Misplaced Pages

#118881

83-397: Its shoreline has steep rock walls marked by many valleys containing streams and rivers. Deeply cut ravines are typical and steep cliffs alternate with sandy beaches and meadows. The fjord was designated as Sweden's first marine conservation area in 1983. The nature reserve covers 16,499 ha (40,770 acres) and parts of several municipalities. Because of the varying depths of the fjord

166-501: A Bachelor of Science degree from Florida State University (1955), a Master of Science (1956) and a Doctorate of Phycology (1966) from Duke University . Sylvia Earle life work has been shaped directly by Rachel Carson , whose talent she rhapsodizes about in the Introduction to the 2018 edition of Carson's 1951 best-seller, The Sea Around Us. “Most remarkable to me is what she did imagine. Her writings are so sensitive to

249-595: A Netflix exclusive documentary titled 'Mission Blue' was released. It focuses on Earle's life and career as her Mission Blue campaign to create a global network of marine protected areas . In 2016, Earle appeared in the featurette Plankton Rules the World! , which coincided with The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water . The featurette was shown at the Arlington Theater in Santa Barbara . In

332-422: A key player in the survival of entire ecosystems. They provide various marine animals with food, protection, and shelter which keep generations of species alive. Furthermore, coral reefs are an integral part of sustaining human life through serving as a food source (i.e., fish and mollusks) as well as a marine space for ecotourism which provides economic benefits. Also, humans are now conducting research regarding

415-402: A living. However, many fishermen are unable to catch as many fish as they used to, so they are increasingly using cyanide and dynamite in fishing , which further degrades the coral reef ecosystem. This perpetuation of bad habits simply leads to the further decline of coral reefs and therefore perpetuates the problem. One way of stopping this cycle is by educating the local community about why

498-521: A major decrease in biological diversity of plants and animals in our environment. These impacts include increased pressure from fisheries including reef degradation and overfishing as well as pressure from the tourism industry which has increased over the past few years. The deterioration of coral reefs is mainly linked to human activities – 88% of reefs are threatened through various reasons as listed above, including excessive amounts of CO 2 ( carbon dioxide ) emissions. Oceans absorb approximately 1/3 of

581-521: A major threat to turtles in their marine environment. Many sea turtles are accidentally captured, injured or killed by fishing. In response to this threat the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) worked with the shrimp trawling industry to create the TEDs. By working with the industry they insured the commercial viability of the devices. A TED is a series of bars that is placed at

664-407: A predetermined date every year, Ocean Conservancy promotes The International Coastal Cleanup to rally communities to volunteer to collect trash from the coastlines across the globe. The campaign has expanded originally from its two founders and has now reached over 100 countries. Oceana is an example of an advocacy/lobbying group that encourages donations as a means to enact legislation and protect

747-782: A research fellow at Harvard, then returned to Florida as the resident director of the Cape Haze Marine Laboratory. Earle was a research associate at the University of California, Berkeley (1969–1981). In 1969, she applied to join the Tektite Project , an installation fifty feet below the surface of the sea off the coast of the Virgin Islands which allowed scientists to live submersed in their area of study for up to several weeks. Although she had logged more than 1,000 research hours underwater, Earle

830-526: A solution. Earle was born in 1935 in the Gibbstown section of Greenwich Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey , to Alice Freas (Richie) Earle and Lewis Reade Earle. Both her parents were enthusiastic about the outdoors and supportive of their daughter's early interests in the natural world. The family moved to Dunedin on the western coast of Florida during Earle's childhood. Earle received an associate degree from St. Petersburg Jr. College (1952),

913-611: A specific level of protection and a specific allowed range of activities. There are marine conservation non-governmental organizations throughout the world that focus on funding conservation efforts, educating the public and stakeholders, and lobbying for conservation law and policy. Examples of these include: On a regional level, PERSGA, the Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of

SECTION 10

#1732787852119

996-552: A steward of the natural resources of the earth has been a discouraging one, there has long been a certain comfort in the belief that the sea, at least was inviolate, beyond man’s ability to change and to despoil. But this belief, unfortunately, has proved to be naïve”. Rachel Carson , The Sea Around Us ,(1951) If the oceans die, we all die. – Paul Watson Increasing human populations have resulted in increased human impact on ecosystems. Human activities has resulted in an increased extinction rate of species which has caused

