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47-485: At the beginning of 1871, the supernumerary professor of general history of Moscow University, V.I. Guerrier, sent a note to the trustee of the Moscow educational district, Prince A.P. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, about the advisability of opening higher women's courses in Moscow, to which he added the draft "Regulations on Higher Women's Courses", in which he outlined the purpose and program of the created courses. Guerrier persuaded

94-480: A certificate of moral conduct and political integrity from the governor general, two photographs and, without fail, permission from the eldest man in the family or spouse. The number of students in the courses at that time was quite high: in the first year after the opening of the courses, it reached 70 (most of the students moved from the Lubensky courses), then until 1878 it fluctuated between 103–107, and from 1879

141-858: A large group of professors and teachers left the university, most of whom began to work at the Courses. By 1912, 227 professors, teachers, lecturers and assistants were involved in the courses, more than a third of whom had doctoral or master's degrees; among them: former rector of Moscow University Alexander A. Manuilov , astronomer Pavel K. Shternberg , mathematician Nikolay A. Izvolsky, biologists Mikhail A. Menzbier and Nikolai K. Koltsov , physiologists Mikhail N. Shaternikov and Lazar S. Minor , philosophers Leo M. Lopatin , Pavel I. Novgorodtsev , historians Matvei K. Lyubavsky , Yury V. Gotye, Ivan V. Tsvetaev. Alexandre A. Kiesewetter, sociologist Veniamin M. Khvostov, biologist Lev A.Tarassevitch, historian of philosophy Alexander V. Kubitsky. There were also women among

188-597: A member-correspondent of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, and an honored scientist of the RSFSR . Eugenia Gertsyk noted Russian translator and literary figure from the Silver Age . Alexandra Glagoleva-Arkadieva the first Russian woman and physicist to become internationally known for her physics research on medical imaging using X-rays , mechanisms for generating microwaves , and spectrometry in

235-457: A private institution, receiving part of the funds from the Ministry of Public Education. The term of study in courses in 1900 increased to four years. The newly opened courses had two departments – historical-philosophical and physical-mathematical. In 1906, according to the new Charter, the faculty structure of the Courses was established. In addition to the two existing ones, a Medical Faculty

282-416: A well-known researcher of the work of Fyodor M. Dostoevsky , the author of the most complete scientific biography of Vissarion G. Belinsky . In 1910, Nadezhda Nikolaevna Sushkina (1889–1975), a soil scientist and microbiologist, graduated from the natural department and was the first to assess the influence of microorganisms on the composition of natural formations.  In 1907–1914, Bella Rosenfeld ,

329-658: A year for 10 scholarships. In 1872–1873, the courses were located on Volkhonka in downtown Moscow, in 1873–1876 – in the premises of the Museum of Applied Knowledge on Prechistenka 32, and in 1877–1888 – in a building specially built for the Polytechnic Museum . Regular students had to provide a certificate of secondary education upon entry or pass entrance exams in Russian and general history, Russian and general literature. The listeners also submitted an autobiography,

376-528: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1955. 55°43′57″N 37°34′35″E  /  55.73250°N 37.57639°E  / 55.73250; 37.57639 Dmitry Tolstoy Defunct Count Dmitry Andreyevich Tolstoy ( Russian : Дми́трий Андре́евич Толсто́й ; 13 March [ O.S. 1 March] 1823, Moscow – 7 May [ O.S. 25 April] 1889, Saint Petersburg )

423-595: The St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1882. He wrote a number of books on Russian history. In 1871, Tolstoy was in charge of the college reform, which would result in the prevalence of the classical education (included Latin and Greek languages and ancient literature, among other things). Feminist activists Maria Trubnikova , Nadezhda Stasova , and Anna Filosofova began pushing, in 1867, for Russian universities to create courses for women. Demonstrating "considerable skill in rallying popular support", according to

470-616: The Vladimirskii courses, after their host beginning in 1872, the Vladimir college. Fyodor Buslayev Fedor Ivanovich Buslaev ( Russian : Фёдор Иванович Буслаев ; April 25, 1818 – August 12, 1898) was a Russian philologist , art historian , and folklorist who represented the Mythological school of comparative literature and linguistics . He was profoundly influenced by Jacob Grimm and Theodor Benfey . Buslaev

517-488: The far infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum . Srbui Lisitsian was an Armenian-Soviet ethnographer known for her development of a novel mathematical method for describing folk dance precisely using film techniques. Olga Tsuberbiller was a Russian mathematician noted for her creation of the textbook Problems and Exercises in Analytic Geometry was designated as an Honored Scientist of

