos of

640-399: A man was condemned to be burned for a murderous rape of a boy occurred in 1784. Crackdowns and the public burning of a homosexual couple sometimes led others to flee out of fear of a similar fate. The traveller William Lithgow witnessed such a dynamic when he visited Malta in 1616 : The fifth day of my staying here, I saw a Spanish soldier and a Maltezen boy burnt in ashes, for

720-411: A man who began committing incest with his mother after the death of his father could be ordered to be burned alive. In Ancient Egypt , several incidents of burning alive perceived rebels are attested to. Senusret I (r. 1971–1926 BC) is said to have rounded up the rebels in campaign, and burnt them as human torches. Under the civil war flaring under Takelot II more than a thousand years later,

800-473: A means of murdering their victims. Confessed American serial killer Altemio Sanchez used ligature strangulation in the rapes and/or murders of his victims, as did Gary Ridgway (the Green River Killer) and British serial killer Dennis Nilsen . Incaprettamento is a method of strangulation in which the victims neck is tied to their legs bent behind their back (similar to hogtie ), so that

880-650: A preserved law text concerns the obligatory unveiled face for the professional prostitute, and the concomitant punishment if she violated that by veiling herself (the way wives were to dress in public): A prostitute shall not be veiled. Whoever sees a veiled prostitute shall seize her ... and bring her to the palace entrance. ... they shall pour hot pitch over her head. For the Neo-Assyrians , mass executions seem to have been not only designed to instill terror and to enforce obedience, but also as proof of their might. Neo-Assyrian King Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BC)

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960-528: A radical Anabaptist from Burton on Trent , who publicly denied the Trinity and the divinity of Christ was the last person burned at the stake for heresy in England in Lichfield, Staffordshire on 11 April 1612. Although cases can be found of burning heretics in the 16th and 17th centuries in England, that penalty for heretics was historically relatively new. It did not exist in 14th-century England, and when

1040-536: A ring of glowing coal was made around him, and gradually pushed ever closer to him, until he was roasted to death. Not only Jews could be victims of mass hysteria. The charge of well-poisoning was the basis for a large-scale hunt of lepers in 1321 France . In the spring of 1321, in Périgueux , people became convinced that the local lepers had poisoned the wells, causing ill-health among the normal populace. The lepers were rounded up and burned alive. The action against

1120-584: A rooster, a viper, a dog and a monkey, and then throwing the sack into the sea. The first recorded case of heretics being burnt in Western Europe in the Middle Ages occurred in 1022 at Orléans . Civil authorities burned persons judged to be heretics under the medieval Inquisition . Burning heretics had become customary practice in the latter half of the twelfth century in continental Europe, and death by burning became statutory punishment from

1200-426: A safer means to render an opponent unconscious, when compared to other methods, especially strikes to the head, the latter of which can cause potentially catastrophic or fatal and irreversible brain injuries much more quickly and unpredictably. Ligature strangulation or garroting is strangling with some form of cord such as rope, wire, chain, or shoelaces (a garrote ) either partially or fully circumferencing

1280-522: A supply of that class is wanting, they have recourse to the oblation of even the innocent. Slightly later, in Book 6, chapter 19, Caesar also says the Celts perform, on the occasion of death of great men, the funeral sacrifice on the pyre of living slaves and dependents ascertained to have been "beloved by them". Earlier on, in Book 1, chapter 4, he relates of the conspiracy of the nobleman Orgetorix , charged by

1360-530: A thousand persons were executed due to convictions for witchcraft in the 1500–1600s, but it is not wholly clear if all of the transgressors were burned to death. Mary I ordered hundreds of Protestants burnt at the stake during her reign (1553–58) in what would be known as the " Marian Persecutions " earning her the epithet of "Bloody" Mary. Many of those executed by Mary are listed in Actes and Monuments , written by Foxe in 1563 and 1570. Edward Wightman ,