1079-401: A sub-discipline of conservation biology . Public interest in marine biology increased in the post-war years with the publication of Rachel Carson `s sea trilogy (1941-1955); which helped inspire an era known as the "marine revolution". The United States federal legislation showed its support for marine conservation by institutionalizing protected areas and creating marine estuaries. In 1969,

1162-529: Is an American marine biologist , oceanographer, explorer, author, and lecturer. She has been a National Geographic Explorer at Large (formerly Explorer in Residence) since 1998. Earle was the first female chief scientist of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , and was named by Time Magazine as its first Hero for the Planet in 1998. Earle is part of the group Ocean Elders , which

1245-490: Is dedicated to protecting the ocean and its wildlife. Earle gained a large amount of publicity when she was featured in Seaspiracy (2021), a Netflix Original documentary by British filmmaker Ali Tabrizi. Earle eats a vegetarian diet. She describes the chemical buildup in carnivorous fish, the 90% depletion of populations of large fish, and references the health of oceans in her dietary decision. Also, she describes

1328-590: Is directly addressed by it, which makes it the only international intergovernmental instrument to do so. Through the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission , the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) organizes programs in marine research, observation systems, hazard mitigation, and better managing ocean and coastal ecosystems. The Organization is the originator of

1411-679: Is equipped with a means to transmit the collected data via satellite. Though the data are physically stored on the tag, its major advantage is that it does not have to be physically retrieved like an archival tag for the data to be available, making it a viable independent tool for animal behavior studies. These tags have been used to track movements of ocean sunfish , marlin , blue sharks , bluefin tuna , swordfish and sea turtles . Location, depth, temperature, and body movement data are used to answer questions about migratory patterns, seasonal feeding movements, daily habits, and survival after catch and release. Turtle excluder devices (TEDs) remove

1494-776: Is included in the United Nations framework of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), most notably in SDG 14 ("Life below water"). The text of Target 14.5 is: "By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information". This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.5.1 is the "coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas". The term " Marine Protected Areas " include marine reserves, fully protected marine areas, no-take zones, marine sanctuaries, ocean sanctuaries, marine parks, locally managed marine areas and other. Each area has

1577-482: Is indicated through data collected by the MTSG that analyzes abundance and historical information on the species. This data examined the global population of green turtles at 32 nesting sites, and determined that over the last 100–150 years there has been a 48–65 percent decrease in the number of mature nesting females. The Kemp's ridley sea turtle population fell in 1947 when 33,000 nests, which accounted for 80 percent of

1660-505: Is key, as is education of the public about conservation issues. This includes educating tourists that come to an area who might not be familiar with certain regulations regarding the marine habitat. One example of this is a project called Green Fins based in Southeast Asia that uses the scuba diving industry to educate the public. This project, implemented by UNEP , encourages scuba diving operators to educate their students about

1743-402: Is necessary to cater to the needs of fishermen while also protecting marine life. Pop-up satellite archival tag (PSAT or PAT) plays a vital role in marine conservation by providing marine biologists with an opportunity to study animals in their natural environments. These are used to track movements of (usually large, migratory) marine animals. A PSAT is an archival tag (or data logger ) that

SECTION 20

#1732787852119

1826-613: Is now extinct due to European and Native American whaling. Since the 1960s the global population of monk seals has been rapidly declining. The Hawaiian and Mediterranean monk seals are considered to be one of the most endangered marine mammals on the planet, according to the NOAA . The last sighting of the Caribbean monk seal was in 1952, and it has now been confirmed extinct by the NOAA. The vaquita porpoise, discovered in 1958, has become

1909-552: Is on the line. In June 2024, DENR Secretary Toni Yulo-Loyzaga convened a dialogue with Earle, Ambassador MaryKay Carlson and Senator Loren Legarda , inter alia, to advocate Philippine Marine Biodiversity Protection and Conservation . Earle, as token gifted Loyzaga with copy of her 'Ocean: A Global Odyssey.' She dived in Verde Island Passage with DENR divers and marine scientists campaigning for its conservation as marine protected area . Her Mission Blue named

1992-656: Is one of the places in the world that is the most impacted by foreign and invasive species. According to the Baykeeper organization, 97 percent of the organisms in the San Francisco Bay have been compromised by the 240 invasive species that have been brought into the ecosystem. Invasive species in the bay such as the Asian clam have changed the food web of the ecosystem by depleting populations of native species such as plankton. The Asian clam clogs pipes and obstructs

