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43-640: Dadao , formerly romanized ta-tao , may refer to: Dadao (sword) ( 大刀 , p   dàdāo , lit.   ' big knife ' ), a machete-like variety of the Chinese sword dao " The Sword March ", a Chinese song during the Second Sino-Japanese War (World War II) that begins Dadao! Tao , the "Great Way" ( 大道 , p   Dàdào ) of Chinese philosophies and religions The Great Way Government of Shanghai (1937–38) during

86-493: A "swallowing of consonants", or 吞音 ; tūnyīn . ⟨ j q x ⟩ /tɕ tɕʰ ɕ/ become ⟨ y ⟩ /j/ , so 赶紧去 ; gǎnjǐnqù ; 'go quickly' can sound like gǎnyǐnqù ; pinyin ⟨ b d g ⟩ /p t k/ go through voicing to become [b d ɡ] ; intervocalic ⟨ p t k ⟩ /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ also lose aspiration and can be voiced, sounding identical to ⟨ b d g ⟩; similar changes also occur on other consonants. ⟨ f ⟩

129-769: A feature known as 女国音 ; nǚguóyīn ; 'female Standard Chinese'. Moreover, the Beijing dialect has a few phonetic reductions that are usually considered too "colloquial" for use in Standard Chinese. These are often dependent on which syllables are stressed and unstressed. For example, in fast speech, initial consonants go through lenition if they are in an unstressed syllable : pinyin] ⟨ zh ch sh ⟩ /tʂ tʂʰ ʂ/ before ⟨ e i u ⟩ become ⟨ r ⟩ /ɻ/ , so 不知道 ; bùzhīdào ; 'don't know' can sound like bùrdào ; 老师 ; lǎoshī can sound like lǎor , resulting in

172-438: A glide or vowel it is often eliminated along with any following glides so 中央 ; zhōngyāng is pronounced zhuāng and 公安局 ; gōng'ānjú as guānjú . Sibilant initials differ significantly between Standard Chinese and the Beijing dialect. The initials ⟨z c s⟩ /ts tsʰ s/ are pronounced as [tθ tθʰ θ] in Beijing. ⟨j q x⟩ /tɕ tɕʰ ɕ/ are pronounced as /ts tsʰ s/ by some female speakers,

215-400: A more "refined" accent than the poorer people, craftsmen, and performers of the south. Some fear that the vernacular Beijing dialect will disappear. According to a 2010 study by Beijing Union University , 49% of young Beijingers born after 1980 prefer to speak standard Mandarin rather than the Beijing dialect. According to a UN report, nearly 100 Chinese dialects, especially those spoken by

258-548: A number of cities with Kuomintang mayors. However, the current Tsai Ing-wen administration and Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) along with the majority of the people in Taiwan, both native and overseas, use spelling and transcribe their legal names based on the Wade–Giles system, as well as the other aforementioned systems. The tables below show the Wade–Giles representation of each Chinese sound (in bold type), together with

301-627: A scholar of Chinese and a British ambassador in China who was the first professor of Chinese at the University of Cambridge . Wade published Yü-yen Tzŭ-erh Chi ( 語言自邇集 ; 语言自迩集 ) in 1867, the first textbook on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin in English, which became the basis for the system later known as Wade–Giles. The system, designed to transcribe Chinese terms for Chinese specialists,

344-458: A syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is not capitalized , even if it is part of a proper noun . The use of apostrophe-like characters, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in place names and personal names. For example, the majority of overseas Taiwanese people write their given names like "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun", whereas the Wade–Giles is actually "Tai-lun". (See also Chinese names .) Note: In Hànyǔ Pīnyīn,

387-487: A syllable on its own, Wade–Giles writes ê or o depending on the character. In all other circumstances, it writes ê . What is pronounced in Peking dialect as [wo] is usually written as o in Wade–Giles, except for wo , shuo (e.g. "說" shuo ) and the three syllables of kuo , kʻuo , and huo (as in 過, 霍, etc.), which contrast with ko , kʻo , and ho that correspond to Pīnyīn ge , ke , and he . This