1440-583: A threat to the establishment, and draconic punishments were enacted. In 1401, Parliament passed the De heretico comburendo act, which can be loosely translated as "Regarding the burning of heretics." Lollard persecution would continue for over a hundred years in England. The Fire and Faggot Parliament met in May 1414 at Grey Friars Priory in Leicester to lay out the notorious Suppression of Heresy Act 1414 , enabling

1520-412: Is burning at the stake , where the condemned is bound to a large wooden stake and a fire lit beneath. A holocaust is a religious animal sacrifice that is completely consumed by fire, also known as a burnt offering. The word derives from the ancient Greek holokaustos, the form of sacrifice in which the victim was reduced to ash, as distinguished from an animal sacrifice that resulted in a communal meal. In

1600-453: Is common in situations of domestic violence , and is regarded by experts as an especially severe form of domestic violence , due to its extremely frightening and potentially lethal nature, and an observed correlation between non-fatal strangulation in domestic violence and future homicide. Manual strangulation also has a history as a form of capital punishment, during the 18th century, a sentence of "Death by Throttling" would be passed upon

1680-402: Is among the most explicit. He says live infants were placed in the arms of a bronze statue, the statue's hands over a brazier, so that the infant slowly rolled into the fire. As it did so, the limbs of the infant contracted and the face was distorted into a sort of laughing grimace, hence called "the act of laughing". Other, later authors such as Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch say the throats of

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1760-520: Is believed to have become pregnant via extramarital sexual relations. Tamar saves herself by proving that Judah is himself the father of her child. In the Book of Jubilees , the same story is told, with some differences. In Genesis, Judah is exercising his patriarchal power at a distance, whereas he and the relatives seem more actively involved in Tamar's impending execution. In Hebraic law , death by burning

1840-484: Is described: The obligatory procedure for execution by burning: They immersed him in dung up to his knees, rolled a rough cloth into a soft one and wound it about his neck. One pulled it one way, one the other until he opened his mouth. Thereupon one ignites the (lead) wick and throws it in his mouth, and it descends to his bowels and sears his bowels. That is, the person dies from being fed molten lead. According to Christian legend , Roman authorities executed many of

1920-748: Is solidly established that the peak period of witch-hunts was the century 1550–1650, with a slow increase preceding it, from the 15th century onward, as well as a sharp drop following it, with "witch-hunts" having basically fizzled out by the first half of the 18th century. Notable individuals executed by burning include Jacques de Molay (1314), Jan Hus (1415), Joan of Arc (1431), Girolamo Savonarola (1498), Patrick Hamilton (1528), John Frith (1533), William Tyndale (1536), Michael Servetus (1553), Giordano Bruno (1600), Urbain Grandier (1634), and Avvakum (1682). Anglican martyrs John Rogers , Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley were burned at

2000-482: Is sometimes considered a mechanism of death in cases of strangulation, but it remains highly disputed. The reported time from application to unconsciousness varies from 7–14 seconds if effectively applied to one minute in other cases, with death occurring minutes after unconsciousness. Manual strangulation (also known as "throttling") is strangling with the hands, fingers, or other extremities and sometimes also with blunt objects, such as batons . Depending on how

2080-469: Is still unimpeded blood flow in the vertebral arteries . Estimates have been made that significant occlusion of the carotid arteries and jugular veins occurs with a pressure of around 3.4 N/cm (4.9 psi), while the trachea demands six times more at approximately 22 N/cm (32 psi). As in all cases of strangulation, the rapidity of death can be affected by the susceptibility to carotid sinus stimulation . Carotid sinus reflex death

2160-548: Is to be drawn to the gallows and there be burned alive However, as described in Camille Naish's "Death Comes to the Maiden", in practice, the woman's clothing would burn away at the beginning, and she would be left naked anyway. There were two types of treason: high treason , for crimes against the sovereign; and petty treason , for the murder of one's lawful superior, including that of a husband by his wife. Commenting on

