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75-723: A registered national charitable organization, Historica Canada was originally established as the Historica-Dominion Institute following a 2009 merger of two existing groups—the Historica Foundation of Canada and The Dominion Institute—and changed to its present name in September 2013. Anthony Wilson-Smith has been president and CEO of the organization since September 2012, with the board of directors being chaired (as of January 2021) by First National Financial -co-founder Stephen Smith. Some of

150-452: A 12×/10×/32× CD drive can write to CD-R discs at 12× speed (1.76 MB/s), write to CD-RW discs at 10× speed (1.46 MB/s), and read from CDs at 32× speed (4.69 MB/s), if the CPU and media player software permit speeds that high. Software distributors, and in particular distributors of computer games, often make use of various copy protection schemes to prevent software running from any media besides

225-416: A CD-ROM, each track can have its sectors in a different mode from the rest of the tracks. They can also coexist with audio CD tracks, which is the case of mixed mode CDs . Both Mode 1 and 2 sectors use the first 16 bytes for header information, but differ in the remaining 2,336 bytes due to the use of error correction bytes. Unlike an audio CD, a CD-ROM cannot rely on error concealment by interpolation ;

300-457: A CMHC-approved lender in Canada, allowing them to lend directly to borrowers. In 2001, First National launched Merlin, an online mortgage approval and tracking software system. In 2003, the system expanded to include commercial mortgage administration and investor communications. In 2007, First National introduced My Mortgage, an online mortgage management tool. In 2006, First National became

375-414: A block). Disc image formats that store raw CD-ROM sectors include CCD/IMG , CUE/BIN , and MDS/MDF . The size of a disc image created from the data in the sectors will depend on the type of sectors it is using. For example, if a CD-ROM mode 1 image is created by extracting only each sector's data, its size will be a multiple of 2,048; this is usually the case for ISO disc images . On a 74-minute CD-R, it

450-466: A higher reliability of the retrieved data is required. To achieve improved error correction and detection, Mode 1, used mostly for digital data, adds a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code for error detection, and a third layer of Reed–Solomon error correction using a Reed-Solomon Product-like Code (RSPC). Mode 1 therefore contains 288 bytes per sector for error detection and correction, leaving 2,048 bytes per sector available for data. Mode 2, which

525-495: A jury (one for arts and another for stories) of accomplished Indigenous authors, artists, and community leaders. The contest was born out of a joint project of the Dominion Institute and Doubleday Canada : Our Story , a short story compilation that brings together 9 leading Indigenous authors, including Thomas King , Tomson Highway , and Tantoo Cardinal . In its 15-year run, more than 5,500 youth have participated in

600-635: A mock citizenship exam in English or French. Presented by Historica Canada and funded by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada , the Citizenship Challenge has tested of over 1.05 million people as of January 2021. As a studying resource for both the challenge and for actual citizenship tests themselves, Historica Canada offers a "Citizenship Collection" through the Canadian Encyclopedia . The Canadian Encyclopedia

675-483: A proprietary interface, such as the Panasonic CD interface , LMSI/Philips, Sony and Mitsumi standards. Virtually all modern CD-ROM drives can also play audio CDs (as well as Video CDs and other data standards) when used with the right software. CD-ROM drives employ a near- infrared 780 nm laser diode . The laser beam is directed onto the disc via an opto-electronic tracking module, which then detects whether

750-717: A record $ 123.9 billion in mortgages under administration. In 1988, Stephen J.R. Smith and Moray Tawse opened First National for business with its first office located in Toronto. In 1991, First National expanded its company to Western Canada and opened a second office in Vancouver. In 1995, First National opened its Halifax office. As the company continued to expand, First National opened another office in Calgary in 2000 and in Montreal in 2008. In 1991, First National became

825-484: A record high of $ 131 billion in 2022 As of June 30, 2023, First National's mortgages under administration increase by 8% to a record level of $ 137.8 billion. CD-ROM A CD-ROM ( / ˌ s iː d iː ˈ r ɒ m / , compact disc read-only memory ) is a type of read-only memory consisting of a pre-pressed optical compact disc that contains data computers can read, but not write or erase. Some CDs, called enhanced CDs , hold both computer data and audio with

