72-688: Daura is a town and local government area in Katsina State , northern Nigeria . It is the spiritual home of the Hausa people . The emirate is referred to as one of the "seven true Hausa states " ( Hausa Bakwai ) because it was, (along with Biram , Kano , Katsina , Zazzau , Gobir , and Rano ), ruled by the descendants of Bayajidda 's sons with Daurama and Magira (his first wife). The University of California 's African American Studies Department refers to Daura, as well as Katsina, as having been "ancient seats of Islamic culture and learning." Daura
144-423: A military coup took place in the country. Sanctions were placed on both countries on 16 September. On 10 January 2022, Mali announced its decision to close its borders and recalled several ambassadors with ECOWAS in response to sanctions imposed for deferring elections for four years. On 28 January 2022, Burkina Faso was suspended from ECOWAS following a military coup . Niger was suspended from ECOWAS after
216-735: A barrier towards gaining reliable travel statistics. For example, Francophone countries in the region have issued national identity cards that can be used similarly to a passport. These cards permit citizens to cross borders after presenting their identity cards. However, Anglophone countries have only just begun distributing a similar form of identification. Consequently, immigration officials in Anglophone countries commonly reject Francophone national identity cards and do not permit Francophone citizens to cross into their borders. Further, these structural barriers are exasperated between different social classes. Middle-class individuals typically experience
288-618: A former Portuguese colony , became the organisation's eighth (and only non- francophone ) member state. UEMOA is a customs union and currency union between the members of ECOWAS. Its objectives include: Among its achievements, the UEMOA has successfully implemented macro-economic convergence criteria and an effective surveillance mechanism. It has adopted a customs union and common external tariff and has combined indirect taxation regulations, in addition to initiating regional structural and sectoral policies. A September 2002 IMF survey cited
360-485: A harmonized African wrestling code. The Community, through the EYSDC, also organized 2 editions of ECOWAS International Cycling tour, taking close to 100 riders from all member states, from Lagos to Accra and then from Lagos to Abidjan . In addition to the sports and well-being objective of the tour, the race also served to demonstrate and put into practice ECOWAS protocol on free movement of goods and persons. In 2019,
432-724: A military alliance, the Alliance of Sahel States , following ECOWAS's threat to intervene to restore civilian rule in Niger. On 21 November 2023, Niger's military government asked the ECOWAS regional court to order the lifting of sanctions imposed on the country. Until the coup, aid from countries like the United States and international organizations like ECOWAS accounted for almost half of Niger's annual budget. Following Niger's ECOWAS suspension, Niger's neighbours closed their borders to
504-613: A more integrated use of digital technology. As of March 2023, Council members mentioned that phases one and two of the Ecotour Action Plan have come to an end and that the community is moving into phase three and four, which focuses on the development of tourist accommodations establishments, and a proposal for a regional mechanism to enforce tourist regulations. By the end of phase five, ECOWAS hopes to have unified accommodations in hotels, ecolodges, motels, apart hotels , and hostels. In April 2023, tourism experts met to amend
576-661: A return to civilian rule. ECOWAS consists of two operating institutions to implement policies: the ECOWAS Commission and the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID) – formerly known as the Fund for Cooperation, until it was renamed in 2001. In addition, ECOWAS includes the following institutions: ECOWAS Commission, Community Court of Justice, Community Parliament, ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID), West African Health Organisation (WAHO), and
648-516: A single large trade bloc by building a full economic and trading union. Additionally, ECOWAS aims to raise living standards and promote economic development . The union was established on 28 May 1975, with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos , with its stated mission to promote economic integration across the region. A revised version of the treaty was agreed and signed on 24 July 1993 in Cotonou ,
720-418: A smoother border-crossing process than working-class individuals and impoverished citizens who do not have travel documents and are not fluent in the language of the countries they are crossing into. A Trans-ECOWAS project, established in 2007, plans to upgrade railways in this zone. In 2019, ECOWAS unveiled its Ecotour Action Plan 2019 – 2029. It focuses on tourism heritage protection and development and on
