Beelitz is a historic town in Potsdam-Mittelmark district, in Brandenburg , Germany . It is chiefly known for its cultivation of white asparagus ( Beelitzer Spargel ).
82-753: Beelitz is situated about 18 km (11 mi) south of Potsdam , on the rim of the Zauche glacial sandur plain. The town is surrounded by extended pine woods of the Nuthe-Nieplitz Nature Park . Located on an old trade route from Berlin to Leipzig , today the Bundesstraße 2 , it also has access to the Bundesautobahn 9 at the Beelitz-Heilstätten and Beelitz junctions. Train service to Potsdam and Berlin via
164-581: A Republic at the end of World War I . After the Nazis seized power in 1933 , there was a ceremonial handshake between President Paul von Hindenburg and the new Chancellor Adolf Hitler on 21 March 1933 in Potsdam's Garrison Church in what became known as the " Day of Potsdam ". This symbolised a coalition of the military ( Reichswehr ) and Nazism . Potsdam was severely damaged by Allied bombing raids during World War II . The Cecilienhof Palace
246-546: A family history , from which 5–10 percent can be attributed to a causative risk gene mutation , although harboring one of these mutations may not lead to the disease. As of 2024, around 90 genetic risk variants across 78 genomic loci have been identified with studies employing next-generation sequencing (NGS) to uncover detailed insights into these genetic factors. Notable risk genes include SNCA , LRRK2 , and VPS35 for autosomal dominant inheritance, and PRKN , PINK1 , and DJ1 for autosomal recessive inheritance. LRRK2
328-453: A careful balance of architecture and landscape, Potsdam was intended as "a picturesque, pastoral dream" which would remind its residents of their relationship with nature and reason. The city, which is over 1,000 years old, is widely known for its palaces, its lakes, and its overall historical and cultural significance. Landmarks include the parks and palaces of Sanssouci , Germany's largest World Heritage Site, as well as other palaces such as
410-505: A clear sensorium . It might overlap with other psychiatric symptoms, making the diagnosis challenging. Impulse-control disorders (ICD) can be seen in approximately 19 percent of all patients and, in the context of PD, are grouped along with compulsive behavior and dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) within the broader spectrum of impulsive and compulsive behaviors (ICB). They are characterized by impulsivity and difficulty to control impulsive urges and are positively correlated with
492-738: A direct role in neurodegeneration , while Lewy bodies are thought to serve as an indirect marker of disease progression. A vicious cycle linked to neurodegeneration involves oxidative stress , mitochondria, and neuroimmune function, particularly inflammation . Normal metabolism of dopamine tends to fail, leading to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is cytotoxic and causes cellular damage to lipids , proteins , DNA , and especially mitochondria. Mitochondrial damage triggers neuroinflammatory responses via damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), resulting in aggregation of neuromelanin , and therefore, fueling further neuroinflammation by activating microglia . Ferroptosis
574-613: A district of the town, is home to a large hospital complex of about 60 buildings including a cogeneration plant erected in 1898 according to the plans of architect Heino Schmieden . Originally designed as a sanatorium by the Berlin workers' health insurance corporation, the complex from the beginning of World War I on was a military hospital of the Imperial German Army . During October and November 1916, Adolf Hitler recuperated at Beelitz-Heilstätten after being wounded in
656-545: A few contributing factors have been identified. Pathophysiology is characterized by progressively expanding nerve cell death originating in substantia nigra , a midbrain region that supplies dopamine to the basal ganglia , a system involved in voluntary motor control . The cause of this cell death is poorly understood but involves alpha-synuclein aggregation into Lewy bodies within the neurons . Other possible factors involve genetic and environmental mechanisms, medications, lifestyle, and previous conditions. Diagnosis
738-580: A hilly morainic landscape dotted with many lakes, around 20 of which are located within Potsdam's city limits. It lies some 25 kilometres (16 miles) southwest of Berlin's city centre. The name of the city and of many of its boroughs are of Slavic origin. Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Emperor until 1918. Its planning embodied ideas of the Age of Enlightenment : through
820-485: A major DNA damage -repair signaling kinase , and non-homologous end joining DNA repair pathway. Identifying environmental risk factors and causality is difficult due to the disease's often decade-long prodromal period. Most noteworthy environmental factors include pesticide exposure and contact with heavy metals. In particular, exposure to pesticides such as paraquat , rotenone , benomyl , and mancozeb causes one in five cases, implying an association with
