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49-550: The Dockum and Chinle Formation were deposited roughly at the same time and share many of the same vertebrates and plant fossils . They appear to have very similar paleoenvironments . The two units are approximately separated by the Rio Grande in central New Mexico. This has led to controversy over the stratigraphic nomenclature for the Chinle and Dockum. There is no designated type locality for this formation. The Dockum

98-630: A discontinuous patchwork up to the San Rafael Swell . The stratigraphic nomenclature used in southern Utah is also utilized in Monument Valley , where the coarse-grained lower members of the Chinle form a caprock for many famous buttes which characterize the valley. In this region, the stratigraphically lowest unit in the Chinle is usually the Shinarump Conglomerate (or Shinarump Member), which thins northward but

147-525: A good exposure in vicinity of town of Dockum in Dickens County, Texas , in 1890. Lucas included the Dockum Group within the Chinle when he raised the Chinle to group status, but this has not been widely accepted. Dockum was named before the Chinle, and if Lucas is correct, his "Chinle Group" should be named the Dockum Group due to stratigraphic nomenclature rules. Lehman (1994) advocated

196-890: A local extinction, or simply represents a time period which is truncated by slow deposition or a geological hiatus. The thin Sonsela Sandstone bed, the namesake of its corresponding member, has been dated to 216.6 Ma (2019) at its type locality at Sonsela Buttes in Arizona. The first Chinle U-Pb age data to be published referred to the Black Forest Bed, a sandstone layer near the top of the Petrified Forest Member in PEFO. U-Pb estimates for this layer include ~213 Ma (2003 maximum), ~211 Ma (2009), and ~210 Ma (2011, 2020). A presumably older exposure of

245-540: A maximum thickness of a little over 520 meters (1,710 ft). Typically, the Chinle rests unconformably on the Moenkopi Formation . The Chinle Formation was probably mostly deposited in the Norian stage, according to a plethora of chronological techniques. It is a thick and fossiliferous formation with numerous named members (subunits) throughout its area of deposition. While colorful Triassic sediments of

294-495: A segment of Triassic sediments which are so diverse and extensive that it is sometimes raised to its own formation, subdivided further, or redefined more narrowly. In its widest definition, the Petrified Forest Member (or Formation) is split into three sections: the muddy Lower Petrified Forest and Upper Petrified Forest, and the sandy Sonsela Sandstone bed, which separates them. The Lower "Petrified Forest Member"

343-731: A simplified stratigraphy of up to five geologic formations . According to his system, the basal unit is the Santa Rosa Sandstone , a braided stream channel-related facies . The Santa Rosa is overlain by the Tecovas Formation (and its New Mexican equivalent, the Garita Creek Formation ), which is dominated by overbank (distal floodplain ) deposits with lenses of channel-deposits. Minor lacustrine deposits also occur. The Trujillo Sandstone , channel-deposits, and Cooper Canyon Formation (also known as

392-516: A simplified stratigraphy of up to five geologic formations . According to his system, the basal unit is the Santa Rosa Sandstone , a braided stream channel-related facies . The Santa Rosa is overlain by the Tecovas Formation (and its New Mexican equivalent, the Garita Creek Formation ), which is dominated by overbank (distal floodplain ) deposits with lenses of channel-deposits. Minor lacustrine deposits also occur. The Trujillo Sandstone , channel-deposits, and Cooper Canyon Formation (also known as

441-550: Is a reliable component of outcrops throughout the region. In several areas, a thin layer of mottled paleosols , the Temple Mountain Member , may be superimposed onto the Shinarump and underlying Moenkopi Formation. The Monitor Butte Member overlies the Shinarump and Temple Mountain members in southeast Utah and Monument Valley. This unit comprises drab and generally fine-grained sediments, equivalent to

490-467: Is an Upper Triassic continental geological formation of fluvial , lacustrine , and palustrine to eolian deposits spread across the U.S. states of Nevada , Utah , northern Arizona , western New Mexico , and western Colorado . In New Mexico, it is often raised to the status of a geological group, the Chinle Group . Some authors have controversially considered the Chinle to be synonymous to

