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76-563: The DAS Building bombing was a truck bomb attack in Bogotá , Colombia , at 7:30 am on December 6, 1989, targeting the Administrative Department of Security (DAS) headquarters. A truck parked near the building exploded , killing 57 people instantly and injuring 2,248. The bomb blast, an estimated 500 kg of dynamite , destroyed 14 city blocks and destroyed more than 300 commercial properties. The last victim of

152-453: A vehicle-borne improvised explosive device ( VBIED ), is an improvised explosive device designed to be detonated in an automobile or other vehicles. Car bombs can be roughly divided into two main categories: those used primarily to kill the occupants of the vehicle (often as an assassination ) and those used as a means to kill, injure or damage people and buildings outside the vehicle. The latter type may be parked (the vehicle disguising

228-640: A car bomb involves keeping vehicles at a distance from vulnerable targets by using roadblocks and checkpoints , Jersey barriers , concrete blocks or bollards , metal barriers , or by hardening buildings to withstand an explosion. The entrance to Downing Street in London has been closed since 1991 in reaction to the Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign, preventing the general public from getting near Number 10 . Where major public roads pass near buildings, road closures may be

304-513: A driver but armoured to withstand incoming fire. The vehicle would be driven to its target area, in a similar fashion to a kamikaze plane of WW2 . These were known by the acronym SVBIED (from Suicide Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Device ) or VBIEDs. This saw generally civilian cars with armour plating added, that would protect the car for as long as possible, so that it could reach its intended target. Cars were sometimes driven into enemy troop areas, or into incoming enemy columns. Most often,

380-420: A head injury in a fall and was semi-conscious or in a coma for a period of several weeks. He later returned to Michigan and his father's farm. After his mother's death, Kehoe's father married a much younger widow, Frances Wilder, and a daughter was born. On September 17, 1911, as his stepmother attempted to light the family's oil stove, it exploded and set her on fire. Kehoe threw a bucket of water on her, but

456-667: A large area and caused extensive damage to cars parked a half-block away, with their roofs catching on fire from the burning gasoline. It injured several others and mortally wounded postmaster Glenn O. Smith, who lost a leg and died before making it to the hospital. O.   H. Bush recalled that one of his crew bound up "the wounds of Glenn Smith, the postmaster. His leg had been blown off". Telephone operators stayed at their stations for hours to summon doctors, undertakers, area hospital workers, and anyone else who might help. The Lansing Fire Department sent several firefighters and its chief. Local physician J.   A. Crum and his wife,

532-433: A little dead girl on each side of her and holding a little boy, Percy, who died a short time after they got him to the hospital. This was about the time Kehoe blew his car up in the street, severely wounding Perry, the oldest child of Mr. and Mrs.   Hart". The north wing of the school had collapsed, leaving the edge of the roof on the ground. Ellsworth recalled that "there was a pile of children of about five or six under

608-485: A national outpouring of grief. Newspaper headlines from across the U.S. characterized Kehoe as a maniac, a madman, and a fiend. People from across the world expressed sympathy to the families and the community of Bath Township, including letters from some Italian schoolchildren. One 5th   grade class wrote: "Even if we are small, we understand all the sorrow and misfortune that has struck our dear brothers". Another Italian class wrote: "We are praying to God to give to

684-531: A nurse, who had both served in World War I , turned their Bath Township drugstore into a triage center. The dead bodies were taken to the town hall, which was used as a morgue. Hundreds of people worked in the wreckage all day and into the night in an effort to find and rescue any children pinned underneath. Area contractors sent all their men to assist, and many other people came to the scene in response to pleas for help. Eventually, thirty-four firefighters and

760-422: A single vehicle may be used, or an initial "breakthrough" vehicle, then followed by another vehicle. While many car bombs are disguised as ordinary vehicles, some that are used against military forces have improvised vehicle armour attached to prevent the driver from being shot when attacking a fortified outpost. Car bombs and detonators function in a diverse manner of ways and there are numerous variables in