902-526: A medieval pilgrimage site. Since 1370 the host was kept in a small chapel adjacent to the church. The reason for the former name of the Judenberg (renamed Friedensberg after 1945) before the Mühlentor is not confirmed, though tradition indicates it was the site of the burning of Jews. When in 1731 King Frederick William I of Prussia billeted a hussar regiment, Beelitz became a garrison town and today
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#1732775979690984-676: A suitably eerie photographic subject for artistic photography. Beelitz is twinned with: Potsdam Potsdam ( German pronunciation: [ˈpotsdam] ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Brandenburg . It is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region . Potsdam sits on the River Havel , a tributary of the Elbe , downstream of Berlin, and lies embedded in
1066-413: Is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Other autonomic-related symptoms include excessive sweating, urinary incontinence , and sexual dysfunction . Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common and range from mild disturbances to severe impairment, comprising abnormalities in cognition, mood, behavior, or thought which can interfere with daily activities, reduce quality of life, and increase
1148-403: Is caused by a distinct biomechanical process or if it is the manifestation of another cardinal sign of PD. Postural instability (PI) is typical in the later stages of the disease, leading to impaired balance and falls , and secondarily to bone fractures, thus, reduced mobility and quality of life. PI is absent in the initial stages and usually occurs 10–15 years after first diagnosis. Within
1230-507: Is considered one of the primary contributing factors for nigrostriatal neuron death in PD. When overexpressed or misfolded , it can form clumps on axon terminals and other neuronal structures, particularly its typical locations: the cytoplasm , mitochondria and nucleus . These aggregates eventually lead to the formation of Lewy bodies . Their precursors, known as oligomers , along with initial deposits called pale bodies, are believed to play
1312-688: Is divided into 32 Stadtteile (boroughs, both quarters and suburbs/wards together), which are divided further into 84 statistical Bezirke (districts). Today, one distinguishes between the older parts of the city (areas of the historic city and places suburbanized at the latest in 1939) – these are the city center, the western and northern suburbs, Bornim, Bornstedt, Nedlitz, Potsdam South, Babelsberg, Drewitz, Stern and Kirchsteigfeld – and those communities incorporated after 1990 which have since 2003 become Ortsteile – these are Eiche, Fahrland, Golm, Groß Glienicke, Grube, Marquardt, Neu Fahrland, Satzkorn and Uetz-Paaren. The new Ortsteile are located mainly in
1394-502: Is estimated to be responsible for 1-2% of all cases of PD and 40% of familial cases. Additionally, mutations in the GBA1 gene, linked to Gaucher's disease , are found in 5–10 percent of PD cases. The GBA1 variant of genetic PD more commonly involves cognitive decline. Alpha-synuclein (aSyn), a protein encoded by SNCA gene , is thought to be primarily responsible Lewy body aggregation. ASyn activates ATM serine/threonine kinase ,
1476-477: Is home to a Bundeswehr command. The cultivation of asparagus was first documented in 1861. The village of Kanin , a subdivision of Beelitz since 2001, had been an exclave of the Electorate of Saxony until 1815 and therefore a notorious smuggling area as well as a destination for deserters from the Prussian army. Its fieldstone church was erected about 1138 and today is the oldest preserved one within
1558-969: Is known to be present in up to 55 percent of PD patients. While it is responsible for most of paresthesia and pain in Parkingson Disease, its role in postural instability and motor impairment is poorly understood. Alterations in the autonomic nervous system , known as dysautonomia , are associated with a variety of symptoms such as gastrointestinal dysfunction , orthostatic hypotension , excessive sweating, or urinary incontinence. Gastrointestinal issues include constipation, impaired stomach emptying , immoderate production of saliva , and swallowing difficulty (prevalence up to 82 percent). Complications resulting from dysphagia include dehydration , malnutrition, weight loss, and aspiration pneumonia . All gastrointestinal features can be severe enough to cause discomfort, endanger health, and complicate disease management. Despite being related to each other,
1640-519: Is mainly based on signs and symptoms , usually motor-related, found via neurological examination , though medical imaging like neuromelanin MRI can support the diagnosis. Usual onset is in people over 60 years of age, of whom about one percent are affected. In those younger than 50, it is termed "early-onset PD". No cure is known; treatment aims to lessen symptoms. Initial treatment typically includes L-DOPA , MAO-B inhibitors , or dopamine agonists . As