539-920: Is entirely Late Triassic in age. Tetrapod biostratigraphy for the Chinle was first developed based on phytosaurs and aetosaurs , which in 1998 were combined into global biozones in Spencer G. Lucas 's Land Vertebrate Faunachrons system. Simplified stratigraphy based on Litwin. Note that age inferences devised by Lucas do not necessarily align with other chronological methods used in the Chinle Formation. Other works on Chinle biostratigraphy, such as Martz & Parker (2017), are better integrated with magnetostratigraphy and radiometric dating, and are considered more accurate. Machaeroprosopus ( Smilosuchus , Leptosuchus , etc.) ( Paleorhinus / Parasuchus ) Since 2011, widespread radiometric dating has helped to refine precise age data for part of

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588-645: Is followed by the youngest and sandiest subunit of the Chinle, the Rock Point Member . The Rock Point is distinct enough that it was previously considered a unit of the Wingate Sandstone , a latest Triassic - early Jurassic aeolian formation which overlies the Chinle in many areas. Unambiguous exposures of the Chinle Formation extend into central New Mexico, beyond the eastern edge of the Colorado Plateau. Most of these are found in

637-534: Is generally known as the Blue Mesa Member . In Petrified Forest National Park (PEFO) and its vicinities, the Sonsela Sandstone is thick enough that it can be resolved into several distinct sandstone-rich layers. It is renamed as the Sonsela Member in this situation. The Sonsela Sandstone is a collection of braided-stream channel facies. The Upper "Petrified Forest Member" is sometimes called

686-602: Is often synonymized with the Shinarump Conglomerate, though it may be derived from a different erosional source. It is often preceded by a very thin layer of silty mottled strata. This mottled strata is sometimes termed the Zuni Mountains Formation, though the application of this term beyond the Zuni Mountains is questionable. In the Chama Basin at least, the mottled strata is derived from

735-635: Is practically identical to the Blue Mesa Member, and likely represents the same depositional environment along the ancient river system responsible for the Chinle Formation. It is also distinct from the Monitor Butte Member, which has more evaporite deposits and fewer red sandy layers. The drab mudstone of the Monitor Butte and Cameron members are succeeded in a few areas by a thin section of massive conglomeratic sandstone,

784-569: Is the informally-named “ siltstone member ”. This unit is best exposed at Ghost Ranch, where it has produced the famous Whitaker Quarry, also known as the Coelophysis quarry due to a high concentration of fossils belonging to the theropod dinosaur Coelophysis bauri . The "siltstone member" may be equivalent to the Rock Point Member, and some authors refer to it as such. The Chinle continues northwards into southern Utah and

833-652: The Moss Back Member . This member represents sandy river channel deposits and is likely equivalent to part of the Sonsela Member. Elsewhere, the Monitor Butte grades into the Petrified Forest Member, which in Utah includes the thin but geographically extensive Correo Sandstone Bed. The Petrified Forest Member is followed by the Owl Rock Member. A unit of drab interbedded coarse and fine sediments,

882-690: The Bull Canyon Formation ), overbank deposits with minor channel and lacustrine deposits, are separated from the Santa Rosa-Tecovas by an unconformity. In eastern New Mexico, the Redonda Formation overlies the Cooper Canyon Formation. The Redonda has gradational eastward transition into the upper Cooper Canyon Formation. The Santa Rosa-Tecovas sequence has sediments made up of clasts derived from

931-406: The Bull Canyon Formation ), overbank deposits with minor channel and lacustrine deposits, are separated from the Santa Rosa-Tecovas by an unconformity. In eastern New Mexico, the Redonda Formation overlies the Cooper Canyon Formation. The Redonda has gradational eastward transition into the upper Cooper Canyon Formation. The Santa Rosa-Tecovas sequence has sediments made up of clasts derived from

980-660: The Chama Basin of north-central New Mexico, particularly several famed paleontological sites at Ghost Ranch near Abiquiu . Minor exposures also occur in the Lucero Uplift west of Albuquerque , as well as other areas along the Rio Grande Rift . As in the Colorado Plateau, the lowest major unit in north-central New Mexico is a sandstone-rich member. This layer, the Agua Zarca Sandstone ,