2075-609: Is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas through planned management in order to prevent the over-exploitation of these marine resources . Marine conservation is informed by the study of marine plants and animal resources and ecosystem functions and is driven by response to the manifested negative effects seen in the environment such as species loss , habitat degradation and changes in ecosystem functions and focuses on limiting human-caused damage to marine ecosystems , restoring damaged marine ecosystems, and preserving vulnerable species and ecosystems of

2158-469: Is the widely acknowledged system in charge of resolving all matters regarding the law of the sea. The Convention regulates all facets of ocean space, including delimitation, environmental control, marine scientific research, economic and commercial activity, transfer of technology, and the resolution of disputes pertaining to ocean issues. It has 320 articles and nine annexes. The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) works to safeguard oceans and seas and encourage

2241-1052: The Convention on the protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage , the Global Ocean Observing System and UNESCO global geoparks . Around 1 800 quantifiable and monetary pledges totaling $ 108 billion have been obtained since 2017 for the UN Ocean Conference and the Our Ocean Conference. At the 1998 Oslo and Paris Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, environmental ministers from 15 Northeast Atlantic states and members of

2324-618: The Endangered Species Act , and in 1998, it was granted protection as an endangered species. It is now known to be a clone of the widespread Halophila ovalis and protection was withdrawn. Data on this plant is limited, but it is known that since the 1970s there has been a 50 percent decrease in abundance. There are many reasons behind the decline in the seagrass's proliferation, such as degradation of water quality, careless boating activities, anchoring. In addition to that hurricane activity caused by climate change , increase

2407-616: The National Marine Sanctuaries program. In 2010, the Scottish Parliament enacted new legislation for the protection of marine life with the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 . Its provisions include marine planning, marine licensing, marine conservation, seal conservation, and enforcement. Since 2006, United Nations introduce vulnerable marine ecosystem concept for the management of deep-sea fisheries in

2490-668: The National Parks Conservation Association 's Robin W. Winks Award For Enhancing Public Understanding of National Parks. Earle founded Mission Blue (also known as the Sylvia Earle Alliance, Deep Search Foundation, and Deep Search) in 2009. In 2009, she also received the 100k TED prize which allowed her to continue her ocean advocacy work. Given her past experience with the Exxon Valdez and Mega Borg oil spills, Earle

2573-458: The North pacific seastar which was introduced to Tasmania, Australia. Vectors for the translocation of organisms include hull biofouling , the dumping of ballast water and dumping of water from marine aquaria. A tank of ballast water is estimated to contain around 3,000 non-native species. Once established, it is difficult to eradicate an exotic organism from an ecosystem. The San Francisco Bay

Gullmarn - Misplaced Pages Continue

2656-694: The Pacific bluefin tuna from "least concerned" to "vulnerable" on a scale that represents level of extinction risk. The Pacific bluefin tuna is targeted by the fishing industry mainly for its use in sushi. A stock assessment released in 2013 by the International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific Ocean (ISC) shows that the Pacific bluefin tuna population dropped by 96 percent in

2739-562: The marine life . Marine conservation is a relatively new discipline which has developed as a response to biological issues such as extinction and marine habitats change. Marine conservationists rely on a combination of scientific principles derived from marine biology , Ecology , oceanography , and fisheries science , as well as on human factors, such as demand for marine resources, maritime law , economics, and policy, in order to determine how to best protect and conserve marine species and ecosystems. Marine conservation may be described as

2822-609: The 2019 article “California Seamounts Are Sylvia Earle's Newest ‘Hope Spots’”featured in Hakai Magazine, Hope Spots are described as “areas critical to the health of the ocean for any number of reasons: an abundance or diversity of species, a unique habitat or ecosystem, or significant cultural or economic value to a community.” Seamounts are also described as destinations for mining companies in search of undersea precious metals. In January 2020, Aurora Expeditions announced their second ship would be named The Sylvia Earle after

2905-468: The CO 2 produced by humans, which has detrimental effects on the marine environment. The increasing levels of CO 2 in oceans change the seawater chemistry by decreasing the pH , which is known as ocean acidification . Oil spills also impact marine environments, contributing to marine pollution as a result of human activity. The effects of oil on marine fish have been studied following major spills in

