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64-420: A door is a hinged or otherwise movable barrier that allows ingress (entry) into and egress (exit) from an enclosure. The created opening in the wall is a doorway or portal . A door's essential and primary purpose is to provide security by controlling access to the doorway (portal). Conventionally , it is a panel that fits into the doorway of a building , room , or vehicle . Doors are generally made of

128-423: A die is to work it over a design in cameo relief. Here the detail would be greater on the back of the final design, so some final chasing from the front was often carried out to sharpen the detail. The use of patterned punches dates back to the first half of the 2nd millennium BC , if not far earlier. The simplest patterned punches were produced by loops or scrolls of wire. The Gundestrup cauldron (a product of

192-474: A door has an effect on production logistics, temperature and pressure control. High-speed cleanroom doors, usually consisting of a transparent material on a stainless steel frame, are used in pharmaceutical industries to allow passage between work areas while admitting minimal contaminants. The powerful high-speed doors have a smooth surface structure and no protruding edges, allowing minimal particle retention and easy cleaning. High-speed doors are made to handle

256-415: A door's interior matches its exterior side. But in other cases (e.g., a vehicle door ) the two sides are radically different. Many doors incorporate locking mechanisms to ensure that only some people can open them (such as with a key ). Doors may have devices such as knockers or doorbells by which people outside announce their presence. Apart from providing access into and out of a space, doors may have

320-461: A double door. At Kuffeir near Bostra in Syria, Burckhardt found stone doors, 2.74 to 3.048 m (8.99 to 10.00 ft) high, being the entrance doors of the town. In Etruria many stone doors are referred to by Dennis. Ancient Greek and Roman doors were either single doors, double doors, triple doors, sliding doors or folding doors , in the last case the leaves were hinged and folded back. In

384-469: A high number of openings, generally more than 200,000 a year. They must be built with heavy-duty parts and counterbalance systems for speed enhancement and emergency opening function. The door curtain was originally made of PVC, but was later also developed in aluminium and acrylic glass sections. High-speed refrigeration and cold-room doors with excellent insulation values have also been introduced for green and energy-saving requirements. In North America,

448-404: A key to open, going from outside to inside, or from public to private). It is important to get the hand and swing correct on exterior doors, as the transom is usually sloped and sealed to resist water entry, and properly drain. In some custom millwork (or with some master carpenters), the manufacture or installer bevels the leading edge (the first edge to meet the jamb as the door closes) so that

512-428: A material suited to the door's task. They are commonly attached by hinges , but can move by other means, such as slides or counterbalancing. The door may be able to move in various ways (at angles away from the doorway/portal, by sliding on a plane parallel to the frame, by folding in angles on a parallel plane, or by spinning along an axis at the center of the frame) to allow or prevent ingress or egress. In most cases,

576-557: A piece to which the technique has been applied (e.g. " repoussé work", " repoussé piece"). Chasing comes from the French word, chasser meaning to drive out, or to chase around which is what the artists are doing as they "chase" the forms on their metal in order to create their final design. The techniques of repoussé and chasing date from Antiquity and have been used widely with gold and silver for fine detailed work and with copper , tin , and bronze for larger sculptures. During

640-498: A power failure. Architectural doors have numerous general and specialized uses. Doors are generally used to separate interior spaces (closets, rooms, etc.) for convenience , privacy , safety , and security reasons. Doors are also used to secure passages into a building from the exterior, for reasons of climate control and safety. Doors also are applied in more specialized cases: Panel doors, also called stile and rail doors, are built with frame and panel construction. EN 12519

704-406: A solid timber frame, filled on one face, face with tongue and groove boards. Quite often used externally with the boards on the weather face. Flushing of a door means the door is flush with the face of the wall on either side. Generally, door swings , or handing, are determined while standing on the outside or less secure side of the door while facing the door (i.e., standing on the side requiring

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768-420: A top choice for many homeowners, largely because of the aesthetic qualities of wood. Many wood doors are custom-made, but they have several downsides: their price, their maintenance requirements (regular painting and staining) and their limited insulating value (R-5 to R-6, not including the effects of the glass elements of the doors). Wood doors often have an overhang requirement to maintain a warranty. An overhang