1029-606: The Colorado Plateau have been investigated since the 19th century, the Chinle Formation was only formally named and described by Herbert E. Gregory in 1917. It was named for Chinle Valley in Apache County, Arizona , land which is largely within the Navajo Nation . Gregory did not designate a type locality . He split the Chinle into four subunits, labelled A (youngest) to D (oldest). This did not include

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1078-587: The Dockum Group of eastern Colorado and New Mexico, western Texas , the Oklahoma panhandle, and southwestern Kansas . The Chinle Formation is part of the Colorado Plateau , Basin and Range , and the southern section of the Interior Plains . A probable separate depositional basin within the Chinle is found in northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah. The southern portion of the Chinle reaches

1127-750: The Kane Springs beds , develops in the Paradox Basin. The Kane Springs beds are river deposits which are likely equivalent to the Owl Rock Member and the upper part of the Petrified Forest Member. Finally, either the Rock Point Member or Church Rock Member overlie the Owl Rock. Some researchers feel that the Church Rock and Rock Point members may be synonymous. They are complex heterolithic units, representing variously braided-river facies, lacustrine, and overbank deposits. The Chinle Formation

1176-534: The Llano Estacado of western Texas and eastern New Mexico with minor exposures in southwestern Kansas , eastern Colorado , and Oklahoma panhandle. The Dockum reaches a maximum thickness of slightly over 650 m but is usually much thinner. The Dockum rests on an unconformity over the Anisian (242–234 Ma) aged Anton Chico Formation . The Dockum and Chinle Formation were deposited roughly at

1225-579: The Mesa Redondo Member at PEFO have been dated to ~225 Ma (2011) or ~228 Ma (2013), though these may be influenced by recycled grains. Later estimates from a major core drilling project support a more recent depositional age of 223-222 Ma (2020). This firmly suggests that practically all of the Chinle Formation was deposited in the Norian stage; According to the consensus "long Norian" hypothesis and radiometric assessments of marine strata,

1274-845: The Painted Desert area. In western New Mexico (particularly the Zuni Mountains area), the Mesa Redondo Member may be replaced by another sandy unit known as the Zuni Mountains Formation . Sediments from this time interval are followed by a geological unit called the Bluewater Creek Formation . Most Chinle outcrops in the Painted Desert have traditionally been placed within the following Petrified Forest Member ,

1323-580: The Sonsela Member , though a high concentration of reworked zircons must be accounted for when inferring an accurate age of deposition. The true duration of the Sonsela Member is likely from around 218 Ma to 213 Ma (2020), though older estimates place its base at 220-219 Ma (2011, 2013). A prominent biological turnover is found at the Adamanian-Revueltian boundary in the middle of the Sonsela Member, around 214 Ma. It may correspond to

1372-980: The Travesser Formation , a reddish-brown siltstone and sandstone with some conglomerate lenses; the Sloan Canyon Formation , a red to pale green mudstone with sandstone lenses; and the Sheep Pen Sandstone , a light brown, thinly bedded sandstone. This region is structurally separated from the Dockum Group exposures to the south by the Sierra Grande arch. Cobert Canyon Sandstone ? (correlation uncertain) (correlation uncertain) Correlations and ages based on Spencer G. Lucas ' Land Vertebrate Faunachrons . The faunachrons are based on first and last appearances of phytosaurs . Simplified Chinle stratigraphy based on Litwin. Chinle Formation The Chinle Formation

1421-526: The Blue Mesa Member and Bluewater Creek Formation found further south. The facies of this interval have been interpreted as overbank (distal floodplain ) and lacustrine deposits. At Zion National Park, the Monitor Butte Member is replaced by a thick time-equivalent unit, the Cameron Member , which is also found in the Navajo Nation near its namesake of Cameron, Arizona . The Cameron Member

1470-628: The Carnian-Norian boundary is tentatively set to ~227 Ma. At PEFO, U-Pb estimates from the Blue Mesa Member include 223 Ma (2011), 222 Ma (2020), and 221-218 Ma (2020). Dated outcrops of drab mudstone near St. Johns, Arizona fit this general time period as well. The fossiliferous Placerias quarry, previously regarded as belonging to an older subunit, is likely part of the Blue Mesa Member based on an age date of 219.4 Ma (2014). At Six Mile Canyon near Fort Wingate, New Mexico ,