836-458: A spark, scattering burning gasoline throughout the basement. In the undamaged section of the school it was found that Kehoe had concealed the explosives in six lengths of eavestrough pipe , three bamboo fishing rods and what were described as "windmill rods" that were placed in the basement ceiling. Kehoe purchased a .30-caliber Winchester bolt-action rifle in December 1926, according to

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912-493: A tank or another armoured vehicle) at some speed, and then exploded, destroying itself and the target. It was armoured so that it could not be destroyed en route. However, it was not driven by a person, instead operated by remote control from a safe distance. Prior to the 20th century, bombs planted in horse carts had been used in assassination plots, notably in the unsuccessful " machine infernale " attempt to kill Napoleon on 24 December 1800. The first car bomb may have been

988-401: A terrain, the circuit is completed, and the explosive is detonated. Car bombs are effective as booby traps because they also leave very little evidence. When an explosion happens, it is difficult for forensics to find any evidence because things either denigrate or become charred. As a safety mechanism to protect the bomber, the placer of the bomb may rig a timing device incorporated with

1064-497: A wooden sign wired to the farm's fence with Kehoe's last message stenciled on it: "Criminals are made, not born". The American Red Cross set up an operations center at the Crum drugstore and took the lead in providing aid and comfort to the victims. The Lansing Red Cross headquarters stayed open until 11:30   that night to answer telephone calls, update the list of dead and injured, and provide information and planning services for

1140-491: Is no clear indication of when Kehoe had the idea of massacring the schoolchildren and townspeople, but Ellsworth, who was a neighbor, thought that he conceived his plan after being defeated in the 1926 clerk election. The consensus of the townspeople was that he had worked on his plan at least since the previous August. Bath School Board member M. W. Keyes was quoted by The New York Times : I have no doubt that he made his plans last Fall [ sic ] [1926] to blow up

1216-633: The Bath School massacre , was a series of violent attacks perpetrated by Andrew Kehoe upon the Bath Consolidated School in Bath Charter Township, Michigan , United States, on May 18, 1927. The attacks killed 38   children and 6   adults, and injured at least 58   other people. Prior to the explosions at the school, Kehoe had murdered his wife, Nellie Price Kehoe, and firebombed his farm. Arriving at

1292-613: The Lebanese Civil War , an estimated 3,641 car bombs were detonated. The tactic was adopted by Palestinian militant groups such as Hamas , Fatah and Islamic Jihad , especially during the Second Intifada (2000–2005) . While not an adaptation of a people-carrying vehicle, the WW2 German Goliath remote control mine, shares many parallels with a vehicle-based IED . It approached a target (often

1368-483: The Oklahoma City bombing . Car bombs are activated in a variety of ways, including opening the vehicle's doors, starting the engine, remote detonation, depressing the accelerator or brake pedals, or simply lighting a fuse or setting a timing device. The gasoline in the vehicle's fuel tank may make the explosion of the bomb more powerful by dispersing and igniting the fuel. Mario Buda's improvised wagon used in

1444-493: The 16th century hellburners , explosive-laden ships which were used to deadly effect by the besieged Dutch forces in Antwerp against the besieging Spanish . Though using a less refined technology, the basic principle of the hellburner is similar to that of the car bomb. Car bombs would start out with animals such as horses and cows, then it eventually emerged into a car. The first reported suicide car bombing (and possibly

1520-452: The 1920 Wall Street bombing is considered a prototype of the car bomb. The first non-suicide car bombing "fully conceptualized as a weapon of urban warfare" came January 12, 1947 when Lehi (also known as Stern Gang), a Zionist paramilitary organization, bombed the Haifa police station . In the fall of 2005, there were 140 car bombings happening per month. Car bombs are preceded by

1596-512: The 1927–1928 school year, was held in the community hall, township hall, and two retail buildings. Most of the surviving students returned. The board appointed O.   M. Brant of Luther, Michigan , to succeed Huyck as superintendent. Lansing architect Warren Holmes donated construction plans, and the school board approved the contracts for a new building on September 14. On September 15, U.S. Senator James J. Couzens presented his personal check for $ 75,000 (equivalent to $ 1,315,517 in 2023) to

