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34-694: In Taraba State , Nigeria, there are three forest reserves, Baissa, Amboi and Bissaula River , in the Donga river basin. They lie on the slopes and at the foot of the Mambilla Plateau , south-west of Gashaka Gumti National Park . Research reveals that pesticides were the predominant organic pollutant in the Donga river. The annual average temperature is around 33°C but high level of cold in January and an increased rainfall in August. Rainfal percentage

68-721: A location close to his capital city on the banks of the Euphrates . In the 7th century BC the Chinese had used icehouses to preserve vegetables and fruits. During the Tang dynastic rule in China (618–907 AD) a document refers to the practice of using ice that was in vogue during the Eastern Chou Dynasty (770–256 BC) by 94 workmen employed for "Ice-Service" to freeze everything from wine to dead bodies. Shachtman says that in

102-545: A magician to perform tricks such as producing thunder, lightning, lions, birds, trembling leaves and so forth. In 1620 he gave a demonstration in Westminster Abbey to the king and his courtiers on the power of cold. On a summer day, Shachtman says, Drebbel had created a chill (lowered the temperature by several degrees) in the hall of the Abbey, which made the king shiver and run out of the hall with his entourage. This

136-1012: Is 40.35% with 54.98% relative humidity . The state is usually very warm in March with 40.44 ° C, and an average wind of 8.84 km/h. Many homes and commercial buildings in Taraba State are affected by flooding, including those in the suburbs. Taraba State has several hospitals and health care centers, some of them are: Taraba State consists of sixteen (16) Local Government Areas (LGAs), which are governed by elected chairmen. The local government areas are listed as follows: Languages of Taraba state listed by LGA include: Other languages spoken in Taraba State are Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali of Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. Taraba State has many schools and education centers. Federal highways are: One road to Cameroon east from A8 at Gembu to N6 at Banyo . Other major roads include Airports include The major occupation of

170-590: Is 40.35% with 54.98% relative humidity. It is usually very warm in March with 40.44°C, and an average wind of 8.84km/h. 7°09′44″N 10°34′18″E  /  7.162128°N 10.571594°E  / 7.162128; 10.571594 This article related to a river in Nigeria is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Cameroon is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Taraba State Taraba

204-569: Is a state in north-eastern Nigeria , named after the Taraba River , which traverses the southern part of the state. It is known as "Nature's Gift to the Nation". Its capital is Jalingo . The state's main ethnic groups are the Fulani, Mumuye , Mambilla , Jukun , Kuteb , Karimjo Wurkun, Yandang , Ndola , Ichen, Jenjo , Tiv , Tigon , and Jibu. The northern part is mainly dominated by

238-576: Is an amalgamation of three former divisions: Wukari, Mambilla, and Muri. Taraba state is bordered in the west by Nasarawa state and Benue state (for 109 km), northwest by Plateau state for 202 km (126 miles), north by the Bauchi state for 54 km and Gombe state for 58 km, northeast by Adamawa state for about 366 km and south by Northwest Region in Cameroon for about 525 km. The Benue , Donga , Taraba and Ibi are

272-440: Is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive a plurality of votes and over 25% of votes in at least two-thirds of the state and local government areas. If no candidate passes the threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas. Cold Cold

306-662: Is the presence of low temperature , especially in the atmosphere. In common usage, cold is often a subjective perception . A lower bound to temperature is absolute zero , defined as 0.00   K on the Kelvin scale, an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. This corresponds to −273.15 °C on the Celsius scale , −459.67 °F on the Fahrenheit scale , and 0.00 °R on the Rankine scale . Since temperature relates to

340-406: Is the process of cooling an object by exposing it to air . This will only work if the air is at a lower temperature than the object, and the process can be enhanced by increasing the surface area , increasing the coolant flow rate, or decreasing the mass of the object. Another common method of cooling is exposing an object to ice , dry ice , or liquid nitrogen . This works by conduction ;

374-876: The Chamba in Donga , Takum and Jibu culture dance in Bali , the Tagba of Acha People in Takum, Kuchecheb of Kutebs in Takum and Ussa, Kati and Bol of the Mambilla and host of others. Taraba is called "Nature's gift to the nation" as the state is rich and has many ethnic groups, including Kuteb , Chamba, Yandang , Mumuyes , Mambila , Karimjo, Wurkums , Jenjo , Jukun , Ichen, Tiv , Kaka, Pena, Kambu , Kodei, Wawa , Vute , Fulani , Hausa and Ndola . A striking historical fact about