792-559: Is "endemic and seasonal." In 2005, after an outbreak of measles in Katsina State, Daura became one of five training centers for workers who were to carry out immunization. On vehicle license plates , Daura is abbreviated as DRA. The dry season is oppressively hot and partially cloudy in Daura, whereas the wet season is oppressively hot and generally cloudy. The temperature rarely falls below 52°F or rises over 108°F throughout
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#1732773251639864-412: Is a group of six countries within ECOWAS that plan to introduce a common currency called the eco . The six member states of WAMZ are Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Nigeria and Sierra Leone who founded the organisation together in 2000 and Liberia who joined on 16 February 2010. Apart from Guinea, which is francophone, they are all English-speaking countries. Along with Mauritania , Guinea opted out of
936-450: Is a regional political and economic union of fifteen countries of West Africa . Collectively, the countries comprise an area of 5,114,162 km (1,974,589 sq mi) and have an estimated population of over 424.34 million. Considered one of the pillar regional blocs of the continent-wide African Economic Community (AEC), the stated goal of ECOWAS is to achieve "collective self-sufficiency " for its member states by creating
1008-528: Is an organisation of eight, mainly francophone West African states within ECOWAS, previously colonies of French West Africa . It was established to promote economic integration among countries that share the CFA franc as a common currency. UEMOA was created by a Treaty signed at Dakar , Senegal, on 10 January 1994, by the heads of state and governments of Benin , Burkina Faso , Ivory Coast , Mali , Niger , Senegal , and Togo . On 2 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau ,
1080-463: Is generally divided into public and private sectors which provide medical services at the primary and secondary levels. Although the private hospitals are usually more expensive, it does not necessarily translate to better healthcare delivery. Daura's population was estimated as 25,151 as of 1972. According to the MARA/ARMA organization, malaria affects Daura for four to six months of the year, and
1152-647: Is said to have slain Sarki is protected by a wooden shelter and has become a tourist attraction . In 1805, during the Fulani War , Daura was taken over by Fulani warrior Malam Ishaku , who set up an emirate . The Hausa set up rival states nearby, and the ruler of one, Malam Musa , was made the new emir of Daura by the British in 1904, While Fulani emirs reigned and established a rival kingdoms at Daure-Zango (Zango) and at Daure-Baure (Baure). Zango (founded in 1825)
1224-473: Is served by a government health office and a dispensary. However, Daura town became a Caravan Centre for salt and potash from the Sahara Desert and for cloth, slaves, leather, and agricultural produce from the south; but it never gained the political or military prominence of Katsina (49 miles [79 km] west) or of Kano (73 miles [117 km] south). Daura is one among the few where crops are grown all
1296-571: Is the chief executive, and other elected members, who are referred to as councillors. Each LGA is further subdivided into a minimum of ten and a maximum of twenty wards. A ward is administered by a councillor, who reports directly to the LGA chairman. The councillors fall under the legislative arm of the Local Government , the third tier of government in Nigeria, below the state governments and
1368-488: Is the city that, according to legend (in about the 9th century), Bayajidda , a figure from Hausa mythology, arrived at after his trek across the Sahara . Once there, he killed a snake (named Sarki, meaning "King") who prevented the people from drawing water from the well, and the local queen, Magajiya Daurama , married him out of gratitude; one of their seven children was named Daura. The Kusugu Well in Daura where Bayajidda
1440-506: Is to provide mutual defense, pool resources to build energy and communications infrastructure, establish a common market , implement a monetary union under proposed currency the Sahel , allow free movement of persons , enable industrialization , and invest in agriculture, mines and energy sectors, with the end goal of federalizing into a single sovereign state . The move is seen as a strong move away from ECOWAS, which has been pressing for
1512-686: The 2012 ECOWAS Games and the Miss CEDEAO beauty pageant . The Community Heads of State and Government adopted African Traditional Wrestling as the Community sport, and through its specialised agency in charge of youth and sports development, the Ouagadougou -based ECOWAS Youth and Sports Development Centre (EYSDC), has consistently organised the yearly ECOWAS African Wrestling Tournament mainly in Dakar (Senegal) and Niamey (Niger) based on