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1672-525: The Bath Township school tax was $ 12.26 for every $ 1000 valuation of a property, with the valuation on Kehoe's farm being $ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 182,028 in 2023). In 1923 the school board raised the tax to $ 18.80 per thousand dollar valuation and in 1926 the taxes went up to $ 19.80. This meant that Kehoe's tax liability went from $ 122.60 in 1922 (equivalent to $ 2,232 in 2023) to $ 198.00 in 1926 (equivalent to $ 3,408 in 2023). In June 1926 Kehoe

1748-469: The Bath construction fund to help build the new school. The board demolished the damaged portion of the school and constructed a new wing with the donated funds. During the reconstruction dynamite was found in the building on three separate occasions. The James Couzens Agricultural School was dedicated on August   18, 1928. The Kehoe farm was completely plowed to ensure that no explosives were hidden in

1824-548: The Kehoe farm to investigate the fires there. State troopers had searched for Nellie Kehoe throughout Michigan, thinking that she was at a tuberculosis sanatorium , but her charred remains were found the day after the disaster, among the ruins of the farm. All the Kehoe farm buildings were destroyed. Kehoe's two horses had burned to death, trapped inside the barn. Their carcasses were found with their legs hobbled together with wire, preventing their escape or rescue. Investigators found

1900-531: The SVBIEDs were used by ISIL against Government forces, but also used by Syrian rebels ( FSA and allied militias , especially the Al-Nusra Front ) against government troops. The vehicles have become more sophisticated, with armour plating on the vehicle, protected vision slits, armour plating over the wheels so they would withstand being shot at, and also in some cases, additional metal grating over

1976-592: The basement of the school's north wing which detonated the dynamite and pyrotol he had hidden there at about 8:45   a.m. Rescuers heading to the scene of the Kehoe farm fire heard the explosion at the school building and turned back in that direction. Parents within the rural community rushed to the school. The school building resembled a war zone, with 38   people killed in the initial explosion, mostly children. Eyewitnesses and survivors were interviewed afterwards by newspaper reporters. First-grade teacher Bernice Sterling told an Associated Press reporter that

2052-400: The board M. W. Keyes said that he "fought the expenditure of money for the most necessary equipment". Kehoe was considered difficult to work with, often voting against the rest of the board, wanting his own way and arguing with the township financial authorities. He protested that he paid too much in taxes and tried to get the valuation of his property reduced so he would pay less. In 1922,

2128-536: The bomb and allowing the bomber to get away), or the vehicle might be used to deliver the bomb (often as part of a suicide bombing ). It is commonly used as a weapon of terrorism or guerrilla warfare to kill people near the blast site or to damage buildings or other property. Car bombs act as their own delivery mechanisms and can carry a relatively large amount of explosives without attracting suspicion. In larger vehicles and trucks, weights of around 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) or more have been used, for example, in

2204-612: The bombing died on April 27 1990. It was the deadliest car bomb attack in Latin America before being succeeded by the AMIA bombing 5 years later. It is widely believed that the Medellín Cartel was responsible for the attack, in an attempt to assassinate DAS director Miguel Maza Márquez , who escaped unharmed. The same group was believed to be behind the bombing of Avianca Flight 203 9 days before. The DAS building bombing

2280-504: The car bomb to Northern Ireland . Car bombs were also used by Ulster loyalist groups (for example, by the UVF during the Dublin and Monaghan bombings ). PIRA Chief of Staff Seán Mac Stíofáin defines the car bomb as both a tactical and a strategic guerrilla warfare weapon. Strategically, it disrupts the ability of the enemy government to administer the country, and hits simultaneously at

2356-481: The chief of the Lansing Fire Department arrived, as did several Michigan State Police officers who managed traffic to and from the scene. Michigan Governor Fred W. Green arrived during the afternoon of the disaster and assisted in the relief work, carting bricks away from the scene. The Lawrence Baking Company of Lansing sent a truck filled with pies and sandwiches which were served to rescuers in

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2432-545: The circuit to activate the circuit only after a certain time period, therefore ensuring the bomber will not accidentally activate the bomb before they are able to get clear of the blast radius. Even though right now car bombs are supposed to be stealth weapons that cause a good deal of damage, it is feared that they can become bigger, more lethal weapons such as the size of a trailer, making huge explosions and causing plenty of damage. Bath School disaster Bolt-action rifle : The Bath School disaster , also known as

