The Nikon D7000 is a 16.2- megapixel digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) model announced by Nikon on September 15, 2010. It replaced the D90 as the top end consumer camera, by using much of the technology and controls from the earlier D5000, in a larger more robust body similar to the flagship D300 series. In some ways it was superior to the D300S, though for several years the two cameras were both available with the D300 positioned as the flagship in Nikon marketing materials.
91-637: The D7000 offers numerous professional-style features over the D90, such as magnesium alloy body construction, weather and moisture sealing, a 2,016-segment color exposure meter, built-in timed interval exposure features, 39 rather than 11 focus points, dual SD memory card slots, virtual horizon (in live view and viewfinder) and compatibility with older non-CPU autofocus and manual-focus AI and AI-S Nikon F-mount lenses (including an electronic rangefinder with three-segment viewfinder manual focus indication) as well as tilt-shift PC-E lenses . Other built-in features are
182-421: A peak performance of up to 28 instructions per clock cycle and core. Due to the used four-way single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) vector processor units, data is processed with up to 112 data operations per cycle and core. An on-chip 32-bit Fujitsu FR RISC microcontroller core is used to initiate and control all processors, modules and interfaces. The Expeed versions designated EI-14x and
273-433: A sensor , a control system and a motor to focus on an automatically or manually selected point or area. An electronic rangefinder has a display instead of the motor; the adjustment of the optical system has to be done manually until indication. Autofocus methods are distinguished as active , passive or hybrid types. Autofocus systems rely on one or more sensors to determine correct focus. Some AF systems rely on
364-565: A blackout-free viewing experience. As input/output (I/O) processor Nikon uses external 32-bit microcontrollers to connect additional sensors and displays : Viewfinder , top- display , flash ( Speedlight )/ hot shoe , shutter / aperture motors , metering / autofocus sensors and lens / battery grip / battery control. Used variants are the Fujitsu FR in the Expeed EI-14x series, which changed to MIPS architecture in
455-489: A camera based on their previous development at photokina , named Correfot, and in 1978 they displayed an SLR camera with fully operational autofocus. The first mass-produced autofocus camera was the Konica C35 AF , a simple point and shoot model released in 1977. The Polaroid SX-70 Sonar OneStep was the first autofocus single-lens reflex camera , released in 1978. The Pentax ME-F , which used focus sensors in
546-455: A certain degree of illumination to the subject (whether natural or otherwise), while active systems may focus correctly even in total darkness when necessary. Some cameras and external flash units have a special low-level illumination mode (usually orange/red light) which can be activated during auto-focus operation to allow the camera to focus. A method variously referred to as trap focus , focus trap , or catch-in-focus uses autofocus to take
637-486: A chip solution integrates an image processor in multi-core processor architecture, with each single processor-core able to compute many instructions/operations in parallel . Storage and display interfaces and other modules are added and a digital signal processor (DSP) increases the number of simultaneous computations. An on-chip 32-bit microcontroller initiates and controls the operation and data transfers of all processors, modules and interfaces and can be seen as
728-680: A different architecture. Or the Nikon D200 processor (EI-126) uses the same, but greatly expanded firmware as the D80 (unofficial "Expeed"). The Expeed processor variant EI-137 is found in the Nikon D40, Nikon D40x and Nikon D80 – as it is officially in the later-released Nikon D60 and Nikon D3000. First used in the Nikon D3 and Nikon D300 in 2007, the Expeed was used later in
819-607: A dual-core ARM microcontroller are the main improvements. Its high speed allows the world's fastest speed (Nikon claim) of 60 frames per second (10 fps with full autofocus ). The Expeed 3A , a successor to the Expeed 3 EI-160 used in the Nikon 1 series, was first released in the Nikon 1 V2 and mainly features an increased world record image-processing speed of up to 850 megapixels per second. This enables 60 frames per second (15 fps with full autofocus ) speed even with
910-551: A few "high-precision" focus points with an additional set of prisms and sensors; they are only active with " fast lenses " with certain geometrical apertures (typically f-number 2.8 and faster). Extended precision comes from the wider effective measurement base of the "range finder" Some modern sensors (for example one in Librem 5 ) include about 2% phase detection pixels on the chip. With suitable software support, that enables phase detection auto focus. Contrast-detection autofocus
1001-515: A few dozen wide), some modern cameras ( Canon EOS-1V , Canon EOS-1D , Nikon D2X ) feature TTL area SIR sensors that are rectangular in shape and provide two-dimensional intensity patterns for a finer-grain analysis. Cross-type focus points have a pair of sensors oriented at 90° to one another, although one sensor typically requires a larger aperture to operate than the other. Some cameras ( Minolta 7 , Canon EOS-1V , 1D , 30D / 40D , Pentax K-1 , Sony DSLR-A700 , DSLR-A850 , DSLR-A900 ) also have