1722-461: Is near-normal. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems , characterized by the loss of dopamine -producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. It is classified as a synucleinopathy due to the abnormal accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein , which aggregates into Lewy bodies within affected neurons. The loss of dopamine-producing neurons in
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#17327759796901804-540: Is served by several motorways : the A 10 , a beltway better known as Berliner Ring , the A 115 (using part of the AVUS ) and is closely linked to the A 2 and A 9 . The B 1 and B 2 federal roads cross the city. Potsdam features a network of urban and suburban buses. Potsdam is connected to national and international air traffic via Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER), which is around 40 kilometers to
1886-526: Is that it derives from an old West Slavonic term meaning "beneath the oaks", i.e., the corrupted pod dubmi/dubimi ( pod "beneath", dub "oak"). However, some question this explanation. The area around Potsdam shows signs of occupancy since the Bronze Age and was part of Magna Germania as described by Tacitus . After the great migrations of the Germanic peoples, Slavs moved in and Potsdam
1968-454: Is the 114-metre (374 ft) high Kleiner Ravensberg . Potsdam is divided into seven historic city Stadtteile (quarters) and nine new Ortsteile (suburbs/wards, former separate villages), which joined the city in 2003. The appearance of the city boroughs is quite different. Those in the north and in the centre consist mainly of historical buildings, the south of the city is dominated by larger areas of newer buildings. The city of Potsdam
2050-428: Is the most common presenting sign and may appear at rest as well as during intentional movement with a frequency between 4–6 hertz (cycles per second). PD tremor tends to occur in the hands, but can affect other parts of the body, such as legs, arms, tongue, or lips, as well. It is often described as " pill-rolling ", the tendency of the index finger and thumb to touch and perform a circular movement that reminds of
2132-844: The Fachhochschule Potsdam was founded as the second college. It had 3,518 students as of 2017. Konrad Wolf Film University of Babelsberg (HFF), founded in 1954 in Babelsberg , is the foremost centre of the German film industry since its birth, with over 600 students. There are also several research foundations, including Fraunhofer Institutes for Applied Polymer Research and Biomedical Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics ( Albert Einstein Institute ), Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, and Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology,
2214-556: The Berlin-Blankenheim railway line is available at Beelitz Stadt and Beelitz-Heilstätten stations. A 997 deed by Emperor Otto III mentions a settlement with the Slavic name Belizi , though this denotation may also refer to the nearby town of Belzig . The Saint Mary and Saint Nicholas parish church was first mentioned in a 1247 report of a Jewish host desecration , and bleeding host miracle, that made Beelitz
2296-1006: The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin) is situated on the Luisenplatz at the western entrance to the old town. Parkinson%27s disease Parkinson's disease ( PD ), or simply Parkinson's , is a neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body. The symptoms usually emerge slowly, and, as the disease progresses, non-motor symptoms become more common. Usually symptoms include tremors , slowness of movement , rigidity , and difficulty with balance , collectively known as parkinsonism . Parkinson's disease dementia , falls and neuropsychiatric problems such as sleep abnormalities , psychosis , mood swings , or behavioral changes may also arise in advanced stages. Most cases of Parkinson's disease are sporadic , but
2378-711: The Netherlands and Bohemia . The edict accelerated population growth and economic recovery. Later, the city became a full residence of the Prussian royal family. The buildings of the royal residences were built mainly during the reign of Frederick the Great . One of these is the Sanssouci Palace (French: "without cares" or "no concern", by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff , 1744), famed for its formal gardens and Rococo interiors. Other royal residences include
2460-600: The New Palace and the Orangery . In 1815, at the formation of the Province of Brandenburg , Potsdam became the provincial capital until 1918, except for a period between 1827 and 1843 when Berlin was the provincial capital (as it became once again after 1918). The province comprised two governorates named after their capitals Potsdam and Frankfurt (Oder) . Between 1815 and 1945, the city of Potsdam served as capital of