832-652: Is Coptic in origin. The doors of the palace at Palermo , which were made by Saracenic workmen for the Normans , are fine examples in good preservation. A somewhat similar decorative class of door is found in Verona , where the edges of the stiles and rails are beveled and notched. In the Renaissance period, Italian doors are quite simple, their architects trusting more to the doorways for effect; but in France and Germany

896-554: Is a metalworking technique in which a malleable metal is shaped by hammering from the reverse side to create a design in low relief . Chasing (French: ciselure ) or embossing is a similar technique in which the piece is hammered on the front side, sinking the metal. The two techniques are often used in conjunction. Many metals can be used for chasing and repoussé work, including gold , silver , copper , and alloys such as steel , bronze , and pewter . These techniques are very ancient and have been extensively used all over

960-552: Is a roof, porch area or awning that helps to protect the door and its finish from UV rays. Steel doors are another major type of residential front doors; most of them come with a polyurethane or other type of foam insulation core – a critical factor in a building's overall comfort and efficiency. Steel doors mostly in default comes along with frame and lock system, which is a high cost efficiency factor compared to wooden doors. Most modern exterior walls provide thermal insulation and energy efficiency , which can be indicated by

1024-558: Is accomplished by heating the piece to a high enough temperature to make it malleable, as in forging . In this case pitch must be dispensed with, or replaced by some material (like sand) that can withstand the heat and provide the right kind of "giving" support. The tools needed for these techniques are Other tools are usually handy, such as tweezers or tongs to hold the hot plates. The punches are usually made of steel, especially tool steel —a hard alloy that can keep its shape even after years of use—and are forged and tempered at

1088-404: Is activated: In addition to activation sensors, automatically opening doors are generally fitted with safety sensors. These are usually an infrared curtain or beam, but can be a pressure mat fitted on the swing side of the door. The safety sensor prevents the door from colliding with an object by stopping or slowing its motion. A mechanism in modern automatic doors ensures that the door can open in

1152-641: Is describing the terms which are officially used in European Member States. The main parts are listed below: Also known as ledges and braced, board and batten doors are an older design consisting primarily of vertical slats: As board and batten doors. Impact-resistant doors have rounded stile edges to dissipate energy and minimize edge chipping, scratching and denting. The formed edges are often made of an engineered material. Impact-resistant doors excel in high traffic areas such as hospitals, schools, hotels and coastal areas. This type consists of

1216-518: Is far less than the R-40 walls or the R-50 ceilings of super-insulated buildings – passive solar and zero-energy buildings . Typical doors are not thick enough to provide very high levels of energy efficiency. Many doors may have good R-values at their center, but their overall energy efficiency is reduced because of the presence of glass and reinforcing elements, or because of poor weatherstripping and

1280-414: Is in some respects the finest in France; the upper panels are carved in high relief with figure subjects and canopies over them. The doors of the church at Gisors (1575) are carved with figures in niches subdivided by classic pilasters superimposed. In St. Maclou at Rouen are three magnificently carved doors; those by Jean Goujon have figures in niches on each side, and others in a group of great beauty in

1344-515: Is in two leaves, is entirely carried out as if consisting of one great panel only. The earliest Renaissance doors in France are those of the cathedral of St. Sauveur at Aix (1503). In the lower panels there are figures 3 ft (0.91 m). high in Gothic niches , and in the upper panels a double range of niches with figures about 2 ft (0.61 m). high with canopies over them, all carved in cedar . The south door of Beauvais Cathedral

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1408-752: Is known as the Braden Style , thought to have originated at the Cahokia Site in Collinsville, Illinois . Several copper workshops discovered during excavations of Mound 34 at Cahokia are the only known Mississippian culture copper workshops. The largest known sculpture created with this technique is the Statue of Liberty , properly Liberté éclairant le monde , ("Liberty Enlightening The World"), in Upper New York Bay . The statue