430-400: A syllable on its own, it is written ê or o depending on the character. Wade–Giles writes [-wo] as -uo after kʻ , k , h and sh , otherwise as -o : kʻuo , kuo , huo , shuo , bo , tso . After chʻ , it is written chʻo or chʻuo depending on the character. For -ih and -ŭ , see below . Giles's A Chinese–English Dictionary also includes

473-522: Is because characters like 羅, 多, etc. (Wade–Giles: lo , to ; Pīnyīn: luó , duō ) did not originally carry the medial [w] . Peking dialect does not have phonemic contrast between o and -uo / wo (except in interjections when used alone) and a medial [w] is usually inserted in front of -o to form [wo] . Zhùyīn and Pīnyīn write [wo] as ㄛ -o after ㄅ b , ㄆ p , ㄇ m and ㄈ f , and as ㄨㄛ -uo after all other initials. Tones are indicated in Wade–Giles using superscript numbers (1–4) placed after

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516-912: Is claimed to be strong in Khorchin Mongolian , whilst there have been claims of phonetic influence from Mandarin Chinese in the Kharchin variety of Mongolian. The aspirated bilabial stop /pʰ/ and the labial approximant /w/ are phonemes only found in loanwords from Chinese and Tibetan , evident in their limited distribution in Mongolian. Substantial diglossia can also be observed in Inner Mongolia. The Beijing dialect typically uses many words that are considered slang, and therefore occur much less or not at all in Standard Chinese. Speakers not native to Beijing may have trouble understanding many or most of these. Many of such slang words employ

559-487: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Wade%E2%80%93Giles Wade–Giles ( / ˌ w eɪ d ˈ dʒ aɪ l z / WAYD JYLZE ) is a romanization system for Mandarin Chinese . It developed from the system produced by Thomas Francis Wade during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert Giles 's A Chinese–English Dictionary (1892). The romanization systems in common use until

602-557: Is similar to Wade–Giles. POJ, Legge romanization , Simplified Wade , and EFEO Chinese transcription use the letter ⟨h⟩ instead of an apostrophe-like character to indicate aspiration. (This is similar to the obsolete IPA convention before the revisions of the 1970s ). The convention of an apostrophe-like character or ⟨h⟩ to denote aspiration is also found in romanizations of other Asian languages, such as McCune–Reischauer for Korean and ISO 11940 for Thai . People unfamiliar with Wade–Giles often ignore

645-400: Is the guttural Scotch or German ch. A Manchu Grammar: With Analysed Texts , Paul Georg von Möllendorff , p. 1. The Chinese Northern Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing had a major impact on the phonology of the dialect of Manchu spoken in Beijing , and since Manchu phonology was transcribed into Chinese and European sources based on the sinified pronunciation of Manchus from Beijing,

688-471: Is voiced and relaxed in intervocalic positions, resulting in [ʋ] . Affricates are elided into fricatives when not word initial, such as 茅厕 ; máocè becoming máosi. Some of these changes yield syllables that violate the syllable structure of Standard Chinese, such as 大柵欄 ; Dà Zhàlán Street, which locals pronounce as Dàshlàr . The literary tones of the Beijing dialect tend to be more exaggerated than Standard Chinese. In Standard Chinese,

731-629: The 55 ethnic minorities in China , are endangered. The Beijing dialect is generally mutually intelligible with other Mandarin dialects, including Standard Chinese. However it is not intelligible with other Sino-Tibetan languages or even other Chinese languages including Cantonese , Hokkien , and Wu Chinese . The Dungan language is a Sinitic language derived from Mandarin spoken throughout Central Asia , particularly in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan . Speakers like Dungan poet and scholar Iasyr Shivaza and others have reported that Chinese who speak