1519-584: The Chinle Formation, particularly in areas with a more complete stratigraphic record such as Petrified Forest National Park (PEFO). Volcanism further southwest along the Cordilleran magmatic arc supplies zircon crystals to the Chinle system, allowing for U-Pb dating of layers which host zircon grains. Eroded sediments from the Ancestral Rocky Mountains , Ouachita Mountains and Mogollon Highlands also supply older reworked zircon to

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1568-488: The Chinle. "red siltstone member" "sandstone and conglomerate member" (UT) "ocher siltstone member" (UT) Kane Springs beds (in part) Kane Springs beds (in part) Bluewater Creek Formation (NM) Cameron Member Gartra Member ? Shinarump Conglomerate Zuni Mountains Formation (NM) "mottled strata" Temple Mountain Member Some of the most extensive deposits of the Chinle Formation are found in

1617-764: The Four Corners Region was established by the late 1950s. In 1956, Economic geologist Raymond C. Robeck identified and named the Temple Mountain member as the basal-most unit in the area of the San Rafael Swell of Utah. In 1957, John H. Stewart revised the Shinarump Conglomerate and renamed it the Shinarump member of the Chinle formation. Study of the formation expanded northwards into northern Utah and Colorado, facilitated through papers by Forrest G. Poole and Stewart (1964) and Steve W. Sikich (1965), who named informal local members equivalent to those of Arizona and New Mexico. The complete areal extent of

1666-518: The Four Corners area, though it thins greatly to the northwest. A narrow band of undifferentiated purplish sediments from the lower part of the formation extend into vicinity of St. George . The formation thickens eastward into Zion National Park and Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument . The Chinle is a prominent component of badlands and outcrops in the various national parks, monuments, and recreation areas of southeast Utah, extending in

1715-559: The Painted Desert Member, or simply referred to as the Petrified Forest Member in a more restricted definition of the term. The Petrified Forest is predominately overbank deposits with thin lenses of channel-deposit facies and lacustrine deposits. The Petrified Forest Member grades into the Owl Rock Member , a marginal lacustrine to lacustrine facies possibly representing a large lake system. The Owl Rock Member

1764-570: The Petrified Forest Member, the Hayden Quarry at Ghost Ranch, is dated to 212 Ma (2011). A similar age was found for the middle part of the member in PEFO. The end of the Petrified Forest Member was probably close to 208 Ma, meaning that overlying strata is presumably latest Norian-Rhaetian in age. Geologic Province: Parklands: Other: Dockum Group The Dockum is a Late Triassic (approximately late Carnian through Rhaetian , or 223–200 Ma) geologic group found primarily on

1813-479: The base of the Blue Mesa Member (or its local equivalent) is defined by a distinct sandstone bed, which has been dated to 221-219 Ma (2009) or 218 Ma (2011). The underlying Bluewater Creek Formation has also been dated to 221-219 Ma (2014), suggesting that it overlaps in time with the Arizonan Blue Mesa Member and possibly part of the Sonsela Member. Radiometric dates are well-recorded for

1862-907: The basin. Chinle radiometric dating is complicated by lithological quirks of zircon deposition. Taken at face value, U-Pb dates from coarse-grained layers are often several million years older than expected based on magnetostratigraphy, while mud-dominated layers are generally more accurate despite a lower sample size. This is likely because sandy rivers receive a higher proportion of recycled zircon grains from distant eroded rocks, while muddy plains are supplied with fresh zircon-rich ash from contemporary volcanic eruptions. While zircons from sandstone-rich layers are less useful for inferring direct depositional ages, they can be very useful for inferring sediment sources: each igneous or metamorphic sediment source has its own set of old (usually Precambrian) zircon ages, which can be traced in Triassic sediments. Outcrops of

1911-547: The eroded and pedogenically modified surface of the Moenkopi Formation. The coarse lower unit grades into the fine-grained Salitral Formation , which is equivalent to the Blue Mesa Member and Bluewater Creek Formation. In south-central New Mexico, it may instead grade into the San Pedro Arroyo Formation , a similar heterolithic unit. Coarse sandstone returns along a sharp contact with