2542-615: The Orangery Palace , the New Palace , Cecilienhof Palace , and Charlottenhof Palace . Potsdam was also the location of the significant Potsdam Conference in 1945, the conference where the three heads of government of the USSR, the US, and the UK decided on the division of Germany following its surrender, a conference which defined Germany's history for the following 45 years. Babelsberg , in
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2624-594: The Regierungsbezirk of Potsdam [ de ] ( German : Regierungsbezirk Potsdam ). The Regierungsbezirk encompassed the former districts of Uckermark , the Mark of Priegnitz, and the greater part of the Middle March . It was situated between Mecklenburg and the Province of Pomerania on the north, and the Province of Saxony on the south and west (Berlin, with a small surrounding district,
2706-546: The S7 S-Bahn line. The stations served are Griebnitzsee , Babelsberg and the Central Station ( Hauptbahnhof ), the main and long-distance station of the city. Other DB stations in Potsdam are Charlottenhof , Park Sanssouci (including the monumental Kaiserbahnhof ), Medienstadt Babelsberg , Rehbrücke , Pirschheide and Marquardt . The city also possesses a 27 km-long tramway network . Potsdam
2788-666: The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). A continuous Hohenzollern possession since 1415, Potsdam became prominent, when it was chosen in 1660 as the hunting residence of Frederick William I , Elector of Brandenburg , the core of the powerful state that later became the Kingdom of Prussia . It also housed Prussian barracks . After the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Potsdam became a centre of European immigration. Its religious freedom attracted people from France ( Huguenots ), Russia ,
2870-642: The University of Potsdam , and more than 30 research institutes in the city. The area was formed from a series of large moraines left after the last glacial period . Today, only one quarter of the city is built up, the rest remaining as green space. There are about 20 lakes and rivers in and around Potsdam, such as the Havel , the Griebnitzsee , Templiner See , Tiefer See , Jungfernsee , Teltowkanal, Heiliger See , and Sacrower See . The highest point
2952-672: The autonomic or sensory nervous system, mood , behavior, sleep patterns, and cognition. Non-motor symptoms may precede the onset of motor symptoms by up to 20 years. These include constipation, anosmia , mood disorders , and REM sleep behavior disorder among others. In general, motor symptoms such as postural instability and gait abnormalities tend to appear as the disease progresses. Four motor symptoms are considered as cardinal signs in PD: tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability, collectively known as parkinsonism . However, other motor-associated symptoms are common. Tremor
3034-590: The dopaminergic system which plays a central role in motor control . Three major pathways connect the basal ganglia to other brain areas: direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathway, all part of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop . The direct pathway projects from the neocortex to putamen or caudate nucleus of the striatum, which sends inhibitory GABAergic signals to substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) and internal globus pallidus (GPi). This inhibition reduces GABAergic signaling to ventral lateral (VL) and ventral anterior (VA) nuclei of
3116-478: The thalamus , thereby promoting their projections to the motor cortex . The indirect pathway projects inhibition from striatum to external globus pallidus (GPe), reducing its GABAergic inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus , pars reticulata and internal globus pallidus. This reduction in inhibition allows the subthalamic nucleus to excite internal globus pallidus and pars reticulata, which in turn inhibit thalamic activity, thereby suppressing excitatory signals to
3198-525: The Brandenburg and Berlin region. Potsdam was historically a centre of European immigration. Its religious tolerance attracted people from France, Russia, the Netherlands and Bohemia. This is still visible in the culture and architecture of the city. The most popular attraction in Potsdam is Sanssouci Park , 2 km (1 mi) west of the city centre. In 1744 King Frederick the Great ordered
3280-868: The Brandenburg state. In 1928, the Telefunken company erected a radio station in the subdivision of Schönefeld for the wireless communication with North America. Together with the Nauen Transmitter Station , it was incorporated by the Reichspost in 1932. After World War II , the station was used by the Deutsche Post of the GDR until it finally went out of service in 1991. Beelitz-Heilstätten ( 52°15′37″N 12°55′30″E / 52.26028°N 12.92500°E / 52.26028; 12.92500 ( Beelitz-Heilstätten ) ),