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900-667: A significant person, event, or story—those of great importance, accomplishment, tragedy, and bravery—in Canadian history . Shown on television, in cinemas, and online, some topics covered by the Heritage Minutes include Terry Fox ; the Asahi Baseball team ; Lucy Maud Montgomery ; the Acadian Deportation ; the invention of Basketball ; residential schools ; Viola Desmond ; Jennie Trout ; and Winnie

975-482: A user-generated content map" that allows users to "share their stories," as well as classroom resources, quizzes, and themed study guides for teachers and parents to use. With its online format, the Encyclopedia is now able to be updated on a daily basis—also allowing for immediate updates to important events—as well as having a staff of six full-time editors regularly write and commission new articles. As of 2021,

1050-489: A very similar manner (only differing from audio CDs in the standards used to store the data). Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic , with a thin layer of aluminium to make a reflective surface. The most common size of CD-ROM is 120 mm in diameter, though the smaller Mini CD standard with an 80 mm diameter, as well as shaped compact discs in numerous non-standard sizes and molds (e.g., business card-sized media ), also exist. Data

1125-585: Is a Canadian financial services company that is the parent company of First National Financial LP, a private lending institution based in Toronto , Ontario . First National is among the top three in market share in the mortgage broker distribution channel. First National is based in Toronto with over 1,600 employees and five regional offices throughout Canada, including in Calgary , Vancouver , Halifax , and Montreal . As of 2021 , First National announced

1200-567: Is a four-part animated video series exploring "Canadian innovations that have made the world a better and safer place." Created in partnership with the Rideau Hall Foundation , the series features stories from a book by Tom Jenkins and former Canadian Governor General David Johnston titled Ingenious: How Canadians Made the World Smarter, Smaller, Kinder, Safer, Healthier, Wealthier and Happier . Between 2019 and 2020,

1275-427: Is a free bilingual online resource that offers the largest collection of authored and continuously-updated articles focused on Canada and Canadiana . It is the only established national encyclopedia of its kind in the world, in that it is a bilingual national edition of an encyclopedia produced by, for, and about the people of a single country, charting its events, culture, history, and landscape. Established in 1985,

1350-468: Is a maximum. 20× was thought to be the maximum speed due to mechanical constraints until Samsung Electronics introduced the SCR-3230, a 32× CD-ROM drive which uses a ball bearing system to balance the spinning disc in the drive to reduce vibration and noise. As of 2004, the fastest transfer rate commonly available is about 52× or 10,400 rpm and 7.62 MB/s. Higher spin speeds are limited by the strength of

1425-463: Is an extensive online collection of the oral histories and digitized artefacts & memorabilia of veterans and Armed Forces members, providing over 3,000 firsthand accounts, 10,000 photos, and 1,500 other original artifacts (letters, memorabilia) that chronicle Canada's military heritage. Reaching over 3 million Canadians since 2001, the Project is an initiative of Historica Canada made possible with

1500-584: Is defined as "1× speed". Therefore, for Mode 1 CD-ROMs, a 1× CD-ROM drive reads 150/2 = 75 consecutive sectors per second. The playing time of a standard CD is 74 minutes, or 4,440 seconds, contained in 333,000 blocks or sectors . Therefore, the net capacity of a Mode-1 CD-ROM is 650 MB (650 × 2 ). For 80 minute CDs, the capacity is 703 MB. CD-ROM XA is an extension of the Yellow Book standard for CD-ROMs that combines compressed audio, video and computer data, allowing all to be accessed simultaneously. It

1575-823: Is meant to explore key moments in Black-Canadian history through notable Black-Canadian scholars, writers, and community leaders in their own words. fmr. Co-chairman of The Seagram Company Ltd. fmr. Premier of Manitoba 13th Commissioner of the Canadian Football League Chair of MasterCard Foundation Chair Emeritus at Toronto General & Western Hospital Foundation Senior Advisor to McKinsey & Company rtd. President and CEO of Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan Chancellor of McMaster University fmr. anchor of The National President, and co-founder of First National Financial LLP fmr. President and CEO of

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1650-418: Is more appropriate for image or video data (where perfect reliability may be a little bit less important), contains no additional error detection or correction bytes, having therefore 2,336 available data bytes per sector. Both modes, like audio CDs, still benefit from the lower layers of error correction at the frame level. Before being stored on a disc with the techniques described above, each CD-ROM sector