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#17327732516391584-549: The 2023 coup d'état and threatened with military intervention if President Mohamed Bazoum is not restored to office, causing the Nigerien crisis. Additionally, ECOWAS closed all land and air borders between other member states and Niger and instituted a no-fly zone on all commercial flights to and from Niger. The suspension removed all commercial and financial transactions and froze Niger's assets in ECOWAS central banks. On 16 September 2023, Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso formed
1656-574: The CFA franc currency shared by all other former French colonies in West and Central Africa . The WAMZ attempts to establish a strong stable currency to rival the CFA franc, whose exchange rate is tied to that of the euro and is guaranteed by the French Treasury . The eventual goal is for the CFA franc and eco to merge, giving all of West and Central Africa a single, stable currency. The launch of
1728-481: The 2010 decade; the best performance was recorded by Côte d'Ivoire (annual growth rate of 6.72%) and the lowest one by Guinea Bissau (3.85%). However, positive progress has been made in economic distribution since the foundation of WAMEU, with the mean dispersion of economic growth in the region being 1.26 before the creation and 0.73 after. Formed in 2000, the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ)
1800-633: The 60th Emir of Daura on 28 February 2007 following the death of Sarkin Muhammadu Bashar dan Umaru. The Daura Royal Palace 'Kangiwa' is a huge complex located at the Centre of the ancient city. It is a symbol of culture, history and traditions of 'Daurawa'. The Daura Emirate is referred to as one of the "seven true Hausa states " ( Hausa Bakwai ) In 1805, during the Fulani War , Daura was taken over by Fulani warrior Malam Ishaku , who set up an emirate . The Hausa set up rival states nearby, and
1872-452: The 90-day visa-free window enhanced human mobility in the region, creating positive impacts on trade and economic development. In December 2000, the ECOWAS passport was introduced as a common passport that functions as an international travel document, and member states are currently in the process of implementing a joint visa for non-ECOWAS citizens. Additionally, ECOWAS has worked to ease
1944-823: The ECOWAS region a first-class tourist destination in Africa. During its creation, ECOWAS ministers also called on ecotourism programs to protect threatened biodiversity in the Guinean Forests , which span into seven ECOWAS member states. Similar to the Free Movement of People Protocol, Ecotour aims to integrate aviation and ground transportation. ECOWAS hopes that this regional approach will allow states to fight against pandemics such as COVID-19 to restore tourism and ecosystems. Ecotour works to create increasing returns to its members' economies by lowering transport costs, developing hospitality training centers and creating
2016-489: The EYSDC instituted ECOWAS Abuja International Marathon. The first edition brought together international marathoners from West Africa, Kenya , Ethiopia and Cameroon . Similarly, the Community, through its specialised agency, promotes regional sports development by offering sponsorship to regional sports federations and specialized disciplines such as the West African Deaf Sports Union (WADSU),
2088-668: The Inter-Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in West Africa (GIABA). ECOWAS includes two sub-regional blocks: ECOWAS operates in three co-official languages—French, English, and Portuguese. ECOWAS nations assigned a non-aggression protocol in 1990 along with two earlier agreements in 1978 and 1981. They also signed a Protocol on Mutual Defence Assistance in Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 29 May 1981, that provided for
2160-497: The Nigerien government is not recognized by ECOWAS and therefore does not have the power to ask the regional court for a removal of these sanctions. On 28 January 2024, Niger , Mali , and Burkina Faso announced via a joint statement that they were withdrawing from ECOWAS "without delay". The three nations, all of which are currently ruled by military juntas, accused ECOWAS of implementing "inhumane" sanctions in order to reverse
2232-603: The Revised Treaty. It also provides ECOWAS Council with advisory opinions on legal issues (Article 10). Like its companion courts, the European Court of Human Rights and East African Court of Justice , it has jurisdiction to rule on fundamental human rights breaches. ECOWAS nations organise a broad array of cultural and sports events under the auspices of the body, including the CEDEAO Cup in football ,