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408-496: The thermal energy held by an object or a sample of matter, which is the kinetic energy of the random motion of the particle constituents of matter, an object will have less thermal energy when it is colder and more when it is hotter. If it were possible to cool a system to absolute zero, all motion of the particles in a sample of matter would cease and they would be at complete rest in the classical sense. The object could be described as having zero thermal energy. Microscopically in

442-421: The 17th century. The intellectual barrier was broken by Francis Bacon and Robert Boyle who followed him in this quest for knowledge of cold. Boyle did extensive experimentation during the 17th century in the discipline of cold, and his research on pressure and volume was the forerunner of research in the field of cold during the 19th century. He explained his approach as "Bacon's identification of heat and cold as

476-441: The 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s. Home freezers as separate compartments (larger than necessary just for ice cubes) were introduced in 1940. Frozen foods, previously a luxury item, became commonplace. Cold has numerous physiological and pathological effects on the human body , as well as on other organisms. Cold environments may promote certain psychological traits, as well as having direct effects on

510-513: The 4th century AD, the brother of the Japanese emperor Nintoku gave him a gift of ice from a mountain. The Emperor was so happy with the gift that he named the first of June as the "Day of Ice" and ceremoniously gave blocks of ice to his officials. Even in ancient times, Shachtman says, in Egypt and India, night cooling by evaporation of water and heat radiation, and the ability of salts to lower

544-501: The Fulani, Wurkun and Mumuye. The southern part is dominated by the Jukun, Chamba, Tiv, Kuteb and Ichen. The central region is mainly occupied by the Fulani, Mambilla, Ndola, Tigon, Jibu, Wurbo, and Daka people. There are about 80 distinct ethnic groups and their languages in the state. The Taraba state was created out of the former Gongola state on 27 August 1991 by the military government of General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida . The state

578-568: The State is that it encompasses part of the Mambilla Region which is famed as the Bantu cradle, having been occupied for some five millennia to date (Schwartz, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, 2003). The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state's House of Assembly. The capital city of the state is Jalingo. The governor of the state

612-451: The ability to move. Shivering is one of the first physiological responses to cold. Even at low temperatures, the cold can massively disrupt blood circulation. Extracellular water freezes and tissue is destroyed. It affects fingers, toes, nose, ears and cheeks particularly often. They discolor, swell, blister, and bleed. The so-called frostnip leads to local frostbite or even to the death of entire body parts. Only temporary cold reactions of

646-403: The cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its own cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold snow." This explanation on the cold inducing aspects of nitre and salt was tried then by many scientists. Shachtman says it was the lack of scientific knowledge in physics and chemistry that had held back progress in the beneficial use of ice until a drastic change in religious opinions in

680-470: The description of quantum mechanics , however, matter still has zero-point energy even at absolute zero, because of the uncertainty principle . Cooling refers to the process of becoming cold, or lowering in temperature . This could be accomplished by removing heat from a system, or exposing the system to an environment with a lower temperature. Coolants are fluids used to cool objects, prevent freezing and prevent erosion in machines. Air cooling

714-425: The freezing temperature of water was practiced. The ancient people of Rome and Greece were aware that boiled water cooled quicker than the ordinary water; the reason for this is that with boiling of water carbon dioxide and other gases, which are deterrents to cooling, are removed; but this fact was not known till the 17th century. Shachtman says that King James VI and I supported the work of Cornelis Drebbel as

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748-645: The heat is transferred from the relatively warm object to the relatively cold coolant. Laser cooling and magnetic evaporative cooling are techniques used to reach very low temperatures. In ancient times, ice was not adopted for food preservation but used to cool wine which the Romans had also done. According to Pliny , Emperor Nero invented the ice bucket to chill wines instead of adding it to wine to make it cold as it would dilute it. Some time around 1700 BC Zimri-Lim , king of Mari Kingdom in northwest Iraq had created an "icehouse" called bit shurpin at