2988-672: The Coastal Maine National Wildlife Refuge was renamed the Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge , highlighting Carson's contribution. The refuge protects various kinds of habitat, including barrier beach , dune , tidal estuary , salt marsh, and rocky coastline. However, it wasn't until the 1970s when the modern science of marine conservation would become first recognised; with undersea explorations equipped with new technologies, such as computers, being undertaken at

3071-604: The Curator of Phycology at the California Academy of Sciences , where she served until 1986. From 1980 to 1984, she served on the National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere. In 1982 she and her later husband, Graham Hawkes , an engineer and submersible designer, founded Deep Ocean Engineering to design, operate, support and consult on piloted and robotic subsea systems. In 1985,

3154-691: The Deep Ocean Engineering team designed and built the Deep Rover research submarine, which operates down to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). By 1986, Deep Rover had been tested and Earle joined the team conducting training off Lee Stocking Island in the Bahamas . Earle left the company in 1990 to accept an appointment as Chief Scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , where she stayed until 1992. She

3237-691: The European Commission agreed to identify marine species, habitats, and ecosystems that need protection and to "promote the establishment of a network of marine protected areas to ensure the sustainable use, protection, and conservation of marine biological diversity.” In June 2023, the High Seas Treaty was adopted by the UN to better protect marine environment and ecosystems in international waters. It needs ratification by at least 60 member states to enter into force. Marine conservation

3320-756: The Pacific Ocean. According to the ISC assessment, 90 percent of the Pacific bluefin tuna caught are juveniles that have not reproduced. Between 2011 and 2014, the European eel , Japanese eel , and American eel were put on the IUCN red list of endangered species. In 2015, the Environmental Agency concluded that the number of European eels has declined by 95 percent since 1990. An Environmental Agency officer, Andy Don, who has been researching eels for

3403-581: The Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, is a regional entity which serves as the secretariat for the Jeddah Convention-1982, one of the first regional marine agreements. PERSGA member states are Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen. There have been a number of organized efforts from marine conservation groups such as those aforementioned in this article to raise awareness of

Gullmarn - Misplaced Pages Continue

3486-583: The Seattle Aquarium Medal in her honor. The Aquarium's first Lifetime Achievement Award was awarded to Earle. Alongside her work at Mission Blue, she also serves on several boards, including the Marine Conservation Institute. With TED's support, she launched Mission Blue, which aims to establish marine protected areas (dubbed "Hope Spots") around the globe. Mission Blue's vision is to achieve 30% protection of

3569-600: The Sylvia Earle Alliance, Deep Search Foundation, and Deep Search). Mission Blue aims to establish marine protected areas (dubbed "Hope Spots") around the globe with the support of more than two hundred organisations. These supporters range from large, global companies to small, bespoke research teams. That same year Earle also published 'The World is Blue: How Our Fate and the Ocean's Are One', widely acclaimed as being 'a Silent Spring for our era'; in which Earle reveals how just 50 years of swift and dangerous oceanic change threatens

3652-487: The United States. Shipping is a major vector for the introduction of exotic marine species, some of which can become overabundant and transform ecosystems. Collisions with ships can also be fatal for whales and can impact on the viability of whole populations, including the right whale population off the east coast of the United States. Coral reefs are the epicenter of immense amounts of biodiversity and are

3735-455: The air or by water, gliding over and under the ocean’s surface. She conveyed the sense that she was the living ocean…” In 2010, over 100 scientists, business leaders, philanthropists, and entertainment icons came together to support Dr. Sylvia Earle ’s Mission Blue wish and the following year, Gigi Brisson founded a group of Ocean Elders with the goal of unifying scientists with government and entertainment leaders. “Although man’s record as

3818-679: The areas beyond national jurisdiction. This concept has been transposed by the European parliament for Atlantic European waters. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea establishes guidelines for all uses of the oceans' resources and establishes a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world's oceans and seas. On December 10, 1982, the convention was made available for signature at Montego Bay, Jamaica . More than 150 nations representing all world regions, all legal and political systems, and

3901-702: The closing of the Aquarius Underwater Laboratory . In May 2013, the Science Laureates of the United States Act of 2013 (H.R. 1891; 113th Congress) was introduced into Congress. Earle was listed by one commentator as a possible nominee for the position of Science Laureate, if the act were to pass. In January 2018, the Seattle Aquarium granted its inaugural Lifetime Achievement Award to Earle and renamed