3362-689: The GFZ – German Research Centre for Geosciences , the Potsdam Astrophysical Institute, the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, The Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, which employs 340 people in researching climate change . As well as universities, Potsdam is home to reputable secondary schools . Montessori Gesamtschule Potsdam , in western Potsdam, attracts 400 students from
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3444-606: The area the feel of a ghost town . The hospital complex has made Beelitz-Heilstätten a destination for curious visitors and a film set for films like The Pianist in 2002, the Rammstein music video " Mein Herz brennt ", the films Valkyrie in 2008, Men & Chicken in 2015, A Cure for Wellness in 2016, and the Netflix series 1899 in 2022. Beelitz-Heilstätten is a popular location for urban exploration , providing
3526-451: The characteristic reduced facial expression known as "masked face" or hypomimia . Rigidity , also referred to as rigor or "stiffness", is the increased resistance during passive mobilization of a limb affecting up to 89 percent of cases. It usually occurs after onset of tremor and bradykinesia on one or both sides of the body and can lead to muscle or joint pain as the disease progresses. As of 2024, it remains unclear whether rigidity
3608-507: The city has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ), which also shows a slight influence of the continent different from the climates predominantly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean . Low averages below freezing for almost all winter causing snows that are frequent and winters are cold, but not as stringent as inland locations or with greater influence from the same. Summer is also relatively warm with temperatures between 23 and 24 °C,
3690-432: The complex, but they were not entirely successful. Some sections of the hospital remain in operation as a neurological rehabilitation centre and a centre for research and care for victims of Parkinson's disease . The remainder of the complex, including the surgery, the psychiatric ward, and a rifle range, was abandoned in 1994. As of 2007, none of the abandoned hospital buildings or the surrounding area were secured, giving
3772-584: The construction of a residence here, where he could live sans souci ("without worries", in the French spoken at the court). The park hosts a botanical garden ( Botanical Garden, Potsdam ) and many buildings: Three gates from the original city wall remain today. The oldest is the Hunters' Gate ( Jägertor ), built in 1733. The Nauener Tor was built in 1755 and close to the historic Dutch Quarter. The ornate Brandenburg Gate (built in 1770, not to be confused with
3854-584: The construction of the Berlin Wall . The walling off of West Berlin not only isolated Potsdam from West Berlin, but also doubled commuting times to East Berlin . The Glienicke Bridge across the Havel connected the city to West Berlin and was the scene of some Cold War exchanges of spies . After German reunification , Potsdam became the capital of the newly re-established state of Brandenburg . Since then there have been many ideas and efforts to reconstruct
3936-478: The disease progresses, these medications become less effective and produce a side effect marked by involuntary muscle movements . Diet and certain forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms. Deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce severe motor symptoms when drugs are ineffective. There is little evidence for treatment of the non-movement-related symptoms, such as sleep disturbances and mood instability. The average life expectancy
4018-405: The disease. Neuronal cell death has been linked to noumerous mechanisms, with the most prominent being the misfolding and aggregation of alpha-synuclein , oxidative stress , neuroinflammation , ferroptosis , mitochondrial dysfunction , and gut dysbiosis. Alpha-synuclein (aSyn), a protein involved in synaptic vesicle trafficking , intracellular transport , and neurotransmitter release ,
4100-610: The early pharmaceutical technique of manually making pills. Despite it being the most noticeable sign, tremor is present in only about 70–90 percent of cases. Bradykinesia is often considered the most important feature of Parkinson's disease and is also present in atypical parkinsonism. It describes difficulties in motor planning , beginning, and executing, resulting in overall slowed movement with reduced amplitude which affects sequential and simultaneous tasks. Hence, it interferes with daily activities such as dressing, feeding and bathing. Facial muscles involved in bradykinesia lead to
4182-507: The east. Potsdam is a university town . The University of Potsdam was founded in 1991 as a university of the State of Brandenburg. Its predecessor was the Akademie für Staats- und Rechtswissenschaften der DDR " Walter Ulbricht " , a college of education founded in 1948 which was one of the GDR's most important colleges. There are about 20,000 students enrolled at the university. In 1991