1725-428: Is possible to fit larger disc images using raw mode, up to 333,000 × 2,352 = 783,216,000 bytes (~747 MB). This is the upper limit for raw images created on a 74 min or ≈650 MB Red Book CD. The 14.8% increase is due to the discarding of error correction data. CD-ROM capacities are normally expressed with binary prefixes , subtracting the space used for error correction data. The capacity of a CD-ROM depends on how close

1800-548: Is present in the computer's CD-ROM drive. Manufacturers of CD writers ( CD-R or CD-RW ) are encouraged by the music industry to ensure that every drive they produce has a unique identifier, which will be encoded by the drive on every disc that it records: the RID or Recorder Identification Code. This is a counterpart to the Source Identification Code (SID), an eight character code beginning with " IFPI " that

1875-602: Is scrambled to prevent some problematic patterns from showing up. These scrambled sectors then follow the same encoding process described in the Red Book in order to be finally stored on a CD. The following table shows a comparison of the structure of sectors in CD-DA and CD-ROMs: The net byte rate of a Mode-1 CD-ROM, based on comparison to CD-DA audio standards, is 44,100 Hz × 16 bits/sample × 2 channels × 2,048 / 2,352 / 8 = 150 KB/s (150 × 2 ) . This value, 150 Kbyte/s,

1950-421: Is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations called "pits", with the non-indented spaces between them called "lands". A laser is shone onto the reflective surface of the disc to read the pattern of pits and lands. Because the depth of the pits is approximately one-quarter to one-sixth of the wavelength of the laser light used to read the disc, the reflected beam 's phase is shifted in relation to

2025-402: Is used for data. XA Mode 2 Form 2 has 2,324 bytes of user data, and is similar to the standard Mode 2 but with error detection bytes added (though no error correction). It can interleave with XA Mode 2 Form 1 sectors, and it is used for audio/video data. Video CDs , Super Video CDs , Photo CDs , Enhanced Music CDs and CD-i use these sector modes. The following table shows a comparison of

2100-841: The C. D. Howe Institute fmr. President of McLeod Young Weir Ltd. fmr. Chair of council and vice president of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council fmr. Director of Mount Sinai Hospital , Canadian International Council , and Manulife Financial fmr. Chairman of the Canadian Journalism Foundation , the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , and Petro-Canada First National Financial Corporation Jason Ellis, President and Chief Executive Officer Moray Tawse, Senior Executive Vice President and Co-Founder First National Financial Corporation ( First National )

2175-604: The Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation ; 13% are conventional single family residential homes; and 6% are multi-unit residences and commercial spaces. In 2018, First National's revenue grew 10% to $ 1.2 billion, with $ 106.2 billion in mortgages under administration. In 2020, First National had $ 118.7 billion mortgages under administration and $ 1.38 billion in revenue. In 2021, First National's mortgages under administration grew to $ 123.9 billion. In 2022, First National's Mortgages under administration totalled

2250-727: The ISO 9660 standard in 1988. One of the first products to be made available to the public on CD-ROM was the Grolier Academic Encyclopedia , presented at the Microsoft CD-ROM Conference in March 1986. CD-ROMs began being used in home video game consoles starting with the PC Engine CD-ROM (TurboGrafx-CD) in 1988, while CD-ROM drives had also become available for home computers by

2325-546: The Toronto-Dominion Bank with underwriting and fulfillment processing services on mortgages originated through the Toronto-Dominion Bank's residential mortgage broker channel. In 2006, First National had over $ 20 billion in mortgages under administration. The following year in 2007, First National had $ 31.2 billion mortgages under administration, a 37 percent increase from 2006. The increase

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2400-432: The 1990s were called " multimedia " computers because they incorporated a CD-ROM drive, which allowed for the delivery of several hundred megabytes of video, picture, and audio data. The first laptop to have an integrated CD-ROM drive as an option was 1993's CF-V21P by Panasonic ; however, the drive only supported mini CDs up to 3.5 inches in diameter. The first notebook to support standard 4.7-inch-diameter discs

2475-446: The 2019/2020 year, is the largest art and creative-writing competition for Indigenous youth in Canada. Starting in 2005 as exclusively a writing competition, the contest expanded to accept arts submissions in 2010–2011. The program invites First Nations , Métis , and Inuit artists aged 11 to 29 to interpret an aspect of their culture and heritage through literary and visual arts. The winning submissions are reviewed and selected by