782-751: The main rivers in the state. They rise from the Cameroonian mountains, draining almost the entire length of the state in the North and South directions to link up with the River Niger . "Three children's bodies have been found after a boat carrying passengers capsized on Saturday while traveling from the Mayo-Renewo market to the Karim Lamido neighborhood of Taraba," according to diverse media reports. On Sunday, October 29, 2023, Abdullahi Usman,

816-410: The mid-19th century to the 1930s, when the refrigerator was introduced into the home. Most municipally consumed ice was harvested in winter from snow-packed areas or frozen lakes, stored in ice houses , and delivered domestically as iceboxes became more common. In 1913, refrigerators for home use were invented. In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit. The introduction of Freon in

850-530: The people of Taraba state is agriculture . Cash crops produced in the state include coffee , tea , groundnuts and cotton . Crops such as maize , rice , sorghum , millet , cassava , and yam are also produced in commercial quantity. In addition, cattle , sheep and goats are reared in large numbers, especially on the Mambilla Plateau, and along the Benue and Taraba valleys . Similarly,

884-620: The people of Taraba state undertake other livestock production activities like poultry production, rabbit breeding and pig farming in fairly large scale. In February 2024, the World Bank in Nigeria announced plans to empower 5,200 female livestock farmers in the state. Communities living on the banks of River Benue , River Taraba, River Donga and Ibi, engage in fishing all year round. Other occupational activities such as pottery, cloth-weaving, dyeing, mat-making, carving, embroidery and blacksmithing are also carried out in various parts of

918-477: The right and left hands of nature". Boyle also refuted some of the theories mooted by Aristotle on cold by experimenting on transmission of cold from one material to the other. He proved that water was not the only source of cold but gold, silver and crystal, which had no water content, could also change to severe cold condition. In the United States from about 1850 till end of 19th century export of ice

952-493: The skin are without consequences. As blood vessels contract, they become cool and pale, with less oxygen getting into the tissue. Warmth stimulates blood circulation again and is painful but harmless. Comprehensive protection against the cold is particularly important for children and for sports. Extreme cold temperatures may lead to frostbite , sepsis , and hypothermia , which in turn may result in death. A common, but false, statement states that cold weather itself can induce

986-491: The state's police spokesperson, confirmed the incident to TheCable . Given that they are passengers from the Mayo-Renewo market traveling to Karim Lamido, he said the exact number of passengers on that boat has yet to be determined. The climate of Taraba state is marked by an annual average temperature of 33 ° C but high level of cold in January and an increased rainfall in August. The percentage of rainfall in Taraba state

1020-710: The state. Taraba state has abundant natural resources for industrial and commercial use, these include: The government has made concerted efforts to improve areas of tourist attractions like Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park and game reserve in Gashaka . Karimjo Abedahh festival and the Nwunyu fishing festival in Ibi , all this is usually held in April of each year where activities such as canoe racing, swimming competition and cultural dances are held. Other festivals are Purma of

1054-461: Was an incredible spectacle, says Shachtman. Several years before, Giambattista della Porta had demonstrated at the Abbey "ice fantasy gardens, intricate ice sculptures" and also iced drinks for banquets in Florence . The only reference to the artificial freezing created by Drebbel was by Francis Bacon . His demonstration was not taken seriously as it was considered one of his magic tricks, as there

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1088-450: Was filled with ice. In 1825, ice harvesting by use of a horse drawn ice cutting device was invented by Nathaniel J. Wyeth. The cut blocks of uniform size ice was a cheap method of food preservation widely practiced in the United States. Also developed in 1855 was a steam powered device to haul 600 tons of ice per hour. More innovations ensued. Devices using compressed air as a refrigerants were invented. Iceboxes were in widespread use from

1122-507: Was no practical application then. Drebbel had not revealed his secrets. Shachtman says that Lord Chancellor Bacon, an advocate of experimental science, had tried in Novum Organum , published in the late 1620s, to explain the artificial freezing experiment at Westminster Abbey, though he was not present during the demonstration, as " Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies

1156-409: Was second only to cotton. The first ice box was developed by Thomas Moore, a farmer from Maryland in 1810 to carry butter in an oval shaped wooden tub. The tub was provided with a metal lining in its interior and surrounded by a packing of ice. A rabbit skin was used as insulation. Moore also developed an ice box for domestic use with the container built over a space of 6 cubic feet (0.17 m ) which

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