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2304-419: The UEMOA as "the furthest along the path toward integration" of all the regional groupings in Africa. ECOWAS and UEMOA have developed a common plan of action on trade liberalisation and macroeconomic policy convergence. The organizations have also agreed on common rules of origin to enhance trade, and ECOWAS has agreed to adopt UEMOA's customs declaration forms and compensation mechanisms. However, within
2376-846: The West African Liaison Office of the International Council for Military Sports (WALO-CISM), the Region 2 of the African Athletics Federation, and the West African University Games (WAUG), among others. The ECOWAS Youth Policy Strategic Plan of Action (SPAO) is a 10-year plan that aims to promote youth development and empowerment in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The SPAO
2448-433: The bloc's member countries at times of political instability and unrest. ECOWAS facilitates peacekeeping through systematic collaboration with civil society, cooperation with development policies, and other activities with the goal to meet sub-regional security challenges. It has played an important role in monitoring transitional election in West Africa, and these mediation efforts have even been recognized within and outside
2520-604: The bloc. The countries had earlier been suspended from ECOWAS due to military takeovers of their respective governments . In December 2024, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) meets in conclave, at a meeting of the heads of state of the member countries, ECOWAS, must change its final decision regarding the withdrawal of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso, united under the AES. Upon its foundation, ECOWAS had 15 member states: eight French -speaking, five English-speaking, and two Portuguese -speaking. All current members joined
2592-645: The case of Mali, removed French as an official language. However, the group has been cited for mild and ineffective responses in the early 2020s, when three member countries experienced military coups d'état – two in Mali, one in Guinea, and two in Burkina Faso. When a fourth member, Niger, experienced a coup d'état in July 2023 , ECOWAS was vocal in its condemnation and raised the possibility of military action if
2664-501: The city to the emir's palace. Once assembled near the palace, groups of horsemen, each group representing a nearby village, take it in turns to charge toward the emir, pulling up just feet in front of the seated dignitaries to offer their respect and allegiance. The Hausa people (sometimes grouped with the Fulani as Hausa-Fulani ) are the largest ethnic group. Daura has many hospitals and medical facilities, The Daura healthcare system
2736-612: The community as founding members in May 1975, except Cape Verde which joined in 1977. Morocco officially requested to join ECOWAS in February 2017. The application was endorsed in principle at the Summit of Heads of State in June 2017. However, Morocco's bid for membership was stalled as West African economic actors feared goods imported through Morocco's free trade agreements would flood
2808-510: The continent of Africa. In recent years these included interventions in Ivory Coast in 2003 , Liberia in 2003 , Guinea-Bissau in 2012 , Mali in 2013 , and The Gambia in 2017 . Since its creation, ECOWAS has sent peacekeeping forces seven times. In 2011, ECOWAS adopted its development blueprint for the next decade, Vision 2020 , and, to accompany it, a Policy on Science and Technology ( ECOPOST ). However, it has had trouble achieving
2880-426: The country and 70 percent of its electricity, coming from Nigeria, was cut off. While these sanctions and consequences that have followed have impacted the individuals and economy of Niger, the government is not backing down. As a result of the suspension, children have not been able to attend school due to lack of supplies, and businesses are shutting down due to rising costs. Further, the ECOWAS lawyer pointed out that
2952-468: The coups in each nation. Under the ECOWAS protocol, immediate withdrawal is not possible, and the three member states could remain in the bloc for up to a year. ECOWAS said in a statement that "Burkina Faso, Niger and Mali remain important members of the Community and the Authority remains committed to finding a negotiated solution to the political impasse." On 24 February 2024, ECOWAS announced that it
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3024-433: The deposed president was not reinstated by 7 August 2023. Due to the Nigerien military's refusal to restore civilian rule, ECOWAS activated its standby force composed of all other members except for Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea and Cape Verde. On 6 July 2024, the military leaders of Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso signed a new pact to form a confederation, a political union of sovereign states . The confederation's stated goal