2550-633: The Encyclopedia began in print form before transitioning to CD-ROM , then moving to a digital format in 2001. In 2003, the Encyclopedia incorporated the content of the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada , which included around 3,000 articles and 500 illustrations. In October 2013, the Encyclopedia released its present "enhanced digital interactive" version online, with multimedia augmented through acquisition and partnerships with Maclean’s magazine and The Canadian Press . These interactive features include "curated content exhibits, interactive timelines,…and

2625-936: The Encyclopedia's collection consists of more than 20,700 bilingual articles by more than 5,000 authors including David Suzuki , Margaret Atwood , Marc Laurendeau  [ fr ] , Natasha Henry , Pierre Berton , and Tim Cook . Historica Canada produces numerous learning tools for educators and students through the Canadian Encyclopedia . Some examples include: Women in Canadian History; Residential Schools in Canada; Indigenous Perspectives Education Guide; Official Languages Act; and Black History in Canada Education Guide. Historica Canada also provides some of its content through iTunes University , where users can browse materials organized in course collections along such themes as Women in Canadian History and Asian-Canadian History. Encounters with Canada

2700-607: The Heritage Minutes has been provided by such recognizable voices as Peter Mansbridge , k.d. lang , Adrienne Clarkson , and Lloyd Robertson . The Memory Project is a volunteer speakers bureau that arranges for Canadian Forces members and Canadian veterans (including those of World War I , WWII , the Korean War , and peacekeeping missions) to share their stories of military service at school and community events across Canada. The Memory Project Digital Archive

2775-621: The Indigenous Arts & Stories program. Jury members include Bonnie Devine , Brian Maracle , Drew Hayden Taylor , John Kim Bell , Kent Monkman , Lee Maracle , Maxine Noel , and Rachel Qitsualik-Tinsley , among others. Honorary Patrons of the program have included Assembly of First Nations National Chief Perry Bellegarde , Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami President Terry Audla, and Métis National Council President Clément Chartier . The Citizenship Challenge allows participants to test their Canadian knowledge by studying for and writing

2850-606: The Pooh . The Minutes were first released in 1991 by The CRB Foundation and re-launched by Historica Canada in 2012. With the tagline "A part of our heritage", the Minutes themselves have since become a piece of Canadian culture and have featured appearances over the years by some of Canada's best-known actors, including Jared Keeso , Michael Shanks , Calum Worthy , Colm Feore , Dan Aykroyd , Jean l'Italien  [ fr ] , and Kate Nelligan . Voice-over end narration for

2925-468: The Stephen J.R. Smith School of Business in honour of the $ 50 million donation made by Stephen Smith, Chairman, CEO and Co-founder of First National Financial Corporation. Effective October 30, 2018, Jason Ellis fulfilled the role of Chief Operating Officer of First National Financial LP. This appointment came as the company continues to grow. Jason Ellis has been with First National since 2004, overseeing

3000-644: The Treasury and Capital Markets department and helped managed the company's relationships with investors. On June 19, 2019, the chairman and CEO of First National Financial LP, Stephen Smith, was inducted into the Canadian Business Hall of Fame . In January 2022. First National Financial Corporation announced the appointments of Stephen Smith as executive chairman of the board and Jason Ellis as president, chief executive officer, and director. As part of Bank of Montreal ’s announced re-entry to

3075-406: The beam has been reflected or scattered. CD-ROM drives are rated with a speed factor relative to music CDs. If a CD-ROM is read at the same rotational speed as an audio CD , the data transfer rate is 150 Kbyte/s, commonly called "1×" (with constant linear velocity, short "CLV" ). At this data rate, the track moves along under the laser spot at about 1.2 m/s. To maintain this linear velocity as

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3150-445: The broker channel starting in early 2024, the bank confirmed it would be partnering with First National to provide its underwriting and funding services. In March 2024, First National Financial Corporation hit a landmark achievement by surpassing $ 50 billion in commercial mortgages under administration (MUA). In 2017, First National administered $ 101.6 billion in mortgages, a 2% increase over 2017. 81% of its mortgages are insured by

3225-521: The company he founded, Gauss Electrophysics. The LaserDisc was the immediate precursor to the CD, with the primary difference being that the LaserDisc encoded information through an analog process whereas the CD used digital encoding. Key work to digitize the optical disc was performed by Toshi Doi and Kees Schouhamer Immink during 1979–1980, who worked on a taskforce for Sony and Philips . The result