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#17327759796904264-623: The elevation to rank of urban Bezirk or affiliation with Potsdam governorate, respectively): Berlin was the capital of Prussia and later of the German Empire , but the court remained in Potsdam, where many government officials settled. In 1914, Emperor Wilhelm II signed the Declaration of War in the Neues Palais (New Palace). The city lost its status as a "second capital" in 1918, when Wilhelm II abdicated and Germany became
4346-470: The exact mechanism of these symptoms remains unknown. Orthostatic hypotension is the sustained drop of blood pressure by at least 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic within the first three minutes after raising to an upright position that can be seen in 30–50 percent of cases. Low blood pressure can impair the perfusion of organs situated above the heart, particularly the brain, resulting in lightheadedness . This can eventually lead to fainting and
4428-456: The exact neurobiological mechanism, and therefore possible connections with other symptoms, remains unknown. Transformation of the sensory nervous system can lead to changes in sensation that include an impaired sense of smell , disturbed vision , pain, and paresthesia . Problems with visuospatial function may arise and lead to difficulties in facial recognition and perception of the orientation of drawn lines. Peripheral neuropathy
4510-409: The first three years after disease onset, PI may indicate atypical parkinsonism. Together with bradykinesia and rigidity, it is responsible for the typical gait characterized by short shuffling steps and forward-flexed posture . Other common motor signs include a slurred and quiet voice, and handwriting that progressively becomes smaller . This latter may occur prior to other typical symptoms, but
4592-408: The general population. Apathy is characterized by emotional indifference and arises in about 46 percent of cases. Diagnosis is difficult, as it may become indistinct from symptoms of depression. Anxiety disorders develop in around 43 percent of cases. The most common are panic disorder , generalized anxiety disorder , and social anxiety disorder . Anxiety is known to cause deterioration in
4674-536: The heat waves being influenced by the UHI of Potsdam. The average winter high temperature is 4.0 °C (39.2 °F), with a low of −1.3 °C (29.7 °F). Snow is common in the winter. Spring and autumn are short. Summers are mild, with a high of 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) and a low of 13.5 °C (56.3 °F). The Potsdam weather station has recorded the following extreme values: The name "Potsdam" originally seems to have been Poztupimi . A common theory
4756-526: The initial motor symptoms. Individual presentation of symptoms vary, although most of people affected by PD show an altered circadian rhythm at some point of disease progression. PD is associated with a variety of skin disorders that include melanoma , seborrheic dermatitis , bullous pemphigoid , and rosacea . Seborrheic dermatitis is recognized as a premotor feature that indicates dysautonomia and demonstrates that PD can be detected not only by changes of nervous tissue , but tissue abnormalities outside
4838-644: The leg at the Battle of the Somme . In 1945, Beelitz-Heilstätten was occupied by Red Army forces, and the complex remained a Soviet military hospital until 1994, well after the German reunification . In December 1990, Erich Honecker was admitted to Beelitz-Heilstätten after being forced to resign as the head of the East German government. Following the Soviet withdrawal, several attempts were made to privatise
4920-594: The mayor was selected by the NSDAP and the city council was dissolved; it was reconstituted in token form after 1945, but free elections did not take place until after reunification . Today, the city council is the city's central administrative authority. Local elections took place on 26 October 2003 and again in 2008. Between 1990 and 1999, the Chairman of the City Council was known as the "Town President" but today
5002-465: The most common NPS and occurs in nearly half of all patients. It features low mood and lack of pleasure and is more prevalent in women. The diagnosis can be challenging since some symptoms of depression such as psychomotor retardation , memory problems, or altered appetite, share similarities with psychiatric signs caused by PD. It may result in suicidal ideation which is more prevalent in PD. Nonetheless, suicidal attempts themselves are lower than in
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#17327759796905084-682: The motor cortex. The hyperdirect pathway is an additional glutamatergic pathway that projects from the frontal lobe to subthalamic nucleus, modulating basal ganglia activity with rapid excitatory input. The striatum and other basal ganglia structures contain D1 and D2 receptor neurons that modulate the previously described pathways. Consequently, dopaminergic dysfunction in these systems can disrupt their respective components— motor , oculomotor , associative , limbic , and orbitofrontal circuits (each named for its primary projection area)—leading to symptoms related to movement, attention, and learning in