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#17327974404811092-459: A group of programmers called "Nikon Hacker" develops custom firmware , making recent progress including an FR emulator for some DSLRs. It was shown that Nikon uses the Softune integrated development environment together with an μITRON realtime kernel . Currently there is some modified firmware available mainly removing time based video and uncompressed NEF files restrictions, but there
1183-412: A hybrid system is the combination of passive phase-detection auto-focus and passive contrast auto-focus, sometimes assisted by active methods, as both methods need some visible contrast to work with. Under their operational conditions, phase-detection auto-focusing is very fast, since the measurement method provides both information, the amount of offset and the direction, so that the focusing motor can move
1274-627: A large number of tasks: Bayer filtering , demosaicing , image sensor corrections/ dark-frame subtraction , image noise reduction , image sharpening , image scaling , gamma correction , image enhancement/Active D-Lighting, colorspace conversion, chroma subsampling , framerate conversion, lens distortion / chromatic aberration correction, image compression / JPEG encoding , video compression , display / video interface driving, digital image editing , face detection , audio processing / compression / encoding and computer data storage / data transmission . Expeed's multi-processor system on
1365-423: A laser or LED light to the subject and calculating the distance based on the time it takes for the light to travel to the subject and back. This technique is sometimes called laser autofocus , and is present in many mobile phone models from several vendors. It is also present in industrial and medical devices. An exception to the two-step approach is the mechanical autofocus provided in some enlargers, which adjust
1456-535: A loss of contrast gives no indication of the direction of motion towards or away from the camera. Contrast-detect autofocus is a common method in digital cameras that lack shutters and reflex mirrors. Most DSLRs use this method (or a hybrid of both contrast and phase-detection autofocus) when focusing in their live-view modes. A notable exception is Canon digital cameras with Dual Pixel CMOS AF. Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras typically used contrast-measurement autofocus, although phase detection has become
1547-702: A low compression (high data rate) and behaves also in other uses like image extraction quite similar to Motion JPEG formerly used by Nikon. The Expeed 3 (FR) (variants EI-158 and EI-175) offers no significant change, but introduced the first DSLRs to offer uncompressed video output (8bit 4:2:2) over HDMI : Nikon D4 , Nikon D800 / D800E , Nikon D600 , Nikon D7100 and Nikon D5200 . The Expeed 3 (ARM) introduced high-speed video ( slow-motion ) in its enhanced H.264 HD video engine. Socionext specifies each Milbeaut generation with different numbers of processors. Nikon gives no details, but uses different designated processors in its professional and consumer lines. Although
1638-436: A problem, unless the window is stained. Accuracy of active autofocus systems is often considerably less than that of passive systems. Active systems may also fail to focus a subject that is very close to the camera (e.g., macro photography ). Passive systems may not find focus when the contrast is low, notably on large single-colored surfaces (walls, blue sky, etc.) or in low-light conditions. Passive systems are dependent on
1729-493: A reprogramming: By using Motion JPEG encoding with 24p frame rate, Nikon achieved 720p HD video resolution. The advantages are easy JPEG image extraction, no motion compensation artifacts and low processing power enabling higher resolution, and the disadvantage is a larger file size, nearly reaching the 2 GB limit (for full compatibility) in 5 minutes. The Nikon D90 was the first DSLR with video recording capabilities. The Expeed 2 (variant EI-154) greatly expanded
1820-510: A shot when a subject moves into the focal plane (at the relevant focal point); this can be used to get a focused shot of a rapidly moving object, particularly in sports or wildlife photography , or alternatively to set a "trap" so that a shot can automatically be taken without a person present. This is done by using AF to detect but not set focus – using manual focus to set focus (or switching to manual after focus has been set) but then using focus priority to detect focus and only release
1911-606: A single sensor, while others use an array of sensors. Most modern SLR cameras use through-the-lens optical sensors, with a separate sensor array providing light metering , although the latter can be programmed to prioritize its metering to the same area as one or more of the AF sensors. Through-the-lens optical autofocusing is usually speedier and more precise than manual focus with an ordinary viewfinder, although more precise manual focus can be achieved with special accessories such as focusing magnifiers. Autofocus accuracy within 1/3 of