1472-709: Is known as the hanging stile, the other as the middle or meeting stile. The horizontal cross pieces are the top rail, bottom rail, and middle or intermediate rails. The most ancient doors were made of timber, such as those referred to in the Biblical depiction of King Solomon's temple being in olive wood (I Kings vi. 31–35), which were carved and overlaid with gold. The doors that Homer mentions appear to have been cased in silver or brass. Besides olive wood, elm , cedar , oak and cypress were used. Two doors over 5,000 years old have been found by archaeologists near Zürich, Switzerland. Ancient doors were hung by pintles at

1536-634: Is made from a silver sheet and features three scenes of warriors battling, each scene with two warriors. Repoussé and chasing are commonly used in India to create objects such as water vessels. These vessels are generally made using sheets of copper or silver . Repoussage and chasing were used by many Pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas, such as the Chavín culture of Peru (about 900 to 200 BC), to make ornaments of gold and other metals. During

1600-760: Is nearly impossible pinpoint exactly where and when the first hinges were used. In Ancient Rome , hinges were called cardō and gave name to the goddess Cardea and the main street Cardo . This name cardō lives on figuratively today as "the chief thing (on which something turns or depends)" in words such as cardinal . According to the OED , the English word hinge is related to hang . Other types of hinges include: Since at least medieval times, there have been hinges to draw bridges for defensive purposes for fortified buildings. Hinges are used in contemporary architecture where building settlement can be expected over

1664-521: The Celtic culture, made between 150 BC and 1 AD) had originally thirteen separate silver panels, with repoussé relief , lining the inside and outside of the vessel. In 1400 BC, the Egyptian Amarna period, resin and mud for repoussé backing was in use. A fine example of Egyptian repoussé is the mummy mask of Tutankhamun , a Pharaoh of the late Eighteenth Dynasty . The majority of the mask

1728-519: The Energy Star label or the passive house standards. Premium composite (including steel doors with a thick core of polyurethane or other foam), fiberglass and vinyl doors benefit from the materials they are made from, from a thermal perspective. There are very few door models with an R-value close to 10 (the R-value measures how well a barrier resists the conductive flow of heat). This

1792-583: The Hopewell and Mississippian periods of the American Southeast and Midwest goods of repoussé copper were fashioned as ritual regalia and eventually used in prestige burials. Examples have been found with many S.E.C.C. designs such as Bi-lobed arrow motif headdresses and falcon dancer plaques. Although examples have been found in a widely scattered area ( Spiro , Oklahoma , Etowah , Georgia , and Moundville , Alabama ), most are in what

1856-769: The Pantheon are similar in design, with narrow horizontal panels in addition, at the top, bottom and middle. Two other bronze doors of the Roman period are in the Lateran Basilica . The Greek scholar Heron of Alexandria created the earliest known automatic door in the first century AD during the era of Roman Egypt . The first foot-sensor-activated automatic door was made in China during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui (r. 604–618), who had one installed for his royal library. Gates powered by water featured in illustrations of

1920-766: The bronze Greek armour plates from the 3rd century BC. The Warren Cup is a Roman silver cup, and the Mildenhall Treasure , the Hoxne Hoard , the Water Newton Treasure and the Berthouville Treasure are examples of hoards of Roman silver found in England and northern France with many pieces using these techniques. Another example piece using this technique is The Stag’s Head Rhyton , dating to around 400 BCE, which

1984-407: The key to a door can signify a change in status from outsider to insider. Doors and doorways frequently appear in literature and the arts with metaphorical or allegorical import as a portent of change. The earliest recorded doors appear in the paintings of Egyptian tombs, which show them as single or double doors, each of a single piece of wood. People may have believed these were doors to

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2048-510: The 3rd millennium BC, in the Middle East, a variety of semi-mass production methods were introduced to avoid repetitive free-hand work. With the simplest technique, sheet gold could be pressed into designs carved in intaglio in stone, bone, metal or even materials such as jet . The gold could be worked into the designs with wood tools or, more commonly, by hammering a wax or lead "force" over it. The alternative to pressing gold sheet into