3300-423: The data are recorded on them by a laser changing the properties of a dye or phase transition material in a process that is often referred to as " burning ". Data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard CD data encoding techniques described in the Red Book specification (originally defined for audio CD only). This includes cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding (CIRC), eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), and

3375-504: The data stored in these sectors corresponds to any type of digital data, not audio samples encoded according to the audio CD specification. To structure, address and protect this data, the CD-ROM standard further defines two sector modes, Mode 1 and Mode 2, which describe two different layouts for the data inside a sector. A track (a group of sectors) inside a CD-ROM only contains sectors in the same mode, but if multiple tracks are present in

3450-401: The disc at 1600 to 4000 rpm, giving a linear velocity of 9.6 m/s and a transfer rate of 1200 Kbyte/s. Above 12× speed most drives read at Constant angular velocity (CAV, constant rpm) so that the motor is not made to change from one speed to another as the head seeks from place to place on the disc. In CAV mode the "×" number denotes the transfer rate at the outer edge of the disc, where it

3525-565: The early 2000s, and the use of CD-ROMs for commercial software is now uncommon. The earliest theoretical work on optical disc storage was done by independent researchers in the United States including David Paul Gregg (1958) and James Russel (1965–1975). In particular, Gregg's patents were used as the basis of the LaserDisc specification that was co-developed between MCA and Philips after MCA purchased Gregg's patents, as well as

3600-453: The end of the 1980s. In 1990, Data East demonstrated an arcade system board that supported CD-ROMs, similar to 1980s LaserDisc video games but with digital data, allowing more flexibility than older LaserDisc games. By early 1990, about 300,000 CD-ROM drives were sold in Japan, while 125,000 CD-ROM discs were being produced monthly in the United States. Some computers that were marketed in

3675-571: The era of COVID-19 in Canada for future generations, Historica Canada launched Canada During COVID-19, a "living archive" of the Canadian experience during the coronavirus pandemic beginning in 2020. Historica Canada invites people to add to this grassroots project in any form—be it through photograph, video, GIF, music, art, or writing—using the project's hashtag and tagging the project's page on Instagram (and Historica Canada itself on other social media). Indigenous Arts & Stories, on hiatus for

3750-968: The federal government's Departments of Veterans Affairs and of Canadian Heritage . The Project also partners with the Royal Canadian Legion , Korean Veterans Association of Canada, Canadian War Museum , Library and Archives Canada , Concordia University Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling, and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre . Beyond its core programs, Historica Canada also offers commemorative programs tied to specific events. Past, including commemorative, programs of Historica Canada include: Along with its core programs, Historica Canada also produces various educational media projects, all of which are created as free content to help promote learning and historical knowledge. Historica Canada's video collection, in addition to its over-90 Heritage Minute shorts, includes more than 150 online educational videos. Inspiring Innovators (2020)

3825-560: The first Canadian lender to offer the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) insured Interest Only Mortgage, meant to help qualified home buyers to lower their monthly mortgage payments in addition to help their month-to-month cash flow. The Interest Only Mortgage offers the option of paying only interest for the first five or ten years of a mortgage. On July 16, 2014, First National Financial Corporation announced that its subsidiary First National Financial LP will supplement

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3900-525: The first Japanese COMDEX computer show in 1985. In November 1985, several computer industry participants, including Microsoft , Philips , Sony , Apple and Digital Equipment Corporation, met to create a specification to define a file system format for CD-ROMs. The resulting specification, called the High Sierra format, was published in May 1986. It was eventually standardized, with a few changes, as

3975-549: The incoming beam, causing destructive interference and reducing the reflected beam's intensity. This is converted into binary data. Several formats are used for data stored on compact discs, known as the Rainbow Books . The Yellow Book , created in 1983, defines the specifications for CD-ROMs, standardized in 1988 as the ISO / IEC 10149 standard and in 1989 as the ECMA -130 standard. The CD-ROM standard builds on top of

4050-673: The late 1990s. Over 10 years later, commonly available drives vary between 24× (slimline and portable units, 10× spin speed) and 52× (typically CD- and read-only units, 21× spin speed), all using CAV to achieve their claimed "max" speeds, with 32× through 48× most common. Even so, these speeds can cause poor reading (drive error correction having become very sophisticated in response) and even shattering of poorly made or physically damaged media, with small cracks rapidly growing into catastrophic breakages when centripetally stressed at 10,000–13,000 rpm (i.e. 40–52× CAV). High rotational speeds also produce undesirable noise from disc vibration, rushing air and