2240-511: The Crown Prince Osorkon showed no mercy, and burned several rebels alive. On the statute books, at least, women committing adultery might be burned to death. Jon Manchip White , however, did not think capital judicial punishments were often carried out, pointing to the fact that the pharaoh had to personally ratify each verdict. Professor Susan Redford speculates that after the harem conspiracy in which pharaoh Ramesses III

2320-457: The Druidic sacrifice of criminals within huge wicker frames shaped as men : Others have figures of vast size, the limbs of which formed of osiers they fill with living men, which being set on fire, the men perish enveloped in the flames. They consider that the oblation of such as have been taken in theft, or in robbery, or any other offence, is more acceptable to the immortal gods; but when

2400-631: The Portuguese Inquisition opened offices in the Indian colony Goa , known as Goa Inquisition . Its aim was to protect Catholic orthodoxy among new converts to Christianity, and retain its hold on the old, particularly against "Judaizing" deviancy. From the 17th century, Europeans were shocked at the tales of how brutal and extensive the activities of the Inquisition were. Modern scholars have established that some 4,046 individuals in

2480-513: The Strasbourg massacre . A Jewish man, Johannes Pfefferkorn, met a particularly gruesome death in 1514 in Halle . He had been accused of having impersonated a priest for twenty years, performing host desecration , stealing Christian children to be tortured and killed by other Jews, poisoning 13 people and poisoning wells. He was lashed to a pillar in such a way that he could run about it. Then,

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2560-429: The lungs ' alveoli fill with fluid and the victim dies of pulmonary edema . The 18th-century BCE law code promulgated by Babylonian King Hammurabi specifies several crimes in which death by burning was thought appropriate. Looters of houses on fire could be cast into the flames, and priestesses who abandoned cloisters and began frequenting inns and taverns could also be punished by being burnt alive. Furthermore,

2640-429: The mucosa may be indicative of inhalation of hot gases. Complete cremation is only achieved under extreme circumstances. The amount of pain experienced is greatest at the beginning of the burning process before the flame burns the nerves , after which the skin does not hurt. Many victims die quickly from suffocation as hot gases damage the respiratory tract. Those who survive the burning frequently die within days as

2720-472: The 12th to the 18th centuries, various European authorities legislated (and held judicial proceedings) against sexual crimes such as sodomy or bestiality ; often, the prescribed punishment was that of death by burning. Many scholars think that the first time death by burning appeared within explicit codes of law for the crime of sodomy was at the ecclesiastical 1120 Council of Nablus in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem . Here, if public repentance were done,

2800-410: The 18th-century execution practice, Frank McLynn says that most convicts condemned to burning were not burnt alive, and that the executioners made sure the women were dead before consigning them to the flames. The last person condemned to death for "petty treason" was Mary Bailey, whose body was burned in 1784. The last woman to be convicted for "high treason", and have her body burnt, in this case for

2880-480: The Celts for having planned a coup d'état , for which the customary penalty would be burning to death. It is said Orgetorix committed suicide to avoid that fate. Throughout the 12th–14th centuries, a number of non-Christian peoples living around the Eastern Baltic Sea , such as Old Prussians and Lithuanians , were charged by Christian writers with performing human sacrifice. Pope Gregory IX issued

2960-660: The Inquisition in Granada between 1550 and 1595, just 20 were executed seems at odds with the English government's state papers which claim that, while at war with Spain, they received a report from Seville of 17 June 1593 that over 70 of the richest men of Granada were burnt. As late as 1728 as many as 45 Moriscos were recorded as having been burned for heresy. In the May 1691 "bonfire of the Jews", Rafael Valls, Rafael Benito Terongi and Catalina Terongi were burned alive. In 1560,

3040-498: The Spanish Inquisition were called autos-da-fé ; convicts were "released" (handed over) to secular authorities in order to be burnt. Estimates of how many were executed on behest of the Spanish Inquisition have been offered from early on; historian Hernando del Pulgar (1436– c.  1492 ) estimated that 2,000 people were burned at the stake between 1478 and 1490. Estimates ranging from 30,000 to 50,000 burnt at