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#17327974404812002-513: A wireless flash commander, two user-customizable modes, full HD video with autofocus and mono audio (With support for an external stereo microphone), automatic correction of lateral chromatic aberration and support for GPS and WLAN . In 2011, the D7000 received four major awards, the Red Dot product design , TIPA's "Best D-SLR Advanced" category, EISA's "European Advanced SLR Camera 2011-2012" and
2093-498: Is a dynamic range only at the level of competitors like the (higher priced) Canon EOS 600D ; lower than other Nikon DSLRs with the same Expeed 2 variant. The Expeed EI-15x and EI-17x A/D converters allow an increased image sensor readout clock frequency with improved A/D converter accuracy, especially when using 14-bit sampling. Expeed A/D converters used for EI-149 or all EI-142 need considerably reduced clock rates (1.8 fps on Nikon D3X) for higher accuracy, limiting for example
2184-409: Is achieved by dividing the incoming light into pairs of images and comparing them. Through-the-lens secondary image registration (TTL SIR) passive phase detection is often used in film and digital SLR cameras . The system uses a beam splitter (implemented as a small semi-transparent area of the main reflex mirror, coupled with a small secondary mirror) to direct light to an AF sensor at the bottom of
2275-425: Is achieved by measuring contrast (vision) within a sensor field through the lens . The intensity difference between adjacent pixels of the sensor naturally increases with correct image focus. The optical system can thereby be adjusted until the maximal contrast is detected. In this method, AF does not involve actual distance measurement at all. This creates significant challenges when tracking moving subjects , since
2366-516: Is activated. The Expeed EI-15x are controlled by an integrated FR-80/FR-81 core. Power consumption is also decreased by the Socionext 65 nm process. The Nikon D3s processor – although named Expeed 2 – uses nearly the same EI-142 processor as the previous D3/D3X featuring for example only 720p Motion JPEG video. It offers the same image sensor interface with identical speed and A/D converter accuracy, limiting
2457-476: Is also the first Expeed using digital image sensor readout – no analog image sensor interface is needed. In the Nikon 1 cameras introduced September 2011 it uses 1 GB fast DDR2 RAM packaged in 2x 4 Gbit chips. Nikon marked EI-160, manufactured in the Socionext 65 nm process. High-speed dual multi-core image-processing engines with world record (Nikon claim) 600 megapixels per second speed, enhanced H.264 HD video engine and controlled by
2548-564: Is based on the Socionext Milbeaut imaging processors with 16-bit per pixel multi-core FR-V processor architecture, using a highly parallel pipelined architecture which allows efficient hardware use, increasing throughput and reducing power consumption. Each core uses an eight-way 256-bit very long instruction word (VLIW, MIMD ) and is organized in a four-unit superscalar pipelined architecture ( Integer (ALU) -, Floating-point - and two media-processor-units) giving
2639-547: Is close to the Expeed 2 variant EI-154 with some improvements like DDR3 memory, and with increased computing power. The D5200 uses a package on package with a 4 Gbit DDR3 SDRAM on top. In the Nikon 1 series September 2011 Nikon introduced a new largely changed architecture – the main control unit it uses an ARM microcontroller which requires new firmware compared to the totally different Fujitsu FR microcontroller used in all former Milbeaut and Expeed processors. It
2730-416: Is confirmed only when the AF sensor sees an in-focus subject. The only apparent differences between the two modes are that a focus-locking mode halts on focus confirmation, and a continuously focusing mode has predictive elements to work with moving targets, which suggests they are the same closed-loop process. Although AF sensors are typically one-dimensional photosensitive strips (only a few pixels high and
2821-528: Is highly increased. Marked EI-158, this variant is used by the Nikon D4 and Nikon D800 . The EI-158 was the first Expeed to offer uncompressed video output (8bit 4:2:2) over HDMI. The Nikon D600 (teardown ), Nikon D3200 and Nikon D5200 (teardown ) use an Expeed 3 (EI-175, differently marked ML-1131 on D5200), which is, according to Nikon, the same as used for the D4 and D800 series. Its architecture
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2912-518: Is no stable alternative firmware available, as the project is still in an early state. The Nikon supplied firmware-updates normally include the firmware A for the I/O processor and the firmware B to control Expeeds by integrated FR microcontrollers (different for the ARM-based Expeed 3 ). Besides a general analysis of the hardware and software of the D7000, D5100 and D3100 and newer cameras,
3003-658: Is not high enough to be useful. The hack is not yet published. Nikon Z cameras >> PROCESSOR : Pre-EXPEED | EXPEED | EXPEED 2 | EXPEED 3 | EXPEED 4 | EXPEED 5 | EXPEED 6 VIDEO: HD video / Video AF / Uncompressed / 4k video ⋅ SCREEN: Articulating , Touchscreen ⋅ BODY FEATURE: Weather Sealed Without full AF-P lens support ⋅ Without AF-P and without E-type lens support ⋅ Without an AF motor (needs lenses with integrated motor , except D50 ) Autofocus An autofocus ( AF ) optical system uses