1960-568: The following Poleo Formation , an equivalent of the Sonsela Member. The Poleo Formation grades into the thick colorful sediments of the Petrified Forest Member. Authors which raise this member to a formation subdivide it into the lower Mesa Montosa Member and the upper Painted Desert Member. The Petrified Forest Member is fossiliferous in the Chama Basin, with major sites including the Hayden, Canjilon, and Snyder quarries of Ghost Ranch. The stratigraphically highest unit in north-central New Mexico

2009-570: The name Dolores Formation as a parochial synonym for the Chinle Group. Overviews of the Chinle were created by Dubiel and others (1992) and Hintze and Axen (1995). The Chinle Formation is fossiliferous, with a diverse array of extinct reptile, fish, and plant fossils, including early dinosaurs and the famous petrified wood of Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona . The formation members and their thicknesses are highly variable across

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2058-747: The north, northeast, and east of the Dockum, very similar to clasts found in the lower Chinle. However, the Trujillo-Cooper Canyon sequence's sediments are derived from the Ouachita orogenic belts of the Marathon Uplift . The Dockum Group in extreme northeastern New Mexico is divided four formations. These are, in ascending stratigraphic order, the Baldy Hill Formation , a mudstone with coarse-grained sandstone lenses;

2107-429: The north, northeast, and east of the Dockum, very similar to clasts found in the lower Chinle. However, the Trujillo-Cooper Canyon sequence's sediments are derived from the Ouachita orogenic belts of the Marathon Uplift . The Dockum Group in extreme northeastern New Mexico is divided four formations. These are, in ascending stratigraphic order, the Baldy Hill Formation , a mudstone with coarse-grained sandstone lenses;

2156-423: The same time and share many of the same vertebrates and plant fossils . They appear to have very similar paleoenvironments . The two units are approximately separated by the Rio Grande in central New Mexico. This has led to controversy over the stratigraphic nomenclature for the Chinle and Dockum. There is no designated type locality for this formation. The Dockum was named by William Fletcher Cummins for

2205-554: The southern Colorado Plateau, including Arizona and the western portion of New Mexico. In this region, the oldest and stratigraphically lowest portion of the Chinle is the Shinarump Conglomerate . The Shinarump includes braided-river system channel-deposit facies . The Shinarump interfingers with a finer-grained subunit, the Mesa Redondo Member , one of the oldest widespread units in the badlands of

2254-446: The underlying Shinarump Conglomerate (named by G. K. Gilbert and Edwin E. Howell in 1875), which he considered a separate formation. United States Geological Survey geologists and paleontologists continued to map out the Chinle Formation through the 20th century, revising the unnamed subunits of Gregory. A basic stratigraphy of the formation was developed for north-central New Mexico by Wood and Northrop (1946), and stratigraphy in

2303-412: The unit was mapped by R.F. Wilson and Stewart in 1967. Stewart and his colleagues created an expansive overview and revision of the formation in 1972, summarizing previous knowledge on Chinle stratigraphy. V.C. Kelley assigned more members and revised the unit in 1972. Spencer G. Lucas and S.N. Hayden did the same thing in 1989. The Rock Point Member was assigned by R.F. Dubiel in 1989. The Chinle

2352-438: Was named by William Fletcher Cummins for a good exposure in vicinity of town of Dockum in Dickens County, Texas , in 1890. Lucas included the Dockum Group within the Chinle when he raised the Chinle to group status, but this has not been widely accepted. Dockum was named before the Chinle, and if Lucas is correct, his "Chinle Group" should be named the Dockum Group due to stratigraphic nomenclature rules. Lehman (1994) advocated

2401-434: Was raised to group rank by Lucas in 1993, thus also raising many of the members to formation status. He also included the formations of the Dockum Group of eastern New Mexico and west Texas within the "Chinle Group". This modified nomenclature is controversial; many still retain the Chinle as a formation and separate out the Dockum Group . The Dockum was named in 1890, before the Chinle. Lucas also advocated abandoning

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