2508-543: The core of its economic structure by means of massive destruction. From a tactical point of view, it ties down a large number of security forces and troops around the main urban areas of the region in conflict. Car bombs are effective weapons as they are an easy way to transport a large number of explosives to the intended target. A car bomb also produces copious shrapnel , or flying debris, and secondary damage to bystanders and buildings. In recent years, car bombs have become widely used by suicide bombers. Defending against

2584-440: The coroner's inquest that he saw the two men grapple over some type of long gun before Kehoe detonated the explosives stored in his truck, immediately killing himself, Huyck, retired farmer Nelson McFarren, and Cleo Clayton, an 8-year-old second-grader. Clayton had survived the first blast and then wandered out of the school building; he was killed by shrapnel from the exploding vehicle. The truck explosion spread debris over

2660-467: The damage. He gathered lumber and other materials and put them in the tool shed which he later destroyed with an incendiary bomb. By the time of the bombing, Nellie Kehoe had become chronically ill with what resembled tuberculosis , for which there was no effective treatment or cure at the time. Her frequent hospital stays may have contributed to the family's debt. Kehoe had ceased making mortgage and homeowner's insurance payments months earlier. There

2736-480: The dead were buried. For a time following the tragedy the town and Kehoe's burned-out farm continued to attract curiosity seekers. Governor Green quickly called for donations to aid the townspeople and created the Bath Relief Fund with the money supplied by donors, the state, and local governments. People from around the country donated to the fund. School resumed on September   5, 1927, and, for

2812-406: The debris of the school, and nearly as many women were frantically pawing over the timber and broken bricks for traces of their children. I saw more than one woman lift clusters of bricks held together by mortar heavier than the average man could have handled without a crowbar. Ellsworth recounted: I saw one mother, Mrs.   Eugene Hart, sitting on the bank a short distance from the school with

2888-571: The deceased. In a few weeks, US$ 5,284.15 (equivalent to $ 92,685 in 2023) was raised through donations, including $ 2,500 from the Clinton County Board of Supervisors and $ 2,000 from the Michigan Legislature . The disaster received nationwide coverage in the days following, sharing headlines with Charles Lindbergh 's trans-Atlantic crossing (though Lindbergh's crossing received much more attention) and eliciting

2964-410: The disaster it was reported that Michigan State Police investigators had discovered that a considerable amount of dynamite had been stolen from a bridge construction site and that Kehoe was suspected of the theft. Investigators also recovered a container of gasoline , rigged with a tube, in the school's basement; investigators speculated that Kehoe had planned that the gasoline fumes would ignite from

3040-774: The disaster that consolidated schools had great advantages over the smaller rural schools they replaced. All landowners within the township area had to pay higher ad valorem property taxes . At the time of the bombing, Bath Township had about 300 adult residents. Andrew Philip Kehoe was born in Tecumseh, Michigan , on February 1, 1872, into a family of thirteen children and attended the local high school. After graduating he studied electrical engineering at Michigan State College in East Lansing and moved to St. Louis , Missouri , where he worked as an electrician for several years. At some point during this period, Kehoe suffered

3116-404: The early 1920s the area was primarily agricultural. After years of debate, Bath Township voters approved the creation of a consolidated school district in 1922, along with an increase in township property taxes to pay for a new school. When the school opened, it had 236 students enrolled from grade 1 to grade 12 . The school's creation was controversial, but Monty Ellsworth wrote in his book about

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3192-486: The entire school, and everyone in it. Bath Charter Township is a civil township located 10 miles (16 km) northeast of the city of Lansing in the U.S. state of Michigan . The township covers 31 square miles (80 km ) and the small unincorporated village of Bath is within its borders. The township itself lies within Clinton County, Michigan , an area of some 566 square miles (1,470 km ). In

3268-413: The era for excavation and burning debris. In November 1926 he drove to Lansing and bought two boxes of dynamite at a sporting goods store. Dynamite was also commonly used on farms, so his purchase of small amounts of explosives at different stores and on different dates did not raise any suspicions. Neighbors reported hearing explosions on the farm, with one calling him "the dynamite farmer". Following