3094-428: Is the phase-detection auto-focus system used in single-lens reflex cameras since the 1985s. The passive phase-detection auto-focus needs some contrast to work with, making it difficult to use in low-light scenarios or on even surfaces. An AF illuminator will illuminate the scene and project contrast patterns onto even surfaces, so that phase-detection auto-focus can work under these conditions as well. A newer form of
3185-402: Is typically used to mutually compensate for the intrinsical weaknesses of the various methods in order to increase the overall reliability and accuracy or to speed up AF function. A rare example of an early hybrid system is the combination of an active IR or ultrasonic auto-focus system with a passive phase-detection system. An IR or ultrasonic system based on reflection will work regardless of
3276-710: Is used in the Nikon 1 V3 , Nikon 1 J4 and Nikon 1 S2 . Nikon announced EXPEED 5 processor engine in their new DX and FX cameras Nikon D500 and Nikon D5 at CES 2016, (Las Vegas, January 5, 2016) and also used in the Nikon D7500 and D850 . The EXPEED 5A image-processing engine is first seen in the Nikon 1 J5 , which was announced April 2, 2015. In the Nikon 1 J5 it is capable of 4k Ultra HD (3840*2160) at 15 fps, Full-HD (1920*1080) at 60 fps, HD (1280*720) at 120 fps, 800 x 296 at 400 fps and 400 x 144 at 1200 fps. It can handle 20MP burst photos at 20 fps with autofocus at each frame, and even 60 fps with autofocus fixed at
3367-657: Is used to control an electromechanical system that adjusts the focus of the optical system. A variation of autofocus is an electronic rangefinder , in which focus data are provided to the operator, but adjustment of the optical system is still performed manually. The speed of the AF system is highly dependent on the widest aperture offered by the lens at the current focal length. F-stops of around f / 2 to f / 2.8 are generally considered best for focusing speed and accuracy. Faster lenses than this (e.g.: f / 1.4 or f / 1.8) typically have very low depth of field, meaning that it takes longer to achieve correct focus, despite
3458-499: The D3s dynamic range at low ISOs. The Expeed 3 (ARM) , first used in the Nikon 1 series , connects a data stream with 24 digital channels (bus) , using A/D converters integrated on the image sensor chip. The first variant, EI-14x originally included a video encoder capable of processing VGA resolution with 30 frames per second and MPEG-4 encoding. The software based video processor realized with FR-V processors enabled
3549-809: The D90 . Digital Photography Review awarded the camera an overall score of 80%, praising its feature set and image quality. The D7000 received four out of five stars and the Editor's choice award in CNET 's review. DxO Labs awarded its sensor an overall score of 80, above much more expensive competitors. The main point of criticism by reviewers is the small buffer which limits the number of shots in burst mode especially when shooting RAW. There are image comparisons with many cameras at all ISO speeds in JPEG and RAW . The 3D Color Matrix Metering II tends to overexpose minor parts of
3640-466: The Expeed 2 and 3 additionally include a HD video codec engine (FR-V based) and a 16-bit DSP with separate on-chip 4-block Harvard RAM which is usable for example for additional image- and audio-processing . The Expeed 3 (FR) (EI-158/175) is based on an improved Expeed 2 EI-154 with greatly increased processing speed. A new architecture in the Expeed 3 (ARM) offers a highly increased speed in its image processor (with even two pipelines on
3731-495: The Expeed EI-15x and EI-17x series. The professional series uses two or more Hitachi / Renesas H8SX controllers. Former DSLRs used H8S microcontrollers. The ARM-based Expeed in the Nikon 1 series with its dual ARM core needs no additional I/O processors. The Nikon 1 series also includes an Epson graphic processor . As with CHDK or Magic Lantern modified Canon digital cameras based on DIGIC processors,
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3822-657: The Nikon D300 / D300s with 12 simultaneous, parallel analog signal readout channels. Mainly due to a larger settling time it allows improved conversion accuracy compared to the four channels in the previous Nikon D2X / D2Xs, Nikon D200 or the Canon EOS 5D Mark II . six-channel readout is supported by the EI-149 and EI-154 used on the D90, D5000, D7000 and D5100. The D3100 uses an Analog Devices sensor interface with integrated analog-to-digital converters. The result
3913-618: The Nikon D3X , Nikon D700 and Nikon D300s , marked EI-142, and the consumer line variant with reduced processor cores in the Nikon D90 and Nikon D5000 , marked EI-149. It is based on a Socionext Milbeaut imaging-processor with 720p Motion JPEG video encoder, DSP and FR-80 (EI-14x versions) core. It uses a 90 nanometer process technology . The EI-137 variant in the Nikon D60 and Nikon D3000 – additionally found in
4004-490: The Nikon D40 , Nikon D40x and Nikon D80 – is based on the older Milbeaut M-3 in 180 nanometer technology (like all former Expeed/Milbeaut since 2001). It includes a FR-71 core with only 12-bit, two-channel image sensor readout, no DSP, slower memory and has a reduced feature set. 1080p H.264/MPEG-4 HD video encoder, improved face detection , image noise reduction and image distortion correction are