3984-507: The conservation of marine spaces that include coral reefs is important. Overfishing is one of main causes of the decrease in the ocean's wildlife population over the past years. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation reported that the percentage of the world's fish stocks that are at biologically sustainable levels have decreased from 90% in 1974 to 65.8% in 2017. The overfishing of these large fisheries destroys

4067-500: The effectiveness of marine conservation through change caused by social events and encourage sustainable tourism development to raise the public awareness of it. Researchers suggest integrating customary management into marine conservation and emphasize that practical and conceptual differences exist between customary management and contemporary conservation which have often led to failed attempts to hybridize these systems. Others have suggested to integrate marine conservation and tourism,

4150-474: The end of the decade. During these explorations, fundamental principles of change were discovered in relation to marine ecosystems. Through this discovery, the interdependent nature of the ocean was revealed. This led to a change in the approach of marine conservation efforts, and a new emphasis was put on restoring systems within the environment, along with protecting biodiversity. In 1972 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) passed, beginning

4233-611: The establishment of conservation areas can help reduce conflicts. Zoning the protected areas enables the grouping of compatible areas into specific zones and the separation of incompatible areas. Common techniques to raise the general public's attention also include exposure to the concept of the carbon footprint and to educate people to make sustainable food choices and use fewer plastic products. Marine conservation technologies are used to protect endangered and threatened marine organisms and/or habitat. These technologies are innovative and revolutionary because they reduce by-catch, increase

SECTION 50

#1732787852119

4316-399: The feelings of fish, birds and other animals that she could put herself in their place, buoyed by the air or by water, gliding over and under the ocean’s surface. She conveyed the sense that she was the living ocean…” Earle was a Radcliffe Institute Scholar (1967–1969). Earle was a research fellow at Harvard University (1967–1981). After receiving her Ph.D. in 1966, Earle spent a year as

4399-402: The fiftieth anniversary of Jacques Cousteau 's Conshelf I project and investigated coral reefs and ocean health. Mark Patterson co-led the expedition with Earle. Their aquanaut team also included underwater filmmaker D.J. Roller and oceanographer M. Dale Stokes. Earle made a cameo appearance in the daily cartoon strip Sherman's Lagoon in the week starting September 17, 2012, to discuss

4482-486: The flow of water in electrical generating facilities. Their presence in the San Francisco Bay has cost the United States an estimated one billion dollars in damages. Baleen whales were predominantly hunted from 1600 through the mid-1900s, and were nearing extinction when a global ban on commercial whaling was put into effect in 1986 by the IWC (International Whaling Convention). The Atlantic gray whale, last sighted in 1740,

4565-467: The full range of socio-economic development participated. The Convention introduced new legal concepts, addressed new issues, and combined the conventional norms for the usage of the oceans into one document. The convention also established the framework for furthering the study of particular facets of maritime law. On November 16, 1994, the Convention came into effect in line with article 308. Today, it

4648-500: The human impact on the situation and inspire people to take action. Some groups take on more public facing campaigns that directly attempt to get civilians engaged with the issue compared to other groups who encourage donations from civilians which goes towards lobbying and advocacy towards the government. Ocean Conservancy and its International Coastal Cleanup is an example of a public-facing campaign that aims to increase participation in conservation efforts among every day civilians. On

4731-761: The importance of marine conservation and encourage them to dive in an environmentally friendly manner that does not damage coral reefs or associated marine ecosystems. Scientists divide the process by a few parts, and there are various techniques in each part of it. In marking and capturing, the normal techniques include techniques for restraint in pinnipeds, chemical restraint and immobilization in pinnipeds, techniques for capture-release of cetaceans and techniques for restraint and handling. Recently, some novel approaches include remote sensing techniques to model exposure of coastal-marine ecosystems to riverine flood plumes and advanced iconography. Techniques also include many social science-based methods. Many researchers have found

4814-630: The laws of the ocean. Specifically, Oceana is currently lobbying to prevent the expansion of offshore drilling with emphasis in areas such as the Arctic and Belize. Oceana is currently mentioned in a wide range of bills in the US Congress regarding issues such as anti-drilling protections on the Atlantic coast and the penalty for buying, selling, possessing, or transporting shark fins. Sylvia Earle Sylvia Alice Earle (born August 30, 1935)

4897-600: The marine biologist. Earle is one of the supporters of the 30X30 movement; one which aims to protect 30% of seawaters by 2030, which would be a significant increase from only 6% (as of 2021). She supports the introduction of the crime of ecocide to the International Criminal Court stating "There is a real case to be made for recognising ecocide in the International Criminal Court right along with genocide. Our existence