3344-488: The explosion was like an earthquake: ...the air seemed to be full of children and flying desks and books. Children were tossed high in the air, some were catapulted out of the building Eyewitness Robert Gates said the scene was pure chaos at the school: Mother after mother came running into the school yard, and demanded information about her child and, on seeing the lifeless form lying on the lawn, sobbed and swooned ... In no time more than 100   men at work tearing away

3420-428: The fire began at the Kehoe farm, Kehoe warned him and three men to leave there, saying, "Boys, you are my friends, you better get out of here, you better go down to the school." Three telephone linemen working near Bath Township testified that Kehoe passed them in his truck on the road toward the school, and they saw him arrive there. His truck swerved and stopped in front of the building. In the next instant, according to

3496-478: The fire was oil-based and his action spread the flames more rapidly, which engulfed and immolated her body. The injuries were fatal and she died the next day. Some of Kehoe's later neighbors in Bath Township believed that he had caused the stove explosion. Kehoe married Ellen "Nellie" Price in 1912, at the age of 40. Seven years later they moved to a farm outside Bath Township. Kehoe was said to be dependable, doing favors and volunteer work for his neighbors. He

3572-551: The first suicide bombing) was the Bath School bombings of 1927, where 45 people, including the bomber, were killed and half of a school was destroyed. Mass-casualty suicide car bombings are predominantly associated with the Middle East, particularly in recent decades. A notable suicide car bombing was the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing , when two simultaneous attacks killed 241 U.S. and 58 French peacekeepers. The perpetrator of these attacks has never been positively confirmed. In

3648-475: The following day. The local community responded generously, as reported at the time by the Associated Press: "a sympathetic public assured the rehabilitation of the stricken community. Aid was tendered freely in the hope that the grief of those who lost loved ones might be even slightly mitigated." The Red Cross managed donations sent to pay for medical expenses of the survivors and the burial costs of

3724-441: The front of the vehicle designed to crush or destroy shaped charges such as those used on rocket propelled grenades . In some cases, trucks were also used as well as cars. They were sometimes used to start an assault. Generally, the vehicles had a large space that would contain very heavy explosives. In some cases, animal drawn carts with improvised explosive devices have been used, generally either mules or horses. Tactically,

3800-435: The ground and was sold at auction to pay the mortgage. The coroner arrived at the scene on the day of the disaster and swore in six community leaders that afternoon to serve as a jury investigating the death of Superintendent Huyck. Informal testimony had been taken on May 19 and the formal coroner's inquest started on May 23. The Clinton County prosecutor conducted the examination, and more than 50 people testified before

3876-444: The house and throughout the farm buildings. At approximately 8:45   a.m. on Wednesday, May 18, Kehoe detonated the firebombs in his house and farm buildings, causing some debris to fly into a neighbor's poultry brooding house. Neighbors noticed the fire, and volunteers rushed to the scene. O.   H. Bush and several other men crawled through a broken window of the farmhouse in search of survivors. When they found no one in

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3952-457: The house, they salvaged what furniture they could before the fire spread into the living room. Bush discovered dynamite in the corner; he picked up an armful of explosives and handed it to one of the men. As Kehoe left the burning property in his Ford truck, he stopped to tell those fighting the fire that they should get to the school and then drove off. Classes at Bath Consolidated School began at 8:30   a.m. Kehoe had set an alarm clock in

4028-433: The jury. During his testimony, David Hart stated that Kehoe had told him that he had "killed a horse" and The New York Times reported people as saying that Kehoe had "an ungovernable temper" and "seemed to have a mania for killing things". Neighbors testified that he had been wiring the buildings at his farm about that time and that he was evasive about his reasons. Kehoe's neighbor Sidney J. Howell testified that after

4104-611: The one used for the assassination attempt on Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1905 in Istanbul by Armenian separatists in the command of Papken Siuni belonging to the Armenian Revolutionary Federation . Car bombing was a significant part of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) campaign during The Troubles in Northern Ireland . Dáithí Ó Conaill is credited with introducing