3120-401: The actual death of Mrs. Hayes, internally somewhat divergent. The following excerpt is one example: Strangling Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in erotic asphyxia , in the choking game , and is an important technique in many combat sports and self-defense systems. Strangling can be divided into three general types according to

3200-445: The bishops in England petitioned King Richard II to institute death by burning for heretics in 1397, he flatly refused, and no one was burnt for heresy during his reign. Just one year after his death, however, in 1401, William Sawtrey was burnt alive for heresy. Death by burning for heresy was formally abolished by Parliament during the reign of King Charles II in 1676. The traditional punishment for women found guilty of treason

3280-476: The burning of heretics by making the crime enforceable by the justices of the peace . John Oldcastle , a prominent Lollard leader, was not saved from the gallows by his old friend King Henry V . Oldcastle was hanged and his gallows burned in 1417. Jan Hus was burned at the stake after being accused at the Roman Catholic Council of Constance (1414–18) of heresy. The council also decreed that

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3360-423: The crime of coin forgery, was Catherine Murphy in 1789. The last case where a woman was actually burnt alive in England is that of Catherine Hayes in 1726, for the murder of her husband. In this case, one account says this happened because the executioner accidentally set fire to the pyre before he had hanged Hayes properly. The historian Rictor Norton has assembled a number of contemporary newspaper reports on

3440-495: The death penalty might be avoided. In Spain, the earliest records for executions for the crime of sodomy are from the 13th to 14th centuries, and it is noted there that the preferred mode of execution was death by burning. The Partidas of King Alfonso "El Sabio" condemned sodomites to be castrated and hung upside down to die from the bleeding, following the Old Testament phrase "their blood shall be upon them". At Geneva ,

3520-467: The early Christian martyrs by burning, including the warrior saint Theodore and Polycarp , the earliest recorded martyr. Sometimes Roman immolation was carried out using the tunica molesta , a flammable tunic: ... the Christian, stripped naked, was forced to put on a garment called the tunica molesta, made of papyrus, smeared on both sides with wax, and was then fastened to a high pole, from

3600-527: The early 13th century. Death by burning for heretics was made positive law by Pedro II of Aragon in 1197. In 1224, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor , made burning a legal alternative, and in 1238, it became the principal punishment in the Empire. In Sicily , the punishment was made law in 1231. In England at the start of the 15th century, the teachings of John Wycliffe and the Lollards began to be seen as

3680-552: The elderly. Compared to hanging, the ligature mark will most likely be located lower on the neck of the victim. During the Spanish Inquisition , victims who admitted their alleged sins and recanted were killed via ligature strangulation (i.e. the garrote) before their bodies were burnt during the auto-da-fé . Throughout much of the 20th and 21st centuries, the American Mafia used ligature strangulation as

3760-684: The entire Jewish community was burnt alive, and in 1510 in Berlin , 26 Jews were burnt alive for the same crime. During the " Black Death " in the mid-14th century a spate of large-scale massacres occurred. One libel was that the Jews had poisoned the wells . In 1349, as panic grew along with the increasing death toll from the plague, general massacres, but also specifically mass burnings, began to occur. Six hundred Jews were burnt alive in Basel alone. A large mass burning occurred in Strasbourg , where several hundred Jews were burnt alive in what became known as

3840-531: The event, for which Foxe quotes eye-witnesses and official documents, but on the grounds that Perotine Massey was responsible for the death of her own child; had she revealed in court that she was pregnant, " pleading the belly ", the execution would have had to have been postponed until after the birth. A memorial plaque to the martyrs can be found on the Tower Hill steps in Saint Peter Port , near

3920-489: The first recorded burning of sodomites occurred in 1555, and up to 1678, some two dozen met the same fate. In Venice , the first burning took place in 1492, and a monk was burnt as late as 1771. The last case in France where two men were condemned by court to be burned alive for engaging in consensual homosexual sex was in 1750 (although, it seems, they were actually strangled prior to being burned). The last case in France where