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564-623: The freedom of press to an even greater extent. Tolstoy, together with A. Pazukhin, outlined and prepared the so-called "counterreforms", which would become very unpopular in Russia. As one of the great counter reformers of the post Crimean period Tolstoy used his position as minister of education to promote study at university and secondary levels that would bolster Russia as a nation with honest people in power looking to maintain Orthodoxy and Autocracy: something in danger during Tolstoy's rule as

611-530: The 80s believed that they had won a great success over the revolution by forbidding the admission of girls to the Higher Women's Courses. But ten years later, they themselves were convinced of their mistake and began to think about restoring courses. Like its Saint Petersburg counterpart, the Guerrier Courses was established to prevent Russian women from studying abroad, which they had done since

658-887: The Auditorium Building of the Courses (now the main building of the Moscow Pedagogical State University , it is depicted on the current emblem of the Moscow State Pedagogical University.). 1911 became a milestone in the life of the Moscow Higher Women's Courses. In connection with the outbreak of a conflict between the Imperial Moscow University and the Minister of Public Education Lev A. Kasso (named Kasso Case ),

705-550: The Church-Slavonic and Old Russian Tongues (Moscow, 1861). He was elected a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1860. Buslaev also interested himself in Russian popular poetry and old Russian art, and the result of his labors is enshrined in Historical Sketches of Russian Folk Literature and Art (St. Petersburg, 1861), a very valuable collection of articles and monographs, in which

752-523: The Council of Courses approved the “Regulations on leaving students at the Moscow Higher Women's Courses”, which allows leaving graduates at the faculty to prepare them for teaching on the proposal of a professor (professors) for 2 years. In 1913, Aleksandr F. Kots ' zoological collection was acquired for Courses, which laid the foundation for the Darwin Museum . In the 1915–1916 academic year,

799-469: The Middle Ages), Professor Vasily O. Klyuchevsky (Russian history), Rector of Moscow University, Professor Vladimir S. Solovyov (history of philosophy), L. M. Lopatin (history of philosophy), Vladimir I. Guerrier (history), Professor Nikolay I. Storozhenko (general literature), Professor N. S. Tikhonravov (ancient Russian literature), Fyodor I. Buslayev (art history). Since 1877, the history of

846-471: The Minister of Public Education Count Dmitry A. Tolstoy to sanction a higher school for women in Moscow. In May 1872, the Minister of Public Education, Count D. A. Tolstoy, agreed to the opening of higher women's courses in Moscow as a private educational institution and approved the "Regulations on Higher Women's Courses". On November 1, 1872, at Volkhonka 16, in the building of the First Men's Gymnasium,

893-487: The Moscow Higher Women's Courses were granted the right to conduct final exams and issue diplomas of higher education. By 1918, the courses numbered 8.3 thousand students, second only to Moscow State University . On the initiative of former students, the "Society for the Delivery of Funds to Moscow Higher Women's Courses" was established. During 1900–1913 the number of female students increased from 223 to 7155. However,

940-586: The Russian language and ancient Russian literature was taught by V. F. Miller . Later, Aleksandr I. Chuprov (political economy), Aleksandr G. Stoletov (physics), and Professor A. A. Shakhov (history of foreign literature). The work of the courses was supervised by the Pedagogical Council, headed by Professor Sergey M. Solovyov . The trustee committee of the courses included E. K. Stankevich (nee - Bodisko (1824–1904), wife of A. V. Stankevich ), Kozma T. Soldatyonkov , E. I. Guerrier. For 16 years,

987-762: The absence of V. I. Guerrier, who was abroad, Vladimir I. Vernadsky was elected director. However, due to the fact that Vernadsky was simultaneously elected assistant rector of the Imperial Moscow University, he never took up his duties in the Courses. In the same year, Sergey A. Chaplygin was elected director of courses. The courses were taught by such outstanding scientists as Vladimir I. Vernadsky (with his student V. V. Karandeev ), Sergey A. Chaplygin , Sergey S. Nametkin , Nikolay D. Zelinsky , Alexander A. Eichenwald , Boleslav K. Mlodzeevskii , Aleksandr N. Reformatsky, Ivan A. Ilyin , Alexander V. Zinger, Bogdan A. Kistyakovski and others. One of

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1034-717: The age of Cyril and Methodius the Slavonic languages had been subject to Christian influences. In 1855 he published Palaeographical and Philological Materials for the History of the Slavonic Alphabets , and in 1858 Essay Towards an Historical Grammar of the Russian Tongue , abounding with rich material for students, carefully collected from an immense quantity of ancient records and monuments. In close connection with this work in his Historical Chrestomathy of

1081-548: The annual graduation was no more than 30% of the number of applicants, which was due to the inability of the students to withstand heavy teaching loads and most of the time to study on their own. Courses became one of the largest universities in the Russian Empire . According to the protocol of the commission of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR dated October 16, 1918, the Moscow Higher Women's Courses