4180-569: The only option (thus, for instance, in Washington, D.C. the portion of Pennsylvania Avenue immediately in front of the White House is closed to traffic). Historically these tactics have encouraged potential bombers to target "soft" or unprotected targets , such as markets. In the Iraqi and Syrian Civil War , the car bomb concept was modified so that it could be driven and detonated by

4256-416: The operation and placement of the bomb within the vehicle. Earlier and less advanced car bombs were often wired to the car's ignition system, but this practice is now considered more laborious and less effective than other more recent methods, as it requires a greater amount of work for a system that can often be quite easily defused . While it is more common nowadays for car bombs to be fixed magnetically to

4332-415: The preceding year, and he had speculated that Kehoe was planning suicide . Kehoe had given him one of his horses about April 1927, but McMullen returned it for this reason. It was discovered later that Kehoe had cut all his wire fences as part of his preparations to destroy his farm, girdling young shade trees to kill them and cutting off his grapevine plants before putting them back on their stumps to hide

4408-492: The profile all too well". Carnegie Mellon University 's Dr. Mary Ellen O'Toole, head of CMU's Department of Forensic Science, has stated that Kehoe could be described as an "injustice collector", meaning someone who obsessively collects perceived slights along with their personal misfortunes, latching on to these feelings of persecution until the individual feels forced to lash out. Kehoe's neighbor A. McMullen noted that Kehoe had stopped working on his farm altogether for most of

4484-509: The roof". He volunteered to drive back to his farm and get a rope heavy enough to pull the school roof off the children's bodies. Returning to his farm, he saw Kehoe driving in the opposite direction, heading toward the school. "He grinned and waved his hand," Ellsworth said. "When he grinned, I could see both rows of his teeth". Kehoe drove up to the school about half an hour after the first explosion. He saw Superintendent Emory Huyck and summoned him over to his truck. Charles Rawson testified at

4560-487: The school   ... He was an experienced electrician and the board employed him in November to make some repairs on the school lighting system. He had ample opportunity then to plant the explosives and lay the wires for touching it off. Kehoe had free access to the school building during the summer vacation of 1926. From mid-1926, he began buying more than a ton of pyrotol , an incendiary explosive used by farmers during

4636-459: The school, the township, and his house. Ida Hall, who lived in a house next to the school, saw activity around the building on different nights during May. Early one morning after midnight she saw a man carrying objects inside. She also saw vehicles around the building several times late at night. Hall mentioned these events to a relative but they were never reported to police. Nellie was discharged from Lansing's St. Lawrence Hospital on May 16, and

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4712-415: The schoolyard in his shrapnel -filled truck and triggered a second explosion, killing himself and four others, as well as injuring bystanders. During the rescue and recovery efforts, searchers discovered a further 500   pounds (230   kg) of explosives under the south wing of the school that had been set to go off simultaneously with the initial explosion. Kehoe had apparently intended to destroy

4788-503: The site of the school explosion, Kehoe died when he set off explosives concealed in his truck. Kehoe, the 55-year-old school board treasurer, was angered by increased taxes and his defeat in the April   5, 1926, election for township clerk . It was thought by locals that he planned his "murderous revenge" following this public defeat. Kehoe had a reputation for being difficult, on the school board and in personal dealings. In addition, he

4864-421: The south wing of the school. The search was halted to allow the state police to disarm the devices, and they found an alarm clock timed to go off at 8:45   a.m. Investigators speculated that the initial explosion may have caused a short circuit in the second set of bombs, preventing them from detonating. They searched the building and then returned to the recovery work. Police and fire officials gathered at

4940-498: The testimony of Lieutenant Lyle Morse, a Michigan State Police investigator with the Department of Public Safety. Prior to the day of the disaster, Kehoe had loaded the back seat of his truck with metal debris capable of producing shrapnel during an explosion. He also bought a new set of tires for his truck to avoid breaking down when transporting the explosives. He made many trips to Lansing for more explosives, as well as to