2112-739: The Aachen Cathedral in Germany date back to about 800 AD. Bronze baptistery doors at the Cathedral of Florence were completed in 1423 by Ghiberti. (For more information, see: Copper in architecture ). Of the 11th and 12th centuries there are numerous examples of bronze doors, the earliest being one at Hildesheim , Germany (1015). The Hildesheim design affected the concept of Gniezno door in Poland. Of others in South Italy and Sicily,

2176-738: The Door and Access Systems Manufacturing Association (DASMA) defines high-performance doors as non-residential powered doors characterized by rolling, folding, sliding or swinging action, that are either high-cycle (minimum 100 cycles/day) or high-speed (minimum 20 inches (508 mm)/second), and two out of three of the following: made-to-order for exact size and custom features, able to withstand equipment impact (break-away if accidentally hit by vehicle), or able to sustain heavy use with minimal maintenance. Automatically opening doors are powered open and closed either by electricity, spring, or both. There are several methods by which an automatically opening door

2240-452: The afterlife, and some include designs of the afterlife. In Egypt, where the climate is intensely dry, doors were not framed against warping, but in other countries required framed doors—which, according to Vitruvius (iv. 6.) was done with stiles (sea/si) and rails (see: Frame and panel ) , the enclosed panels filled with tympana set in grooves in the stiles and rails. The stiles were the vertical boards, one of which, tenoned or hinged ,

2304-701: The automatons of the Arab inventor Al-Jazari . Copper and its alloys were integral in medieval architecture. The doors of the church of the Nativity at Bethlehem (6th century) are covered with plates of bronze, cut out in patterns. Those of Hagia Sophia at Constantinople , of the eighth and ninth century, are wrought in bronze, and the west doors of the cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle (9th century), of similar manufacture, were probably brought from Constantinople, as also some of those in St. Marks, Venice . The bronze doors on

2368-531: The axis of rotation is on the side other than that in which the door opens. This is sometimes the case in trains or airplanes, such as for the door to the toilet, which opens inward. It is often useful to have doors which slide along tracks, often for space or aesthetic considerations. A bypass door is a door unit that has two or more sections. The doors can slide in either direction along one axis on parallel overhead tracks, sliding past each other. They are most commonly used in closets to provide access one side of

2432-403: The backyard. Such doors are also popular for use for the entrances to commercial structures, although they are not counted as fire exit doors. The door that moves is called the "active leaf", while the door that remains fixed is called the "inactive leaf". A high-speed door is a very fast door some with opening speeds of up to 4 m/s, mainly used in the industrial sector where the speed of

2496-557: The center. The other doors, probably about forty to fifty years later, are enriched with bas-reliefs , landscapes, figures and elaborate interlaced borders. NASA 's Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center contains the four largest doors. The Vehicle Assembly Building was originally built for the assembly of the Apollo missions' Saturn vehicles and was then used to support Space Shuttle operations. Each of

2560-455: The closet at a time. Doors in a bypass unit overlap slightly when viewed from the front so they do not have a visible gap when closed. Doors which slide inside a wall cavity are called pocket doors . This type of door is used in tight spaces where privacy is also required. The door slab is mounted to roller and a track at the top of the door and slides inside a wall. Sliding glass doors are common in many houses, particularly as an entrance to

2624-547: The contrary is the case, the doors being elaborately carved, especially in the Louis XIV and Louis XV periods, and sometimes with architectural features such as columns and entablatures with pediment and niches, the doorway being in plain masonry. While in Italy the tendency was to give scale by increasing the number of panels, in France the contrary seems to have been the rule; and one of the great doors at Fontainebleau , which

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2688-421: The door fits tight without binding. Specifying an incorrect hand or swing can make the door bind, not close properly, or leak. Fixing this error is expensive or time-consuming. In North America, many doors now come with factory-installed hinges, pre-hung on the jamb and sills. While facing the door from the outside or less secure side, if the hinge is on the right side of the door, the door is "right handed"; or if

2752-399: The door to pivot away from the doorway in one direction, but not the other. The axis of rotation is usually vertical. In some cases, such as hinged garage doors , the axis may be horizontal, above the door opening. Doors can be hinged so that the axis of rotation is not in the plane of the door to reduce the space required on the side to which the door opens. This requires a mechanism so that