4095-467: The Nikon Z 50II , Nikon Z 6III , Nikon Z 8 , Nikon Z 9 , and Nikon Z f mirrorless cameras. Expeed 7 has 10 times the image processing speed of its predecessor and is powerful enough for the camera to omit a dedicated autofocus engine. It can handle complex AF and AE calculations at 120 cycles per second, separately processes dual-streamed data from stacked image sensors, and enables features like 120 fps still shooting, internal 8k RAW video recording and
4186-557: The Yashica 230 AF . Trap focus is also possible on some Pentax (e.g. K-x and K-5 ), Nikon , and Canon EOS cameras. The EOS 1D can do it using software on an attached computer, whereas cameras like the EOS 40D and 7D have a custom function (III-1 and III-4 respectively) which can stop the camera trying to focus after it fails. On EOS cameras without genuine trap focus, a hack called "almost trap focus" can be used, which achieves some of
4277-630: The depth of field (DOF) at the widest aperture of the lens is common in professional AF SLR cameras. Most multi-sensor AF cameras allow manual selection of the active sensor, and many offer automatic selection of the sensor using algorithms which attempt to discern the location of the subject. Some AF cameras are able to detect whether the subject is moving towards or away from the camera, including speed and acceleration, and keep focus — a function used mainly in sports and other action photography. Canon cameras call this AI servo ; Nikon cameras call it "continuous focus". The data collected from AF sensors
4368-550: The CameraGP Japan 2011 Readers Award. The D7000 was superseded by the D7100 , announced on February 20, 2013. However, Nikon kept the D7000 in its product lineup for at least several months. The Nikon D7000 has dozens of available accessories such as: Since its release, the D7000 has received many favorable reviews, with some commenting that the D7000 is a viable alternative to the more expensive D300S and an upgrade over
4459-698: The D3s dynamic range at 200 and especially 100 ISOs lower as the D7000/D5100. Variant used in some Coolpix compact cameras. Cheaper Nikon compact cameras use Sanyo or Zoran Coach image/video processors; both with a completely different technology and different firmware compared to the Expeed . Compared to the previous Expeed 1 (EI-142), it offers the same improvements as the Expeed 2 EI-154 with Socionext 65 nm process, including increased A/D converter accuracy and image sensor analog signal readout clock rate, reducing rolling shutter. Computing power
4550-746: The EI-160), its H.264 video encoder and is controlled by a dual-core ARM architecture microcontroller replacing the Fujitsu FR. CMOS / CCD image sensors are connected with additional external ICs , Nikon drivers, with the exception of the Nikon D3100 . This is done by a mixed analog / digital interface which controls the sensor digitally, but receives analog signals with parallel 14- bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converters . The Expeed variants EI-142 and EI-158 use Nikon ASICs to connect all full-frame (FX) digital SLR sensors and additionally
4641-473: The FA and FA* series lenses from 1991. Their first K AF -mount Pentax lenses with AF had been introduced in 1989. In 1992, Nikon changed back to lens integrated motors with their AF-I and AF-S range of lenses; today their entry-level DSLRs do not have a focus motor in the body due to the availability of motors in all new developed AF-Lenses . Active AF systems measure distance to the subject independently of
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#17327974404814732-468: The Milbeaut ( Expeed ) is used in different Nikon designs and by other manufacturers, the software/ firmware specifies many of its functions and details and the number of processors or included modules may vary in this ASIC . DSLRs announced before August 2006 do not contain processors named Expeed (for example Nikon D70 /D70s processor: EI-118), although that does not mean that these processors use
4823-474: The advantage of higher quality (lower motion blur based on better motion compensation ) even with significant higher compression ratio . This compression requires considerably higher computing power. In 2012 the Canon 5D Mark III introduced a similar compression called "IPB". Also introduced was "All-I", which uses the simpler I‑frames (coded pictures) without processing any differences between them, but using
4914-476: The bright lights or use of center-weighted or spot metering, fill flash or RAW images. Increasing the dynamic range by use of Active D-Lighting or reducing the contrast settings (the default contrast is higher compared to previous Nikon DSLRs) aids when shooting JPEGs. After taking the image, contrast and brightness can easily be changed in camera. The D7000 was very much anticipated by Nikon consumers. The hype around its release made it very hard to find during
5005-404: The camera body and gears in the lens ("screw drive") or through electronic transmission of the drive instruction through contacts in the mount plate to a motor in the lens. Lens-based motors can be of a number of different types, but are often ultrasonic motors or stepper motors . Magnets are often used in electromagnetic motors, such as Voice coil motors (VCMs) and Stepper motor , which move