4125-413: The latter capable of being played on a CD player , while data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as ISO 9660 format PC CD-ROMs). During the 1990s and early 2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute software and data for computers and fifth generation video game consoles . DVDs as well as downloading started to replace CD-ROMs in these roles starting in

4200-412: The optical head moves to different positions, the angular velocity is varied from about 500 rpm at the inner edge to 200 rpm at the outer edge. The 1× speed rating for CD-ROM (150 Kbyte/s) is different from the 1× speed rating for DVDs (1.32 MB/s). When the speed at which the disc is spun is increased, data can be transferred at greater rates. For example, a CD-ROM drive that can read at 8× speed spins

4275-411: The organization has produced two brief podcast series: In 2020, Historica Canada announced plans for a "Black History Podcast and Video Series," seeking a production company or team to develop a six-episode conversation-style podcast series (15–20 minutes each) and a three-part animated video series that adapts the podcast into visual form (3–5 minutes each), with a total budget of CA$ 75,000. The series

4350-494: The organizations best-known programs include its collection of Heritage Minutes —60-second vignettes re-enacting important and remarkable incidents in Canada's history—and The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada regularly conducts public opinion polls and creates educational videos, podcasts, and learning tools. It also operates the Ottawa-based Encounters with Canada youth program. To commemorate

4425-479: The original Red Book CD-DA standard for CD audio. Other standards, such as the White Book for Video CDs , further define formats based on the CD-ROM specifications. The Yellow Book itself is not freely available, but the standards with the corresponding content can be downloaded for free from ISO or ECMA. There are several standards that define how to structure data files on a CD-ROM. ISO 9660 defines

4500-432: The original CD-ROMs. This differs somewhat from audio CD protection in that it is usually implemented in both the media and the software itself. The CD-ROM itself may contain "weak" sectors to make copying the disc more difficult, and additional data that may be difficult or impossible to copy to a CD-R or disc image, but which the software checks for each time it is run to ensure an original disc and not an unauthorized copy

4575-576: The outer edge of the disc with the same rotational speed as a standard ( constant linear velocity , CLV) 12×, or 32× with a slight increase. However, due to the nature of CAV (linear speed at the inner edge is still only 12×, increasing smoothly in-between) the actual throughput increase is less than 30/12; in fact, roughly 20× average for a completely full disc, and even less for a partially filled one. Problems with vibration, owing to limits on achievable symmetry and strength in mass-produced media, mean that CD-ROM drive speeds have not massively increased since

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4650-463: The outward data track is extended to the disc's outer rim. A standard 120 mm, 700 MB CD-ROM can actually hold about 703 MB of data with error correction (or 847 MB total). In comparison, a single-layer DVD-ROM can hold 4.7 GB (4.7 × 10 bytes) of error-protected data, more than 6 CD-ROMs. CD-ROM discs are read using CD-ROM drives. A CD-ROM drive may be connected to the computer via an IDE ( ATA ), SCSI , SATA , FireWire , or USB interface or

4725-536: The polycarbonate plastic of which the discs are made. At 52×, the linear velocity of the outermost part of the disc is around 65 m/s. However, improvements can still be obtained using multiple laser pickups as demonstrated by the Kenwood TrueX 72× which uses seven laser beams and a rotation speed of approximately 10×. The first 12× drive was released in late 1996. Above 12× speed, there are problems with vibration and heat. CAV drives give speeds up to 30× at

4800-575: The spindle motor itself. Most 21st-century drives allow forced low speed modes (by use of small utility programs) for the sake of safety, accurate reading or silence, and will automatically fall back if numerous sequential read errors and retries are encountered. Other methods of improving read speed were trialled such as using multiple optical beams, increasing throughput up to 72× with a 10× spin speed, but along with other technologies like 90~99 minute recordable media, GigaRec and double-density compact disc ( Purple Book standard) recorders, their utility

4875-485: The standard file system for a CD-ROM. ISO 13490 is an improvement on this standard which adds support for non-sequential write-once and re-writeable discs such as CD-R and CD-RW , as well as multiple sessions . The ISO 13346 standard was designed to address most of the shortcomings of ISO 9660, and a subset of it evolved into the UDF format, which was adopted for DVDs . A bootable CD specification, called El Torito ,