4980-532: The marine conservation movement. The act allowed the regulation by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) over dumping in the seas. Though the act was later amended, it was one of several key events to bring marine issues towards the front of environmental issues in the United States. In 2009, Sylvia Earle received the million dollar TED prize which led to the foundation of Mission Blue (also known as

5063-530: The marine environment and threatens the livelihood of billions who depend on fish as protein or as a source of income for catching and selling. According to the World Wildlife Fund , illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing is a major factor in overfishing. Illegal fishing is estimated to account for up to 30% of the catch for some high value species, and the industry is estimated to be worth $ 36 billion per year. Overabundance can occur when

SECTION 60

#1732787852119

5146-485: The marine wildlife is abundant and diverse. There are many unique marine animals that are not found in the more shallow areas of the fjord. The shallow waters also provide habitat for a broad range of bird species. Three scientific research stations have been established in the conservation area. This Sweden -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Marine conservation Marine conservation , also known as ocean conservation ,

5229-631: The most endangered marine species. Over half the population has disappeared since 2012, leaving 100 left in 2014. The vaquita frequently drowns in fishing nets, which are used illegally in marine protected areas off the Gulf of Mexico. In 2004, the Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG), from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), ran an assessment which determined that green turtles were globally endangered. Population decline in ocean basins

5312-436: The ocean by 2030, and more than two hundred organisations have supported them in this mission to date (2019). These supporters range from large, global companies to small, bespoke research teams. With Mission Blue and its partners, Earle leads expeditions to Hope Spots around the globe. The organization has continued to grow with Earle's work and the help of her team. As of 2020, Mission Blue has created 122 Hope Spots around

5395-434: The past 20 years, said, "There is no doubt that there is a crisis. People have been reporting catching a kilo of glass eels this year when they would expect to catch 40 kilos. We have got to do something." Johnson's seagrass , a food source for the endangered green sea turtle, reproduces asexually , which limits its ability to populate and colonize habitats. This seagrass was formerly the only marine plant to be listed under

5478-462: The population of a certain species cannot be controlled naturally or by human intervention. The domination of one species can create an imbalance in an ecosystem, which can lead to the demise of other species and of the habitat. Overabundance occurs predominately among invasive species . The international shipping trade has led to the establishment of many marine species beyond their native ranges. Some of these can have adverse consequences, such as

5561-636: The population, were collected and sold by villagers in Racho Nuevo, Mexico. In the early 1960s only 5,000 individuals were left, and between 1978 and 1991, 200 Kemp's Ridley Turtles nested annually. In 2015, the World Wildlife Fund and National Geographic Magazine named the Kemp's ridley the most endangered sea turtle in the world, with 1000 females nesting annually. In 2014, the IUCN moved

5644-520: The populations of endangered species through artificial means. Another focus of conservationists is on curtailing human activities that are detrimental to either marine ecosystems or species through policy, techniques such as fishing quotas , like those set up by the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization , or laws such as those listed below. Recognizing the economics involved in human use of marine ecosystems

5727-762: The risk of extinction. Strategies and techniques for marine conservation tend to combine theoretical disciplines, such as population biology, with practical conservation strategies, such as setting up protected areas, as with marine protected areas (MPAs) or Voluntary Marine Conservation Areas . These protected areas may be established for a variety of reasons and aim to limit the impact of human activity. These protected areas operate differently which includes areas that have seasonal closures and/or permanent closures as well as multiple levels of zoning that allow people to carryout different activities in separate areas; including, speed, no take and multi-use zones. Other techniques include developing sustainable fisheries and restoring

5810-425: The seafood industry as “factory ships vacuuming up fish and everything else in their path. That’s like using bulldozers to kill songbirds…”. In a discussion at the Good Food Conference in California, Earle warns of disappearing fish stocks, and that while coastal people's diets have included seafood for centuries, the commercial fishing industry no longer makes sense. She encourages transitions to plant-based diets as

5893-415: The survivorship and health of marine life and habitat, and benefit fishermen who depend on the resources for profit. Examples of technologies include marine protected areas (MPAs), turtle excluder devices (TEDs), autonomous recording unit , pop-up satellite archival tag , and radio-frequency identification (RFID). Commercial practicality plays an important role in the success of marine conservation because it