5096-556: The camera body coupled with a motorized lens , became the first autofocus 35 mm SLR in 1981. In 1983 Nikon released the F3AF , their first autofocus camera, which was based on a similar concept to the ME-F. The Minolta 7000 , released in 1985, was the first SLR with an integrated autofocus system, meaning both the AF sensors and the drive motor were housed in the camera body, as well as an integrated film advance winder — which
5187-428: The camera uses flash focus assist and is set to an operation mode that overrides the flash, it may also disable the focus assist. Thus, autofocus may fail to acquire the subject. Similar stroboscopic flashing is sometimes used to reduce the red-eye effect , but this is only intended to constrict the subject's eye pupils before the shot. Some external flash guns have integrated autofocus assist lamps that replace
5278-399: The camera's autofocus system uses to achieve focus. Many cameras and nearly all camera phones lack a dedicated autofocus assist lamp. Instead, they use their built-in flash, illuminating the subject with bursts of light. This aids the autofocus system in the same fashion as a dedicated assist light, but has the disadvantage of startling or annoying people. Another disadvantage is that if
5369-399: The camera. When in use, the lens will constantly maintain its focus on the subject, hence it is commonly used for sports and action photography . AI refers to artificial intelligence : algorithms that constantly predict where a subject is about to be based on its speed and acceleration data from the autofocus sensor. Modern autofocus is done through one of two mechanisms; either a motor in
5460-416: The camera. Two micro-lenses capture the light rays coming from the opposite sides of the lens and divert it to the AF sensor, creating a simple rangefinder with a base within the lens's diameter. The two images are then analysed for similar light intensity patterns (peaks and valleys) and the separation error is calculated in order to find whether the object is in front focus or back focus position. This gives
5551-474: The capabilities by its 1080p H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HD video encoder. It also offers an increased image sensor analog signal readout clock rate, reducing rolling shutter . Compared to competitors from Canon ( DIGIC , "IPP" compression – MPEG-2 equivalent : Only one previous frame analyzed ) the Expeed 2 offers video compression also based on complex B-frames ( bi-directional differencing between frames and motion prediction ), which has
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#17327974404815642-413: The direction and an estimate of the required amount of focus-ring movement. PD AF in a continuously focusing mode (e.g. "AI Servo" for Canon , "AF-C" for Nikon , Pentax and Sony ) is a closed-loop control process. PD AF in a focus-locking mode (e.g. "One-Shot" for Canon , "AF-S" for Nikon and Sony ) is widely believed to be a "one measurement, one movement" open-loop control process, but focus
5733-498: The effective measurement basis is typically set to between 1:5.6 and 1:6.7, so that AF continues to work with slow lenses (at least for as long as they are not stopped down). This, however, reduces the intrinsical accuracy of the autofocus system, even if fast lenses are used. Since the effective measurement basis is an optical property of the actual implementation, it cannot be changed easily. Very few cameras provide multi-PD-AF systems with several switchable measurement bases depending on
5824-401: The effects of trap focus. By using the custom firmware Magic Lantern , some Canon DSLRs can perform trap focus. AI Servo is an autofocus mode found on Canon SLR cameras, and in other brands such as Nikon , Sony , and Pentax , under the name "continuous focus" (AF-C). Also referred to as focus tracking , it is used to track a subject as it moves around the frame, or toward and away from
5915-478: The features of the Expeed 3 (FR) and older versions of Expeed, plus it consumes less power. The Nikon D4S 's processor is identical to the Nikon D4, marked EI-158, using its processing power with improved software enabling 1080p video capture at 50/60fps, 11 fps photos with improved autofocus, new noise reduction with image-content variable algorithm (context-adaptive) and other improvements. Version 4A
6006-447: The first frame, but note that the buffer size is yet unknown and probably very small. Nikon announced the Expeed 6 processor engine on 23 August 2018. It appears in their Nikon Z 7 , Nikon Z 6 , Nikon Z 5 , Nikon Z 50 , Nikon Z 30 , Nikon Z fc , Nikon D780 and Nikon D6 cameras. The Nikon Z 6II and Nikon Z 7II each have two Expeed 6 processors. Nikon announced the Expeed 7 processor engine on 28 October 2021. It appears in
6097-586: The first months on the market. Supplies of this camera were also limited after the destruction of some Nikon manufacturing facilities in Thailand by the flooding in October 2011. Many users have complained about back-focus problems on the D7000, as well as dust and oil spots on early production models Several hacks have been published by Simon Pilgrim on Nikon Hacker internet forum and Vitaliy Kiselev on his personal website. Nikon Hacker has several people working on