2816-484: The doors of Notre Dame at Paris is a beautiful example, but many others exist throughout France and England. In Italy, celebrated doors include those of the Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence) , which are all in bronze—including the door frames . The modeling of the figures, birds and foliage of the south doorway, by Andrea Pisano (1330), and of the east doorway by Ghiberti (1425–1452), are of great beauty. In

2880-507: The following are the finest: in Sant'Andrea , Amalfi (1060); Salerno (1099); Canosa di Puglia (1111); Troia , two doors (1119 and 1124); Ravello (1179), by Barisano of Trani, who also made doors for Trani cathedral ; and in Monreale and Pisa cathedrals, by Bonano of Pisa. In all these cases the hanging stile had pivots at the top and bottom. The exact period when the builder moved to

2944-621: The four doors are 139 meters (456 feet) high. The oldest door in England can be found in Westminster Abbey and dates from 1050. In England in the 17th century the door panels were raised with bolection or projecting moldings, sometimes richly carved, around them; in the 18th century the moldings worked on the stiles and rails were carved with the egg-and-dart ornament . There are many kinds of doors, with different purposes: Most doors are hinged along one side to allow

3008-440: The hammering. The plate must then be fixed on a suitable support. A commonly used technique is to place the metal over a layer of chasers pitch . The pitch is heated until it is soft enough to make good contact with the metal, filling all its nooks and crannies, and then allowed to cool. At room temperature, the pitch must be hard enough to adhere to the metal and hold it in place, but still soft and plastic enough to "give" as

3072-525: The hanging stile was over 360 millimetres (14 in) diameter. Other sheathings of various sizes in bronze show this was a universal method adopted to protect the wood pivots. In the Hauran in Syria where timber is scarce, the doors were made of stone, and one measuring 1.63 by 0.79 m (64 by 31 in) is in the British Museum; the band on the meeting stile shows that it was one of the leaves of

3136-411: The hinge is on the left, it is "left handed". If the door swings toward you, it is "reverse swing"; or if the door swings away from you, it is "normal swing". In other words: New exterior doors are largely defined by the type of materials they are made from: wood , steel , fiberglass , UPVC /vinyl, aluminum , composite, glass (patio doors) , etc. Wooden doors – including solid wood doors – are

3200-466: The hinge is unknown, but the change apparently brought about another method of strengthening and decorating doors—wrought-iron bands of various designs. As a rule, three bands with ornamental work constitute the hinges, with rings outside the hanging stiles that fit on vertical tenons set into the masonry or wooden frame. There is an early example of the 12th century in Lincoln . In France, the metalwork of

3264-540: The life of the building. For example, the Dakin Building in Brisbane , California , was designed with its entrance ramp on a large hinge to allow settlement of the building built on piles over bay mud . This device was effective until October 2006, when it was replaced due to damage and excessive ramp slope. Hinges appear in large structures such as elevated freeway and railroad viaducts, to reduce or eliminate

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3328-696: The mask on the mummy of Tutankhamun , the body armours of the Bronze Age , the copper ornaments made by the Native Americans in the Southeastern United States , and the Statue of Liberty in New York City. The word repoussé is French and means "pushed up", ultimately from Latin pulsare , which means "to push". Repoussage is the noun to refer to the technique, with repoussé being an adjective referring to

3392-405: The metal is hammered into it. The pitch is often cast as a thick layer over some softer backing material that can absorb larger deformations. The metal plate will have to be released from the pitch several times, for turning it over and/or for re-annealing. Pitch residues stuck to the plate must be removed with an appropriate solvent . Once the plate is firmly held by the pitch, front side up,

3456-646: The north door (1402–1424), Ghiberti adopted the same scheme of design for the paneling and figure subjects as Andrea Pisano, but in the east door, the rectangular panels are all filled, with bas-reliefs that illustrate Scripture subjects and innumerable figures. These may the gates of Paradise of which Michelangelo speaks. Doors of the mosques in Cairo were of two kinds: those externally cased with sheets of bronze or iron, cut in decorative patterns, and incised or inlaid, with bosses in relief; and those of wood-framed with interlaced square and diamond designs. The latter design