4950-467: The structure of sectors in CD-ROM XA modes: When a disc image of a CD-ROM is created, this can be done in either "raw" mode (extracting 2,352 bytes per sector, independent of the internal structure), or obtaining only the sector's useful data (2,048/2,336/2,352/2,324 bytes depending on the CD-ROM mode). The file size of a disc image created in raw mode is always a multiple of 2,352 bytes (the size of

5025-407: The use of pits and lands for coding the bits into the physical surface of the CD. The structures used to group data on a CD-ROM are also derived from the Red Book . Like audio CDs (CD-DA), a CD-ROM sector contains 2,352 bytes of user data, composed of 98 frames, each consisting of 33 bytes (24 bytes for the user data, 8 bytes for error correction, and 1 byte for the sub code). Unlike audio CDs,

5100-466: Was IBM 's ThinkPad 755CD in 1994. On early audio CD players that were released prior to the advent of the CD-ROM, the raw binary data of CD-ROM was played back as noise. To address this problem, the subcode channel Q has a "data" flag in areas of the disc that contain computer data rather than playable audio. The data flag instructs CD players to mute the audio. CD-ROMs are identical in appearance to audio CDs , and data are stored and retrieved in

5175-528: Was a bilingual program for teenage students (14 to 17 years old) in which participants spend a themed week in Ottawa to meet other young people from across Canada, and explore future career pathways. With over 113,000 youth having participated in the program, EWC was Canada's largest youth forum. EWC was established in 1982, originally as a program of the Canadian Unity Council . Its first year

5250-654: Was held at the Terry Fox Canadian Youth Centre, offering 11 weeks, from September to early December, with six themes: Arts & Culture, Science & Technology, Canadian Studies, Natural Resources & Environment, Law, and the Economy. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the program closed in August 2020. The Heritage Minutes is a collection of 60-second short films, each recreating or depicting

5325-524: Was intended as a bridge between CD-ROM and CD-i ( Green Book ) and was published by Sony and Philips , and backed by Microsoft , in 1991, first announced in September 1988. "XA" stands for eXtended Architecture. CD-ROM XA defines two new sector layouts, called Mode 2 Form 1 and Mode 2 Form 2 (which are different from the original Mode 2). XA Mode 2 Form 1 is similar to the Mode 1 structure described above, and can interleave with XA Mode 2 Form 2 sectors; it

5400-468: Was issued in January 1995, to make a CD emulate a hard disk or floppy disk . Pre-pressed CD-ROMs are mass-produced by a process of stamping where a glass master disc is created and used to make "stampers", which are in turn used to manufacture multiple copies of the final disc with the pits already present. Recordable ( CD-R ) and rewritable ( CD-RW ) discs are manufactured by a different method, whereby

5475-548: Was mainly due to First National's growing market share in single-family residential mortgages and commercial mortgages. In 2016, First National’s second quarter had a record high of $ 90.1 billion mortgages under administration. By the end of that year, First National had a total of $ 99.4 billion in mortgages under administration. In October 2017, First National Financial Corporation announced it had reached $ 100 billion in mortgages under administration. On October 1, 2015, Queen's University ’s School of Business changed its name to

5550-1085: Was nullified by the introduction of consumer DVD-ROM drives capable of consistent 36× equivalent CD-ROM speeds (4× DVD) or higher. Additionally, with a 700 MB CD-ROM fully readable in under 2.5 minutes at 52× CAV, increases in actual data transfer rate are decreasingly influential on overall effective drive speed when taken into consideration with other factors such as loading/unloading, media recognition, spin up/down and random seek times, making for much decreased returns on development investment. A similar stratification effect has since been seen in DVD development where maximum speed has stabilised at 16× CAV (with exceptional cases between 18× and 22×) and capacity at 4.3 and 8.5 GB (single and dual layer), with higher speed and capacity needs instead being catered to by Blu-ray drives. CD-Recordable drives are often sold with three different speed ratings: one speed for write-once operations, one for re-write operations, and one for read-only operations. The speeds are typically listed in that order; i.e.

5625-521: Was the Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA), defined in 1980. The CD-ROM was later designed as an extension of the CD-DA, and adapted this format to hold any form of digital data, with an initial storage capacity of 553 MB . Sony and Philips created the technical standard that defines the format of a CD-ROM in 1983, in what came to be called the Yellow Book . The CD-ROM was announced in 1984 and introduced by Denon and Sony at

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