6188-415: The focal range, stopping precisely at the point where maximal contrast is detected. This means that lenses designed for phase detection often perform poorly on camera bodies that use contrast detection. The assist light (also known as AF illuminator) "activates" passive autofocus systems in low-light and low- contrast situations in some cameras. The lamp projects visible or IR light onto the subject, which
6279-428: The hacks. The published hacks, among few others, include removing the time limit for video recording, clean HDMI and LCD on LiveView, disabling automatic hot-pixel removal (also known as Nikon Star Eater) and higher data rate for video recording. Several other hacks are under development but not yet published. June 2013 Simon Pilgrim was able to enable RAW video recording but the frame rate (roughly 1.5 frames per second)
6370-482: The image (e.g. sky or bright back-lights) if it detects faces near the image center that are darker (e.g. in shadow) than these minor parts. This feature is sometimes surprising due to reliable scene recognition and face detection (including side-view of faces) of the new high-resolution sensor, even if there are only strangers (in the dark) near the image center. If not wanted, the metering can be changed with exposure compensation, two-point (average) metering, metering on
6461-456: The increased amount of light. Most consumer camera systems will only autofocus reliably with lenses that have a widest aperture of at least f / 5.6, whilst professional models can often cope with a widest aperture of f / 8, which is particularly useful for lenses used in conjunction with teleconverters . Between 1960 and 1973, Leitz (Leica) patented an array of autofocus and corresponding sensor technologies. In 1976, Leica had presented
6552-514: The latter case, infrared light is usually used to triangulate the distance to the subject. Compact cameras including the Nikon 35TiQD and 28TiQD , the Canon AF35M , and the Contax T2 and T3 , as well as early video cameras, used this system. A newer approach included in some consumer electronic devices, like mobile phones, is based on the time-of-flight principle, which involves shining
6643-494: The lens directly. Passive AF systems determine correct focus by performing passive analysis of the image that is entering the optical system. They generally do not direct any energy, such as ultrasonic sound or infrared light waves, toward the subject. (However, an autofocus assist beam of usually infrared light is required when there is not enough light to take passive measurements.) Passive autofocusing can be achieved by phase detection or contrast measurement. Phase detection (PD)
6734-407: The lens elements to achieve precise focusing. The magnetic field interacts with coils to produce motion for adjusting the lens position quickly and accurately based on focus requirements. Magnets are ideal for this purpose because they enable smooth and rapid adjustments without direct physical contact, enhancing durability and response time. Some camera bodies, including all Canon EOS bodies and
6825-593: The lens right into (or close to) focus without additional measurements. Additional measurements on the fly, however, can improve accuracy or help keep track of moving objects. However, the accuracy of phase-detection auto-focus depends on its effective measurement basis. If the measurement basis is large, measurements are very accurate, but can only work with lenses with a large geometrical aperture (e.g. 1:2.8 or larger). Even with high contrasty objects, phase-detection AF cannot work at all with lenses slower than its effective measurement basis. In order to work with most lenses,
6916-451: The lens stopped down. Also, since contrast AF continues to work in stopped-down mode rather than only in open-aperture mode, it is immune to aperture-based focus shift errors phase-detection AF systems suffer since they cannot work in stopped-down mode. Thereby, contrast AF makes arbitrary fine-focus adjustments by the user unnecessary. Also, contrast AF is immune to focusing errors due to surfaces with repeating patterns and they can work over
7007-401: The lens used in order to allow normal auto-focusing with most lenses, and more accurate focusing with fast lenses. Contrast AF does not have this inherent design limitation on accuracy as it only needs a minimal object contrast to work with. Once this is available, it can work with high accuracy regardless of the speed of a lens; in fact, for as long as this condition is met, it can even work with
7098-406: The light conditions, but can be easily fooled by obstacles like window glasses, and the accuracy is typically restricted to a rather limited number of steps. Phase-detection autofocus "sees" through window glasses without problems and is much more accurate, but it does not work in low-light conditions or on surfaces without contrasts or with repeating patterns. A very common example of combined usage
7189-509: The main control unit of the camera. In each generation Nikon uses different versions for its professional and consumer DSLRs / MILCs , whereas its compact cameras use totally different architectures. This is different from for example Canons DIGIC : its professional DSLRs double the processors of its consumer DSLR series. The Expeed is an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) built by Socionext specifically for Nikon designs according to Nikon specifications. The Nikon Expeed