1128-825: The attention of the young professor to the historical development of the Russian language , and the fruit of his studies was the book On the Teaching of the National Language ( Moscow , 1844 and 1867), which even now has its value. In 1848 he produced his work On the Influence of Christianity on the Slavonic Language , which was considered a milestone in the study of the development of the Slavonic languages . In this work Buslaev proves that long before

1175-540: The author shows himself a worthy and faithful disciple of Grimm. His Folk Poetry (St. Petersburg, 1887) is a valuable supplement to the Sketches . In 1881 he was appointed professor of Russian literature at Moscow, and three years later published his Annotated Apocalypse with an atlas of 400 plates, illustrative of ancient Russian art . In his advanced age Buslaev was to a large degree incapacitated by blindness and passed his time in dictating his memoirs to

1222-473: The clinical base of the Medical Faculty. In the 1906–1907 academic year, the subject cycle system of teaching was introduced in the courses instead of the course system with specialization in the senior year. New curricula were also approved at all faculties. 15 hours a week were allotted for the study of compulsory subjects. Until 1905, V. I. Guerrier was again the director of the courses. In 1905, in

1269-537: The courses issued 41 diplomas, which gave the right to teach in the senior classes of women's gymnasiums, in addition, 322 students passed the final exams, which gave them the right to teach in the junior classes of gymnasiums. In 1886, the Ministry of Public Education , represented by Minister I.D. Delyanov, forbade admission to all higher women's courses, motivating this measure by the need to develop new curricula and transfer courses to state support and in 1888 they have been closed. The feeble-minded people who ruled in

1316-400: The courses were attended by: Vera Muromtseva, the future wife of Ivan A. Bunin , translator, publicist; a close friend of Anton P. Chekhov , Lidia Mizinova , an actress, translator, memoirist, literary and theater critic, who became the prototype of Nina Zarechnaya in the play " The Seagull "; Nadezhda Afanasyevna Bulgakova, sister of Mikhail A. Bulgakov . Vera Stepanovna Nechayeva became

1363-521: The first wife of Marc Chagall , studied at the courses.  In 1917, Lidia Karlovna Lepin (1891-1985), a specialist in physical and colloidal chemistry, a future academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR , graduated from the course. Vera Varsanofieva was the first woman to be awarded the degree of Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, geologist, geomorphologist ,

1410-514: The first women professors was Olga N. Tsuberbiller , a graduate of courses, the author of the textbook on Analytic Geometry, "Problems and Exercises in Analytic Geometry", which was reprinted many times. Since 1910, Professor N. D. Vinogradov began to read a course in the history of pedagogical teachings . In 1905, the Moscow City Council decided to provide courses free of charge with a land plot on Devichye Pole . On June 3, 1907,

1457-467: The grand opening of the Moscow Higher Women's Courses (courses of Professor V. I. Guerrier) took place, where professors of the Imperial Moscow University, priest A. M. Ivantsov–Platonov, S. M. Solovyov spoke and V. I. Guerriere. The course budget consisted of tuition fees and voluntary donations. The first donations came from Guerrier's wife Evdokia Ivanovna, her aunt E. K. Stankevich (500 rubles annually) and K. T. Soldatenkov (100 rubles annually). 13% of

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1504-424: The historian Christine Johanson, the women wrote a carefully-worded petition to Tsar Alexander II . They gathered over 400 signatures among middle and upper-class women. However, there was widespread opposition to the education of women, particularly by Tolstoy. Tolstoy argued that women would abandon education after being married, and dismissed the signatories by stating that they were "sheep" merely following

1551-490: The latest fashion. He rejected the petition in late 1868, but allowed mixed-gender public lectures which women could attend, under pressure from the Tsar (then Alexander II ). However, these were rapidly taken up, overwhelmingly by women. The feminist trio also appealed to war minister Dmitry Milyutin , who agreed to host the courses after being persuaded by his wife, daughter, and Filosofova. Tolstoy countered by allowing

1598-611: The laying of educational buildings took place (architect S. U. Solovyov ) on a land plot along Malaya Tsaritsynskaya Street (now Malaya Pirogovskaya street). In 1908, the buildings of the Faculty of Physics and Chemistry ( now part of Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies )  and the Anatomical Theater (architect A. N. Sokolov) (nowadays part of Russian National Research Medical University ) were opened on Trubetskoy Lane (now Kholzunova Lane ), and in 1913,

1645-537: The lectures at his own apartments, where he could monitor them. The political movement in favor of women's education continued to grow, and by October 1869, the Russian government permitted a limited set of courses for women on advanced subjects (including "chemistry, history, anatomy, zoology, and Russian literature"). Stasova organized these and recruited the professors to teach them; the courses began in January 1870. Attended by over 200 women, they became known as