3096-587: The development of standards, regulations, and control systems. The plan includes five programs for implementation, and detailed mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation. Ecotourism is not specifically developed, yet it has been mentioned that the program has the opportunity to create linkages between institutions and stakeholder collaboration to suit ecotourism projects that prioritize community, biodiversity, and socioeconomics. The Ecotour Plan prioritizes local development, especially in generating skilled and unskilled jobs for marginalized individuals, and aims to make
3168-596: The establishment of an Allied Armed Force of the Community. The Community Parliament consists of 115 members, distributed based on the population of each member state. This body is headed by the Speaker of the Parliament, who is above the Secretary General. For the third time since its inception in 1975, ECOWAS is undergoing institutional reforms. The first was when it revised its treaty on 24 July 1993;
3240-478: The facilitation and establishment of business through the right of citizens to manage economic activities in countries other than their country of origin. However, this right has not been fully established in the ECOWAS region. While these three phases promoting freedom of movement within the ECOWAS region is more advanced than in any other regional grouping in Africa, only the first phase has been fully implemented by all ECOWAS countries. The complete implementation of
3312-627: The federal government. The functions of local governments are detailed in the Nigerian constitution and include the following: Lagos State Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Badagry, Epe, Eti Osa, Ibeju-Lekki, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Ikorodu, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Ojo,, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere. Economic Community of West African States The Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ; also known as CEDEAO in French and Portuguese)
3384-475: The first nine years. Daura is home to various primary, secondary, postsecondary schools, and other vocational institutions that are either operated by the government or private entities. With higher institutions like the University of Transportation, Yusufu Bala Usman College , Sani Zango College of Health Technology, Federal Polytechnic among others. The emir of Daura hosts a Durbar to mark and celebrate
3456-609: The goals outlined in the policy. Covering a region known as a " coup belt ", ECOWAS, since the 1990s, has attempted to defend the region's shift towards democracy against authoritarian attacks. According to the BBC, since 1990, 78% of the 27 coups in sub-Saharan Africa have taken place in former French colonies. This has led some to question whether French influence in Africa has a destabilising impact. The transition governments in Mali and Burkina Faso cancelled military agreements that allow for French troops to operate on their territory, and in
3528-563: The largest city in Benin. ECOWAS's fundamental principles rely on equity , inter-dependence, solidarity, co-operation, nonaggression, regional peace, promotion of human rights , and economic and social justice . Notably among ECOWAS's protocols and plans are the ECOWAS Free Movement of Persons, Residences and Establishment Protocol and the Ecotour Action Plan 2019–2029. The Free Movement of Persons Protocol permits citizens
3600-513: The market of states within ECOWAS. Arabic-speaking Mauritania was one of the founding members of ECOWAS in 1975 and decided to withdraw in December 2000. Mauritania signed a new associate-membership agreement in August 2017. Mali was suspended from ECOWAS on 30 May 2021, following its second military coup within nine months. Guinea was also suspended on 8 September 2021, shortly after
3672-420: The movement of people transported in private and commercial vehicles by implementing policies that enable vehicles to enter and reside in a State for up to ninety days. Most ECOWAS states have instituted an ECOWAS brown card, which provides prompt, fair, and immediate compensation for any motor accident which occurs outside a motorist's home-country. While monitoring committees exist to ensure all three phases of
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#17327732516393744-464: The need for visas for stays of up to 90 days within the ECOWAS territory. Phase II attempted to extend residency to citizens in host ECOWAS states to seek income-earning employment after obtaining an ECOWAS residence card. Phase II also required member states to grant migrant workers equal treatment in areas such as employment, participation, social and cultural activities, and in certain cases of job loss, re-employment, and training. Phase III centered on