4000-476: The fists clenched. Shrinkage of the skin around the neck may be severe enough to strangle a victim. Fluid shifts, especially in the skull and in the hollow organs of the abdomen , can cause pseudo-hemorrhages in the form of heat hematomas . The organic matter of the body may be consumed as fuel by a fire. The cause of death is frequently determined by the respiratory tract, where edema or bleeding of mucous membranes and patchy or vesicular detachment of

4080-501: The infants were generally cut before they were placed in the statue's embrace In the vicinity of ancient Carthage, large scale graveyards containing the incinerated remains of infants, typically up to the age of 3, have been found; such graves are called "tophets". However, some scholars have argued that these findings are not evidence of systematic child sacrifice, and that estimated figures of ancient natural infant mortality (with cremation afterwards and reverent separate burial) might be

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4160-459: The lepers had repercussions throughout France, not least because King Philip V issued an order to arrest all lepers, those found guilty to be burnt alive. Jews became tangentially included as well; at Chinon alone, 160 Jews were burnt alive. All in all, around 5,000 lepers and Jews are recorded in one tradition to have been killed during the Lepers' Plot hysteria. The charge of the lepers' plot

4240-447: The mechanism used: Strangling involves one or several mechanisms that interfere with the normal flow of oxygen into the brain: Depending on the particular method of strangulation, one or several of these typically occur in combination; vascular obstruction is usually the main mechanism. Complete obstruction of blood flow to the brain is associated with irreversible neurological damage and death , but during strangulation there

4320-472: The neck. Even though the mechanism of strangulation is similar, it is usually distinguished from hanging by the strangling force being something other than the person's own body weight. Incomplete occlusion of the carotid arteries is expected and, in cases of homicide , the victim may struggle for a period of time, with unconsciousness typically occurring in 10 to 15 seconds. Cases of ligature strangulation generally involve homicides of women, children, and

4400-418: The possibility of appeal, and the girl would receive the same treatment if she had participated willingly. Nurses who had corrupted their female wards and led them to sexual encounters would have molten lead poured down their throats. In the same year, Constantine also passed a law that said if a woman had sexual relations with her own slave, both would be subjected to capital punishment, the slave by burning (if

4480-405: The process of being burned to death, a body experiences burns to tissue, changes in content and distribution of body fluid , fixation of tissue, and shrinkage (especially of the skin). Internal organs may be shrunken due to fluid loss. Shrinkage and contraction of the muscles may cause joints to flex and the body to adopt the "pugilistic stance" (boxer stance), with the elbows and knees flexed and

4560-673: The public profession of sodomy; and long before night, there were above an hundred bardassoes, whorish boys, that fled away to Sicily in a galliot, for fear of fire; but never one bugeron stirred, being few or none there free of it. In 1409 and 1532 in Augsburg two pederasts were burned alive for their offenses. In 1532, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V promulgated his penal code Constitutio Criminalis Carolina . A number of crimes were punishable with death by burning, such as coin forgery , arson , and sexual acts "contrary to nature". Also, those guilty of aggravated theft of sacred objects from

4640-497: The real historical basis behind the hostile reporting from non-Carthaginians. A late charge of the imputed sacrifice is found by the North African bishop Tertullian , who says that child sacrifices were still carried out, in secret, in the countryside at his time, 3rd century AD. According to Julius Caesar , the ancient Celts practised the burning alive of humans in a number of settings. In Book 6, chapter 16, he writes of

4720-649: The remains of John Wycliffe , dead for 30 years, should be exhumed and burned. This posthumous execution was carried out in 1428. Several incidents are recorded of massacres on Jews from the 12th through 16th centuries in which they were burned alive, often on account of the blood libel . In 1171 in Blois , 51 Jews were burned alive (the entire adult community). In 1191, King Philip Augustus ordered around 100 Jews burnt alive. That Jews purportedly performed host desecration also led to mass burnings; In 1243 in Beelitz ,