1692-624: The number of students gradually increased, reaching 256 in the 1884/85 academic year. In 1881, a new humanitarian discipline was introduced in the courses – the history of philosophy. Lectures at the courses were given by well-known professors of Moscow University (it was specifically stipulated in the Charter that mainly university professors would be invited as teachers). Among the first teachers were: Professor Fyodor A. Bredikhin (physics, astronomy), Professor Alexander N. Veselovsky (Russian literature), Professor Pavel G. Vinogradov (History of

1739-469: The post Crimean period of reform amounted also to increasing rebellion and student dissent. Tolstoy did his best to educate a Russia, and moreover a Russian elite that would maintain Orthodoxy and Autocracy while being in mountable competition with the West. His focus was on consolidating his power over education while suppressing revolutionary attitudes by just censorship, etc. Tolstoy was elected president of

1786-454: The sale of books and postcards printed in their own printing house. Initially, training was designed for 2 years, and since 1879, according to the new Charter, 3 years. The Moscow courses had a historical and philological orientation, the compulsory subjects were approved: the history of Russia and general history, Russian literature and general literature, the history of civilization and the history of art, physics.  For those who wished, it

1833-546: The sources of income for the courses were dividends from bonds purchased by Guerrier with a portion of the income from the activities of the courses. In addition, additionally (1%) the course participants collected money to purchase books for the course library. To replenish the course budget, Guerrier staged charity performances at the Solodovnikov Theatre. For income from performances in 1883, 46 listeners were given allowances. In addition, funds were sought through

1880-511: The staff of the courses: Maria Egorovna Becker, assistant to the course inspector; Olga Aleksandrovna Alferova, librarian; Nina Evgenievna Vedeneeva, assistant of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry (1914) and the Department of Physics (1916). In 1911, women were finally accepted at the Russian universities. In 1912, Courses graduates for the first time received the right to take exams at the Imperial Moscow University. On November 17, 1912,

1927-415: The universities were closed to women in Russia in 1863. The courses provided university level education, but in contrast to the courses for men, they were not allowed to issue any formal degree, nor were they given government funding. They were closed in 1888 but opened again in 1900. In 1900, graduates of secondary educational institutions from 41 provinces entered the courses. The new courses were no longer

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1974-778: Was a Russian politician and a member of the State Council of Imperial Russia (1866). He belonged to the comital branch of the Tolstoy family . Tolstoy graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum in 1843. He held a managing position at the Ministry of the Navy beginning in 1853. Tolstoy was an Ober-Procurator of the Holy Synod in 1865–1880, simultaneously holding a post of the Minister of National Enlightenment in 1866–1880. In 1882–1889, Tolstoy

2021-502: Was educated at Penza and Moscow University . At the end of his academical course, 1838, he accompanied the family of Count S.G. Stroganov on a tour through Italy , Germany and France , occupying himself principally with the study of classical antiquities. On his return he was appointed assistant professor of Russian literature at the University of Moscow . A study of Jacob Grimm 's great dictionary had already directed

2068-579: Was opened (now the Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov ), which made the structure of the courses close to the structure of a classical university (before the revolution, universities in Russia, as a rule, consisted of four faculties: historical – philological, physical and mathematical, medical and legal). Since 1911, the Bakhrushinskaya Hospital has become

2115-486: Was supposed to teach foreign languages, mathematics and hygiene. Classes were paid: 30 rubles a year were paid for the entire course of a student, and 10 rubles a year for a separate subject–volunteers. In 1875, the fee was 50 rubles a year; then – 100 rubles a year. In the total volume of incoming financial resources, tuition fees amounted to more than 75%; part of the funds (up to 7%) were voluntary donations; from 1875 to 1882 Moscow Merchant Administration allocated 500 rubles

2162-443: Was the interior minister and Chief of Gendarmerie . He is considered one of the pillars of the political reaction in the 1880s and supporter of the strong authority. Tolstoy's activities were aimed at backing the nobility , regulating peasantry 's modus vivendi , and spreading his administration's influence over local authorities. On Tolstoy's initiative, they issued the so-called "Temporary regulations" in 1882, which limited

2209-575: Was transformed into the 2nd Moscow State University (later split into several institutions, including the Moscow State Pedagogical University ). In 1882–1885, Maria Pavlovna Chekhova studied at the courses, after which she taught history and geography for 18 years at the private Moscow women's gymnasium L. F. Rzhevskaya. The graduates of the Higher Women's Courses of this period were: Zinaida Ivanova ( Zinaida Mirovich ) and Ekaterina Kletnova . At different times,

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