5166-528: The nervous system as well. As of 2024, the underlying cause of PD is unknown, yet is assumed to be influenced primarily by an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Nonetheless, the most significant risk factor is age with a prevalence of 1 percent in those aged over 65 and approximately 4.3 percent in age over 85. Genetic components comprise SNCA , LRRK2 , and PARK2 among others, while environmental risks include exposure to pesticides or heavy metals . Timing of exposure factor may influence
5248-412: The north of the city. For the history of all incorporations, see the relevant section on incorporation and spin-offs. Structure with statistical numbering: At the end of 2019, a change was made to the administrative structure: Officially the climate is oceanic - more degraded by being far from the coast and to the east ( Köppen : Cfb ), but using the 1961–1990 normal and the 0 °C isotherm
5330-434: The onset of PD. Risk is increased by co-exposure to, for example, glyphosate and MPTP . Harmful heavy metals include mainly manganese , iron , lead , mercury , aluminium , and cadmium . On the other hand, magnesium shows neuroprotective features. Other chemical compounds include trichloroethylene and MPTP . Traumatic brain injury is also strongly implicated as a risk factor. Additionally, although
5412-604: The original appearance of the city, including the Potsdam City Palace and the Garrison Church . Since 2000 Potsdam has been one of the fastest-growing cities in Germany. Largest groups of foreign residents: Potsdam has had a mayor ( Bürgermeister ) and city council since the 15th century. From 1809 the city council was elected, with a mayor ( Oberbürgermeister ) at its head. During Nazi Germany ,
5494-485: The post is the "Chairman of the City Council". The mayor is elected directly by the population. The current mayor is Mike Schubert of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 2018. The most recent mayoral election was held on 23 September 2018, with a runoff held on 14 October, and the results were as follows: The city council governs the city alongside the mayor. The most recent city council election
5576-437: The progression or severity of certain stages. However, caffeine and nicotine exhibit neuroprotective features, hence lowering the risk of PD. About 85 percent of cases occur sporadic , meaning that there is no family history. PD, in a narrow sense, can be seen as a genetic disease; heritability is estimated to lie between 22 and 40 percent, across different ethnicities. Around 15 percent of diagnosed individuals have
5658-585: The rank of urban districts. The principal towns were Brandenburg upon Havel , Köpenick , Potsdam, Prenzlau , Spandau and Ruppin . Until 1875 Berlin also was a town within the governorate. After its disentanglement a number of its suburbs outside Berlin's municipal borders grew to towns, many forming urban Bezirke within the governorate of Potsdam such as Charlottenburg , Lichtenberg , Rixdorf (after 1912 Neukölln), and Schöneberg (all of which, as well as Köpenick and Spandau, incorporated into Greater Berlin in 1920). The urban Bezirke were (years indicating
5740-400: The risk for admission to a nursing home . Some of them, such as depression and anxiety, are known to precede characteristic motor signs by up to several years and may herald the development of PD, while most of them worsen as the disease progresses. Research indicates that patients with more severe motor symptoms are at higher risk for any NPS. Conversely, NPS can worsen PD. Depression is
5822-493: The south-eastern part of Potsdam, was already by the 1930s the home of a major film production studio and it has enjoyed success as an important center of European film production since the fall of the Berlin Wall . The Filmstudio Babelsberg , founded in 1912, is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world. Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century. Today, there are three public colleges,
5904-767: The substantia nigra initially presents as movement abnormalities, leading to Parkinson's further categorization as a movement disorder . In 30% of cases, disease progression leads to the cognitive decline known as Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Alongside dementia with Lewy bodies , PDD is one of the two subtypes of Lewy body dementia . The four cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's— bradykinesia (slowed movements), postural instability , rigidity , and tremor —are called parkinsonism . These four symptoms are not exclusive to Parkinson's and can occur in many other conditions, including HIV infection and recreational drug use . Neurodegenerative diseases that feature parkinsonism but have distinct differences are grouped under