4800-468: The site of the execution. It was unveiled at a commemorative service on 24 April 1999. Death by burning Death by burning is an execution , murder , or suicide method involving combustion or exposure to extreme heat. It has a long history as a form of public capital punishment , and many societies have employed it as a punishment for and warning against crimes such as treason , heresy , and witchcraft . The best-known execution of this type

4880-543: The slave himself reported the offense— presumably having been raped— he was to be set free). In 390 AD, Emperor Theodosius issued an edict against male prostitutes and brothels offering such services; those found guilty should be burned alive. In the 6th-century collection of the sayings and rulings of the pre-eminent jurists from earlier ages, the Digest , a number of crimes are regarded as punishable by death by burning. The 3rd-century jurist Ulpian said that enemies of

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4960-542: The stake (alive or not) at the behest of the Spanish Inquisition during its 300 years of activity have previously been given and are still to be found in popular books. In February 1481, in what is said to be the first auto-da-fé, six Marranos were burnt alive in Seville . In November 1481, 298 Marranos were burnt publicly at the same place, their property confiscated by the Church. Not all Marranos executed by being burnt at

5040-421: The stake in 1555. Thomas Cranmer followed the next year (1556). In Denmark, after the 1536 Reformation , Christian IV of Denmark (r. 1588–1648) encouraged the practice of burning witches, in particular by the law against witchcraft in 1617. In Jutland , the mainland part of Denmark, more than half the recorded cases of witchcraft in the 16th and 17th centuries occurred after 1617. Rough estimates says about

5120-517: The stake seem to have been burnt alive. If the Jew confessed his heresy, the Church would show mercy, and he would be strangled prior to the burning. Autos-da-fé against Marranos extended beyond the Spanish heartland. In Sicily, in 1511–15, 79 were burnt at the stake, while from 1511 to 1560, 441 Marranos were condemned to be burned alive. In Spanish American colonies, autos-da-fé were held as well. In 1664,

5200-475: The stake. Those found guilty of performing magical rites, and corrupting sacred objects in the process, might face death by burning, as evidenced in a 7th-century case. In the 10th century AD, the Byzantines instituted death by burning for parricides , i.e. those who had killed their own relatives, replacing the older punishment of poena cullei , the stuffing of the convict into a leather sack, along with

5280-425: The state and deserters to the enemy were to be burned alive. His rough contemporary, the juristical writer Callistratus , mentions that arsonists are typically burnt, as well as slaves who have conspired against the well-being of their masters (this last also, on occasion, being meted out to free persons of "low rank"). The punishment of burning alive arsonists (and traitors) seems to have been particularly ancient; it

5360-416: The strangling is performed, it may compress the airway , interfere with the flow of blood in the neck, or work as a combination of the two. Consequently, manual strangulation may damage the larynx and fracture the hyoid or other bones in the neck. In cases of airway compression, manual strangling leads to the frightening sensation of air hunger and may induce violent struggling. Manual strangulation

5440-478: The time 1560–1773 received some sort of punishment from the Portuguese Inquisition, of whom 121 persons were condemned to be burned alive; 57 actually suffered that fate, while the rest escaped it, and were burnt in effigy instead. For the Portuguese Inquisition in total, not just at Goa, modern estimates of persons actually executed on its behest is about 1,200, whether burnt alive or not. From

5520-556: The top of which they continued to pour down burning pitch and lard, a spike fastened under the chin preventing the excruciated victim from turning the head to either side, so as to escape the liquid fire, until the whole body, and every part of it, was literally clad and cased in flame. In 326, Constantine the Great promulgated a law that increased the penalties for parentally non-sanctioned "abduction" of their girls, and concomitant sexual intercourse/rape. The man would be burnt alive without