7280-500: The main improved features compared to EI-14x Expeeds . Used in the Nikon D7000 , Nikon D3100 and Nikon D5100 and Nikon marked EI-154. Although image sensor readout clock frequency has increased by a factor of 1.75, A/D converter accuracy is improved, especially when using 14-bit. Image processor performance is increased, performing a higher continuous shooting frame rate even when high ISO noise reduction or Active D-Lighting
7371-522: The more budget-oriented among Nikon's DX models, do not include an autofocus motor and therefore cannot autofocus with lenses that lack an inbuilt motor. Some lenses, such as Pentax' DA* designated models, although normally using an inbuilt motor, can fall back to screwdrive operation when the camera body does not support the necessary contact pins. Expeed#Expeed 5 The Nikon Expeed image / video processors (often styled EXPEED ) are media processors for Nikon's digital cameras . They perform
7462-516: The more sophisticated stand-alone sensors, but since the fine focusing is now carried out through contrast focusing, the phase-detection AF sensors are only need to provide coarse directional information in order to speed up the contrast auto-focusing process. In July, 2010, Fujifilm announced a compact camera, the F300EXR, which included a hybrid autofocus system consisting of both phase-detection and contrast-based elements. The sensors implementing
7553-508: The new 14 megapixel image sensor. It is developed exclusively for Nikon 1 cameras. Expeed 4 uses a processor with ARM central controller , and is used in the Nikon D810 , Nikon D750 , Nikon D5300 , Nikon D5500 , Nikon D5600 , Nikon D3300 , Nikon D3400 , Nikon D3500 and Nikon D7200 . It offers full HD (1080p) video capture at 50/60 fps with improved contrast detection autofocus and live preview autofocus. It includes all of
7644-412: The norm on most mirrorless cameras giving them significantly better AF tracking performance compared to contrast detection. Contrast detection places different constraints on lens design when compared with phase detection. While phase detection requires the lens to move its focus point quickly and directly to a new position, contrast-detection autofocus instead employs lenses that can quickly sweep through
7735-492: The optical system, and subsequently adjust the optical system for correct focus. There are various ways to measure distance, including ultrasonic sound waves and infrared light. In the first case, sound waves are emitted from the camera, and by measuring the delay in their reflection, distance to the subject is calculated. Polaroid cameras including the Spectra and SX-70 were known for successfully applying this system. In
7826-447: The phase-detection AF can assist a contrast AF system to be fast and accurate at the same time, to compensate aperture-based focus-shift errors, and to continue to work with lenses stopped down, as, for example, in stopped-down measuring or video mode. Recent developments towards mirrorless cameras seek to integrate the phase-detection AF sensors into the image sensor itself. Typically, these phase-detection sensors are not as accurate as
7917-406: The phase-detection AF in this camera are integrated into the camera's Super CCD EXR. Currently it is used by Fujifilm FinePix Series, Fujifilm X100S , Ricoh , Nikon 1 series , Canon EOS 650D/Rebel T4i and Samsung NX300 . Active systems will typically not focus through windows, since sound waves and infrared light are reflected by the glass. With passive systems this will generally not be
8008-400: The shutter when an object is in focus. The technique works by choosing the focus adjustment (turning AF off), then setting the shooting mode to "Single" (AF-S), or more specifically focus priority, then depressing the shutter – when the subject moves into focus, the AF detects this (though it does not change the focus), and a shot is taken. The first SLR to implement trap focusing was
8099-531: The stroboscopic on-camera flash. Many of them are red and less obtrusive. Another way to assist contrast based AF systems in low light is to beam a laser pattern on to the subject. The laser method is commercially called Hologram AF Laser and was used in Sony CyberShot cameras around the year 2003, including Sony's F707, F717 and F828 models. In a hybrid autofocus system, focus is achieved by combining two or more methods, such as: The double effort
8190-454: The whole frame, not just near the center of the frame, as phase-detection AF does. The down-side, however, is that contrast AF is a closed-loop iterative process of shifting the focus back and forth in rapid succession. Compared to phase-detection AF, contrast AF is slow, since the speed of the focus iteration process is mechanically limited and this measurement method does not provide any directional information. Combining both measurement methods,
8281-408: Was to become the standard configuration for SLR cameras from this manufacturer, and also Nikon abandoned their F3AF system and integrated the autofocus-motor and sensors in the body. Canon decided to discontinue their FD mount and switched to the completely electronic EF mount with motorised lenses in 1987. Pentax was the first to introduce focusing distance measurement for SLR cameras with
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