3520-421: The outline of the desired design is lightly chased ("lined") on it by a special tool (a "liner"), that creates narrow raised lines on the other side. The metal is turned over, and firmed again over the pitch, with the back side up. The main repoussé work is then performed, using a variety of punches. Once the main repoussé is done, the piece is again released by heating. The cavities on the back side, created by

3584-445: The repoussé work, are filled with melted pitch. Once that filling has hardened, the plate is again turned over and placed on top of a layer of softened pitch. Once the pitch has hardened, the design is then refined by chasing. These procedures can be repeated several times, alternating between repoussé and chasing. Repoussé and chasing can also be done on materials, like steel , that are too hard to be cold-formed by hammering. That

3648-432: The secondary functions of ensuring privacy by preventing unwanted attention from outsiders, of separating areas with different functions, of allowing light to pass into and out of a space, of controlling ventilation or air drafts so that interiors may be more effectively heated or cooled, of dampening noise , and of blocking the spread of fire . Doors can have aesthetic , symbolic , ritualistic purposes. Receiving

3712-534: The tomb of Theron at Agrigentum there is a single four-panel door carved in stone. In the Blundell collection is a bas-relief of a temple with double doors, each leaf with five panels. Among existing examples, the bronze doors in the church of SS. Cosmas and Damiano , in Rome, are important examples of Roman metal work of the best period; they are in two leaves, each with two panels, and are framed in bronze. Those of

3776-722: The top and bottom of the hanging stile, which worked in sockets in the lintel and sill , the latter in some hard stone such as basalt or granite . Those Hilprecht found at Nippur , dating from 2000 BC, were in dolerite . The tenons of the gates at Balawat were sheathed with bronze (now in the British Museum ). These doors or gates were hung in two leaves, each about 2.54 m (100 in) wide and 8.2 m (27 ft) high; they were encased with bronze bands or strips, 25.4 cm (10.0 in) high, covered with repoussé decoration of figures. The wood doors would seem to have been about 7.62 cm (3.00 in) thick, but

3840-689: The transfer of bending stresses between structural components, typically in an effort to reduce sensitivity to earthquakes . The primary reason for using a hinge, rather than a simpler device such as a slide, is to prevent the separation of adjacent components. When no bending stresses are transmitted across the hinge, it is called a zero moment hinge . A variety of self-actuating, self-locking hinges have been developed for spacecraft deployable structures such as solar array panels, synthetic aperture radar antennas, booms, radiators, etc. Repouss%C3%A9 Repoussé ( French: [ʁəpuse] ) or repoussage ( [ʁəpusaʒ] )

3904-429: The way the door is manufactured. Door weatherstripping is particularly important for energy efficiency. German-made passive house doors use multiple weatherstrips, including magnetic strips, to meet higher standards. These weatherstrips reduce energy losses due to air leakage. Hinge Ancient remains of stone, marble, wood, and bronze hinges have been found. Some date back to at least Ancient Egypt , although it

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3968-409: The world, as they require only the simplest tools and materials, and yet allow great diversity of expression. They are also relatively economical, since there is no loss or waste of metal, which mostly retains its original size and thickness. Toolmarks are often intentionally left visible in the result. A few among many famous examples of repoussé and chasing are the prehistoric Gundestrup cauldron ,

4032-482: Was formed by copper repoussé in sections using wooden structures to shape each piece during the hammering process. The process of chasing and repoussé requires a number of steps. The metal plate should usually be annealed —that is, heated for some time at a temperature sufficient to reduce its internal stresses —to make it as malleable as possible. This process may have to be repeated several times, as many metals harden and become brittle as they are deformed by

4096-516: Was formed using the technique of repoussé from what appears to be a single sheet of gold. The lapis lazuli and other stones were inlaid in chased areas after the height of the form was completed. The ceremonial beard, Nekhbet vulture, and Uraeus were attached separately. By Hellenistic times, combined punches and dies were in use. In 400 BC, the Greeks were using beeswax for filler in repoussé. Classical pieces using repoussage and chasing include

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