3816-575: The new currency is being developed by the West African Monetary Institute based in Accra , Ghana. In May 1979, ECOWAS adopted a Free Movement of Persons, Residence and Establishment Protocol, which permits citizens to enter, reside, and establish economic activities in the territory of member states. There were three phases of implementation to achieve the goals of the protocol. Over the course of five years, Phase I eliminated
3888-464: The new text for tourist accommodations in the ECOWAS region. This phase is critical to the success of the Ecotour plan as the lack of a regulatory system has been a barrier to the development of the tourism sector, despite its ability to increase member states' economies. During this conference, ministers improved the tourism industry by adopting standards for hotel services. Mrs. Massandjé Toure-Liste,
3960-405: The pillar regional blocs of the continent-wide African Economic Community (AEC), the stated goal of ECOWAS is to achieve "collective self-sufficiency " for its member states by creating a single large trade bloc by building a full economic and trading union. ECOWAS also serves as a peacekeeping force in the region, with member states occasionally sending joint military forces to intervene in
4032-760: The protocol are successfully implemented, their work is vague and has not been credited with effective and efficient production of data. The largest challenges assosicated within the implementation of the protocol occur due to lack of commitment and enforceability. More so, there is a lack of access to readily available migrant information in the ECOWAS region. This poses a barrier to freedom of movement as immigration officials in member states are unaware that individuals who hold valid travel documents can enter their country freely. Therefore, West African migrants, who are entitled to enter through regular channels, leave their countries without proper travel documents and enter other countries illegally. This illegal and irregular entry poses
4104-413: The region, there has been a low level of integration with an increase in income disparities since the creation of WAEMU. Côte d'Ivoire had the highest GDP per capita in 2022 at US$ 1,950 while Niger had the lowest one at US$ 484. In the same year, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal alone accounted for more than 60% of the unions' exports. Additionally, there is a large discrepancy in countries' economic performance over
4176-534: The right to enter and reside in any member state's territory, and the Ecotour Action Plan aims to develop and integrate the tourist industry of each member state. ECOWAS also serves as a peacekeeping force in the region, with member states occasionally sending joint military forces to intervene in the bloc's member countries at times of political instability and unrest. In 2024, Niger , Burkina Faso , and Mali announced their withdrawal from
4248-650: The ruler of one, Malam Musa , was made the new emir of Daura by the British in 1904. , the Emir of Daura still rules as a ceremonial hereditary monarch, and maintains a palace. Umar Faruk Umar became the 60th Emir of Daura on 28 February 2007 following the death of Sarki Muhammadu Bashar Dan Umaru. Trade in Daura is primarily in sorghum, millet, onions, peanuts (groundnuts), cotton, and hides and skins; cattle, goats, sheep, horses, and donkeys are kept by its Hausa and Fulani inhabitants. Cotton weaving and peanut collecting (for export) are significant economic activities. The town
4320-529: The second was in 2007 when the Secretariat was transformed into a Commission. As of July 2013, ECOWAS now has six new departments (Human Resources Management; Education, Science and Culture; Energy and Mines; Telecommunications and IT; Industry and Private Sector Promotion). Finance and Administration to Sierra Leone has been decoupled, to give the incoming Ghana Commissioner the new portfolio of Administration and Conferences. ECOWAS Community Court of Justice
4392-591: The two annual Muslim festivals Eid al-Fitr (to mark the end of the Holy Month of Ramadan ) and Eid al-Adha (to mark the Hajj Holy Pilgrimage). In addition to these, he also hosts a Durbar of Gani which is celebrated often on the 12th day of Rabi' al-awwal, the third month in the Islamic calendar. The Durbar culminates in a procession of highly elaborately dressed horsemen who pass through
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#17327732516394464-414: The year in Daura. March 5 is when the cloudier portion of the year starts, and it lasts for 8.1 months, finishing on November 7. In Daura, May is the cloudiest month of the year with an average of 69% of the sky being gloomy or overcast. Local government areas of Nigeria Nigeria has 774 local government areas (LGAs), each administered by a local government council consisting of a chairman, who