5986-495: The symptoms of PD. Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP) is present in around 20 percent of cases and comprises hallucinations , illusions and delusions . It is associated with dopaminergic drugs used to treat the motor symptoms, higher morbidity, mortality, a decrease in health-promoting behaviors, and longer nursing home stays. Additionally, it correlates with depression and may herald onset of dementia in advanced stages. Unlike other psychotic forms, PDP typically presents with
6068-453: The umbrella of Parkinson-plus syndromes or, alternatively, atypical parkinsonian disorders. Parkinson's disease can result from genetic factors or be idiopathic , in which there is no clearly identifiable cause. The latter, also called sporadic Parkinson's, makes up some 85–90% of cases. The defining symptoms affect the motor system and include tremor , bradykinesia , rigidity , and postural instability . Other symptoms may affect
6150-509: The underlying cause is unknown, melanoma is documented to be associated with PD. Low levels of urate in the blood are associated with an increased risk while Helicobacter pylori infection can prevent the absorption of some drugs, including L-DOPA . Main pathological feature is cell death of dopamine -releasing neurons within, among other regions, the basal ganglia , more precisely pars compacta of substantia nigra and partially striatum , thus impeding nigrostriatal pathway of
6232-710: The use of dopamine agonists. Cognitive disturbances can occur in early stages or before diagnosis, and increase in prevalence and severity with duration of the disease. Ranging from mild cognitive impairment to severe Parkinson's disease dementia , they feature executive dysfunction , slowed cognitive processing speed , and disrupted perception and estimation of time. Sleep disorders are common in PD and affect about two thirds of all patients. They comprise insomnia , excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), restless legs syndrome (RLS), REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), many of which can be worsened by medication. RBD may begin years prior to
6314-577: The war, were demolished. When in 1946 the remainder of the Province of Brandenburg west of the Oder-Neiße line was constituted as the state of Brandenburg , Potsdam became its capital. In 1952 the GDR disestablished its states and replaced them by smaller new East German administrative districts known as Bezirke . Potsdam became the capital of the new Bezirk Potsdam until 1990. Potsdam, south-west of Berlin, lay just outside West Berlin after
6396-471: Was an urban governorate and enclave within the governorate of Potsdam between 1815 and 1822, then it merged as urban district into the governorate only to be disentangled again from Potsdam governorate in 1875, becoming a distinct province-like entity on 1 April 1881). Towards the north west the governorate was bounded by the rivers Elbe and the Havel, and on the north east by the Oder . The south eastern boundary
6478-404: Was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows: The Landtag Brandenburg , the parliament of the state of Brandenburg is in Potsdam. It has been housed in the Potsdam City Palace since 2014. Potsdam is twinned with: Potsdam, included in the fare zone "C" ( Tarifbereich C ) of Berlin 's public transport area and fare zones A and B of its own public transport area, is served by
6560-588: Was probably founded after the 7th century as a settlement of the Hevelli tribe centred on a castle. It was first mentioned in a document in 993 as Poztupimi , when Emperor Otto III gifted the territory to the Quedlinburg Abbey , then led by his aunt Matilda . By 1317, it was mentioned as a small town. It gained its town charter in 1345. In 1573, it was still a small market town of 2,000 inhabitants. Potsdam lost nearly half of its population due to
6642-848: Was the scene of the Potsdam Conference from 17 July to 2 August 1945, at which the victorious Allied leaders Harry S. Truman , Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin met to decide the future of Germany and postwar Europe in general. The conference ended with the Potsdam Agreement and the Potsdam Declaration . The government of East Germany (formally known as the German Democratic Republic (German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik , DDR)) tried to remove symbols of "Prussian militarism ". Many historic buildings, some of them badly damaged in
6724-403: Was to the neighbouring governorate of Frankfurt (Oder). About 500,000 inhabitants lived in the Potsdam governorate, which covered an area of about 20,700 square kilometres (7,992 sq mi), divided into thirteen rural districts , partially named after their capitals: The traditional towns in the governorate were small, however, in the course of the industrial labour migration some reached
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