5016-429: The thousands. Over 100,000 vehicles passed through on Saturday alone, an enormous amount of traffic for the area. Some residents regarded this as an unwarranted intrusion into their time of grief, but most accepted it as a show of sympathy and support from surrounding communities. Burials of individual victims started that Friday, two days after the disaster. Funerals and burials continued on Saturday and Sunday until all

5092-445: The tilt fuse is similar in operation to a mercury switch or medical tablet tube. One end of the fuse will be filled with mercury , while the other open end is wired with the ends of an open circuit to an electrical firing system. When the tilt fuse moves or is jerked, the supply of mercury will flow to the top of the tube and close the circuit. Thus, as the vehicle goes through the regular bumping and dipping that comes with driving over

5168-578: The township's community hall. The injured and dying were transported to Sparrow Hospital and St. Lawrence Hospital in Lansing. The construction of the St. Lawrence facility had been financed in large part by Lawrence Price, Nellie Kehoe's uncle and formerly an executive in charge of Oldsmobile 's Lansing Car Assembly . During the search for survivors and victims, rescuers found an additional 500 lb (230 kg) of dynamite which had failed to detonate in

5244-410: The underside of the car, underneath the passenger or driver's seat, or inside of the mudguard , detonators triggered by the opening of the vehicle door or by pressure applied to the brakes or accelerating pedals are also used. Bombs operating by the former method of fixation to the underside of the car more often than not make use of a device called a tilt fuse . A small tube made of glass or plastic,

5320-517: The unfortunate mothers and fathers, the strength to bear the great sorrow that has descent on them, we are near to you in spirit". Kehoe's body was claimed by one of his sisters and was buried in an unmarked grave in the pauper's section of Mount Rest Cemetery in St. Johns, Michigan . The Price family buried Nellie Price Kehoe in a Lansing cemetery under her maiden name. Vehicles from outlying areas and surrounding states descended upon Bath Township by

5396-476: Was also described as being notoriously impatient with any disagreement; he had shot and killed a neighbor's dog that had come on his property and annoyed him by barking . He had also beaten one of his horses to death when it did not perform to his expectations. Kehoe had a reputation for frugality , and was elected in 1924 as a trustee on the school board for three years and treasurer for one year. He argued strongly for lower taxes, and later superintendent of

5472-522: Was appointed in 1925 as temporary town clerk , but he was defeated in the April 5, 1926, election for that office. This public rejection by the community angered him. Ellsworth speculated that this defeat triggered Kehoe's desire for "murderous revenge", using the bombings to destroy the Bath Consolidated School and kill the community's children and many of its members. In Bath Massacre - America's First School Bombing , Arnie Bernstein cites Robert D. Hare 's Psychopathy Checklist and says that Kehoe "fits

5548-445: Was murdered by her husband some time between her release and the bombings two days later. Kehoe put her body in a wheelbarrow at the rear of the farm's chicken coop, where it was found in a heavily charred condition after the farm explosions and fire. Piled around the cart were silverware and a metal cash box. The ashes of several banknotes could be seen through a slit in the cash box. Kehoe placed and wired homemade pyrotol firebombs in

5624-469: Was notified in June   1926 that his mortgage was going to be foreclosed . For much of the next year, Kehoe purchased explosives and secretly hid them on his property and under the school. On the day of the disaster, Kehoe set off explosions at his farmstead and at the Bath Consolidated School, destroying his farm and ripping through the north wing of the school. As rescue efforts began, Kehoe drove up to

5700-498: Was notified that the widow of his wife's uncle, who held the mortgage on his property, had begun foreclosure proceedings. Following the disaster, the local sheriff who had served the foreclosure notice reported that Kehoe had muttered, "If it hadn't been for that $ 300 school tax I might have paid off this mortgage". Mrs. Price, the mortgage holder, also reported that Kehoe had stated, "If I can't live in that house, no one else will", when she had mentioned foreclosure to him. Kehoe

5776-604: Was the last in the long series of attacks that targeted Colombian politicians, officials, and journalists in 1989, which started with the January 18 killing of 12 judicial officials in Simacota . Participants Timeline Key aspects Former guerrillas Linked to Former government program Linked to Former paramilitaries Linked to Truck bomb A car bomb , bus bomb , van bomb , lorry bomb , or truck bomb , also known as

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