4536-462: The year in January, with an average low of 58°F and high of 90°F. Over the course of the year, Daura's average percentage of cloud-covered sky varies significantly by season. At Daura, the clearer portion of the year starts about November 7 and lasts for 3.9 months, finishing about March 5. With 60% of the sky being clear, mostly clear, or partially cloudy on average, January is the clearest month of
4608-636: The year round. Apart from Government's encouragement and general incentives to both large and small scale, peasant farming over the years, has been quite commendable. Daura is a Centre of both formal and informal education. The education system is the 6-3-3-4 system, which is practiced throughout the country (as well as by many other members of the Economic Community of West African States ). The levels are Primary, Junior Secondary School (JSS), Senior Secondary School (SSS) and University. All children are offered basic education, with special focus now on
4680-479: The year, often ranging from 57°F to 103°F. Daura's normal temperature The hot season lasts for 2.3 months, from 10 March to 19 May, with an average daily high temperature of above 99°F. The hottest month of the year in Daura is April, with an average high temperature of 103°F and low temperature of 75°F. The 2.4-month cool season, which runs from 17 July to 29 September, has an average daily maximum temperature of less than 88°F. Daura experiences its coldest month of
4752-790: Was adopted in 2016 and is based on the pillars of education and training, employment and entrepreneurship, health and well-being, peace and security, and governance and participation. The SPAO identifies a number of challenges facing youth in ECOWAS, including high unemployment rates, lack of access to education and training, and poor health outcomes. The plan sets out a number of strategies to address these challenges, including investing in education and training, creating jobs and supporting entrepreneurship, improving access to health care, promoting peace and security, and strengthening youth participation in governance. The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU, also known as UEMOA from its name in French, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine )
4824-511: Was created by a protocol signed in 1991 and was later included in Article 6 of the Revised Treaty of the Community in 1993. However, the Court did not officially begin operations until the 1991 protocol came into effect on 5 November 1996. The jurisdiction of the court is outlined in Article 9 and Articles 76 of the Revised Treaty and allows rulings on disputes between states over interpretations of
4896-418: Was formed initially from the region's former French, British and Portuguese colonies, and independent Liberia, following post-colonial independence throughout the region (particularly in the 1960s and 1970s). At independence, many African states were challenged in increasing economic development. Because these states could not address problems individually, there was a need for a regional approach and thus ECOWAS
4968-470: Was founded. ECOWAS was formed to provide regional economic cooperation, but has since evolved to include political and military cooperation, as well. The union was established on 28 May 1975, with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos , with its stated mission to promote economic integration across the region. A revised version of the treaty was agreed and signed on 24 July 1993 in Cotonou. Considered one of
5040-407: Was lifting some sanctions against Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso. For Niger this included the border closures, the freezing of central bank and state assets, the suspension of commercial transactions, and the no-fly-zone for commercial flights to and from Niger. However, the political sanctions and targeted sanctions would remain in force. The communiqué said this was done for humanitarian reasons, but it
5112-529: Was seen as a gesture of appeasement to dissuade the three junta-led states from withdrawing from the bloc. ECOWAS also lifted sanctions on Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. Statistics for population, nominal GDP and purchasing power parity GDP listed below are taken from World Bank estimates for 2015, published in December 2016. Area data is taken from a 2012 report compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division . ECOWAS
5184-457: Was the more prominent Hausa-Daura kingdom, and in 1903–04, after the British and French had divided the three Daura polities, the British installed Zango's king, Malam Musa, as the new emir of Daura. Part of former North-Central state after 1967, the traditional emirate was incorporated into Kaduna State in 1976. It became part of the newly created Katsina state in 1987. Faruk Umar Faruk became
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