5976-526: The symptoms but not the cause of the declines. Examples of halfway technologies include hatcheries and fish ladders. International laws and treaties related to marine conservation include the 1966 Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas . United States laws related to marine conservation include the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act , as well as the 1972 Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act , which established

6059-797: The title National Geographic Explorer in Residence and now holds the title 'Explorer at Large'. She is sometimes called "Her Deepness" or "The Sturgeon General". From 1998 to 2002, she led the Sustainable Seas Expeditions, a five-year program sponsored by the National Geographic Society and funded by the Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund to study the United States National Marine Sanctuary . During this time, Earle

6142-464: The top or bottom of a trawl net, fitting the bars into the "neck" of the shrimp trawl and acting as a filter to ensure that only small animals may pass through. The shrimp will be caught but larger animals such as marine turtles that become caught by the trawler will be rejected by the filter function of the bars. Similarly, halfway technologies work to increase the population of marine organisms. However, they do so without behavioral changes, and address

6225-503: The use of corals as new potential sources for pharmaceuticals (i.e. steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs). Because of the human impact on coral reefs, these ecosystems are becoming increasingly degraded and in need of conservation. The biggest threats include overfishing , destructive fishing practices, sedimentation, and pollution from land-based sources. This, in conjunction with increased carbon in oceans, coral bleaching, and diseases, means that there are no pristine reefs anywhere in

6308-413: The very existence of life on Earth. Sylvia Earle life work has also been shaped directly by Rachel Carson, whose talent she rhapsodizes about in the Introduction to the 2018 edition of Carson’s 1951 best-seller, The Sea Around Us: “Most remarkable to me is what she did imagine. Her writings are so sensitive to the feelings of fish, birds and other animals that she could put herself in their place, buoyed by

6391-504: The wise use of marine resources, particularly through its Regional Seas Program. The sole international legal foundation for regional ocean and sea protection is the Regional Seas Conventions and Action Plans. The Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities was also established by UNEP. The relationship between terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems

6474-829: The world. Past expeditions include Cuba in 2009, Belize in January 2010, the Galápagos Islands in April 2010, Costa Rica and the Central American Dome in early 2014 and the South African Coast in late 2014. A series of geographic information StoryMaps are available through ESRI's ArcGIS which illustrate examples of Mission Blue hope spots around the world in great detail including: 1 Tribugá Gulf Hope Spot, 2 Little Cayman Hope Spot, and 3 Galápagos National Park Expedition. In August 2014,

6557-559: The world. Up to 88% of coral reefs in Southeast Asia are now threatened, with 50% of those reefs at either "high" or "very high" risk of disappearing, which directly affects the biodiversity and survival of species dependent on coral. This is especially harmful to island nations such as Samoa , Indonesia , and the Philippines , because many people there depend on the coral reef ecosystems to feed their families and to make

6640-800: Was a leader of the Sustainable Seas Expeditions, council chair for the Harte Research Institute for the Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M-Corpus Christi, and chair of the Advisory Council for the Ocean in Google Earth . She also provided the DeepWorker 2000 submersible used to quantify the species of fish as well as the space resources utilized within the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary . In 2001, Earle received

6723-602: Was called to consult during the Deepwater Horizon Disaster in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. During this year she also gave a 14-minute speech in front of 3,500 delegates and United Nations ambassadors at The Hague International Model United Nations Conference. In July 2012, Earle led an expedition to NOAA 's Aquarius underwater laboratory , located off Key Largo , Florida. The expedition, entitled "Celebrating 50 Years of Living Beneath The Sea", commemorated

6806-506: Was rejected from the program. The next year, she was selected to lead the first all-female team of aquanauts in Tektite II . Earle was the Curator of Phycology at the California Academy of Sciences (1979–1986). In 1979, she made an open-ocean JIM suit dive, untethered, to the sea ocean floor near Oahu . She set the women's depth record of 381 metres (1,250 ft) which still holds to date. In 1979 she also began her tenure as

6889-620: Was the first woman to hold that position. During this post, given her expertise on the impact of oil spills, Earle was called upon to lead several research trips during the Persian Gulf War in 1991 to determine the environmental damage caused by Iraq's destruction of Kuwaiti oil wells. In 1992, Earle founded Deep Ocean Exploration and Research ( DOER Marine ) to further advance marine engineering. The company, now run by Earle's daughter Elizabeth, designs, builds, and operates equipment for deep-ocean environments. In 1998, Earle received

#118881