5600-694: The verdict of a Court Martial for the crime of desertion from the British Army. More technical variants of manual strangulation are referred to as strangleholds, or chokeholds (despite the term " choke " more technically referring to internal airway restriction), and are extensively practised and used in various martial arts , combat sports , self-defense systems, and in military hand-to-hand combat application. In some martial arts like judo , Brazilian jiu-jitsu , and jujutsu , when applied correctly and released promptly after loss of consciousness, strangleholds that constrict blood flow are regarded as

5680-413: The victim effectively strangle themselves. This method was common throughout Neolithic Europe , and occurred for over two thousands years in northern and southern Europe, as evidenced by skeleton remains. It's uncertain why it was so common, but researchers speculate a person bound in this way might be considered to have strangled themselves, versus being killed by someone else. Victims may have been part of

5760-652: The women, but also embezzlement; James Amy, the Dean, was committed to prison in Castle Cornet and dispossessed of his living. Gosselin was dismissed from his post in 1562 but along with the Jurats managed to obtain a pardon from Elizabeth I . Reactions to the executions played a role in the rise of Calvinism in the Channel Islands. In 1567, Thomas Harding criticised Foxe's account, not for his description of

5840-546: Was assassinated, the non-nobles who had participated in the plot were burned alive, because the Egyptians believed that without a physical body, one could not enter the afterlife. This would explain why Pentawere , the prince whose mother instigated the would-be coup, was most likely strangled or hanged himself; as a royal, he would have been spared this ultimate fate. In the Middle Assyrian period , paragraph 40 in

5920-407: Was carried out on or around 18 July 1556. All three were burnt on the same fire; they ought to have been strangled beforehand, but the rope broke before they died and they were thrown into the fire alive. John Foxe recorded that Perotine was "great with child" and that "the belly of the woman burst asunder by the vehemence of the flame, the infant, being a fair man-child, fell into the fire". The baby

6000-491: Was evidently proud enough of his executions that he committed them to monument as follows: I cut off their hands, I burned them with fire, a pile of the living men and of heads over against the city gate I set up, men I impaled on stakes, the city I destroyed and devastated, I turned it into mounds and ruin heaps, the young men and the maidens in the fire I burned. In Genesis 38, Judah orders Tamar —the widow of his son, living in her father's household—to be burned when she

6080-557: Was included in the Twelve Tables , a mid-5th-century BC law code, that is, about 700 years prior to the times of Ulpian and Callistratus. Beginning in the early 3rd century BC, Greek and Roman writers commented on the purported institutionalized child sacrifice the North African Carthaginians are said to have performed in honour of the gods Baal Hammon and Tanit . The earliest writer, Cleitarchus ,

6160-553: Was not wholly confined to France; extant records from England show that on Jersey the same year, at least one family of lepers was burnt alive for having poisoned others. The Spanish Inquisition was established in 1478, with the aim of preserving Catholic orthodoxy; some of its principal targets were " Marranos ", formally converted Jews thought to have relapsed into Judaism , or the Moriscos , formally converted Muslims thought to have relapsed into Islam . The public executions of

6240-454: Was prescribed for ten forms of sexual crimes: the imputed crime of Tamar, namely that a married daughter of a priest commits adultery, and nine versions of relationships considered as incestuous, such as having sex with one's own daughter, or granddaughter, but also having sex with one's mother-in-law or with one's wife's daughter. In the Mishnah , the following manner of burning the criminal

6320-626: Was rescued by a W. House and laid on the grass, taken by the Provost to the Bailiff , Hellier Gosselin who ordered that "it should be carried back again, and cast into the fire". On the death of Queen Mary (1558), the Bailiff and the Roman Catholic élite of the island were subjected to a series of commissions and investigations encompassing not only the circumstances of the execution of

6400-405: Was to be burned at the stake , where they did not need to be publicly displayed naked, whereas men were hanged, drawn and quartered . The jurist William Blackstone argued as follows for the different punishments for females and males: For as the decency due to sex forbids the exposing and public mangling of their bodies, their sentence (which is to the full as terrible to sensation as the other)

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