774-556: The unaspirated-aspirated stop consonant pairs using a character resembling an apostrophe . Thomas Wade and others used the spiritus asper (ʽ or ʻ), borrowed from the polytonic orthography of the Ancient Greek language. Herbert Giles and others used a left (opening) curved single quotation mark (‘) for the same purpose. A third group used a plain apostrophe ('). The backtick , and visually similar characters, are sometimes seen in various electronic documents using

817-612: The Beijing dialect could understand Dungan, but Dungans could not understand Beijing Mandarin. In fundamental structure, the phonology of the Beijing dialect and Standard Chinese are almost identical. In part, this is because the pronunciation of Standard Chinese was based on Beijing pronunciation. However, the Beijing dialect also has vernacular readings of characters which are not only different, but have initial and final combinations that are not present in Standard Chinese, such as 嗲 ; diǎ , 塞 ; sēi , 甭 ; béng , 忒 ; tēi , and 色 ; shǎi . Other differences exist, including

860-481: The Beijing dialect is an important symbol of identity." Some argue that Cantonese is the "only dialect which has attained a level of prestige that rivals that of the standard national language." The dialect has been described as "the official language of the entertainment industry", making it also the "showbiz accent." Even within Beijing the dialect varies. Those north of the Forbidden City spoke with

903-408: The Beijing dialect. Both southern Chinese and southern Mandarin syntactic features were incorporated into Standard Mandarin, while the Beijing dialect retains features of northern Mandarin. The Beijing dialect also uses colloquial expressions differently. There is a conditional loss of the classifier under certain circumstances after the numeral 一 ; 'one', usually pronounced as yí with

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946-650: The apostrophe-like characters are kept, the system reveals a symmetry that leaves no overlap: Like Yale and Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II , Wade–Giles renders the two types of syllabic consonant ( simplified Chinese : 空韵 ; traditional Chinese : 空韻 ; Wade–Giles: kʻung -yün ; Hànyǔ Pīnyīn : kōngyùn ) differently: These finals are both written as -ih in Tongyòng Pinyin , as -i in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (hence distinguishable only by

989-718: The basis for the phonology of Standard Chinese (Guoyu) in 1926. In 1955, the People's Republic of China declared that Standard Chinese was to be "modeled on the pronunciation of Beijing, draws on Northern Chinese as its base dialect, and receives its syntactic norms from exemplary works of vernacular literature". The Beijing dialect has been described as carrying a lot of "cultural heft." According to Zhang Shifang, professor at Beijing Language and Culture University , "As China's ancient and modern capital, Beijing and thus its linguistic culture as well are representative of our entire nation's civilization... For Beijing people themselves,

1032-555: The corresponding IPA phonetic symbol (in square brackets), and equivalent representations in Bopomofo and Hanyu Pinyin . Instead of ts , tsʻ and s , Wade–Giles writes tz , tzʻ and ss before ŭ (see below ). Wade–Giles writes -uei after kʻ and k , otherwise -ui : kʻuei , kuei , hui , shui , chʻui . It writes [-ɤ] as -o after kʻ , k and h , otherwise as -ê : kʻo , ko , ho , shê , chʻê . When [ɤ] forms

1075-610: The early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War (World War II) See also [ edit ] Dadaocheng (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dadao . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dadao&oldid=1243285379 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Chinese-language text Short description

1118-408: The finals -io (in yo , chio , chʻio , hsio , lio and nio ) and -üo (in chüo , chʻüo , hsüo , lüo and nüo ), both of which are pronounced -üeh in modern Standard Chinese : yüeh , chüeh , chʻüeh , hsüeh , lüeh and nüeh . Wade–Giles writes the syllable [i] as i or yi depending on the character. A feature of the Wade–Giles system is the representation of

1161-622: The four tones are high flat, high rising, low dipping, and falling; in the Beijing dialect, the first two tones are higher, the third one dips more prominently, and the fourth one falls more. However, toneless syllables are incredibly common in the vernacular Beijing dialect and the third tone is realized as a low tone instead of a dipping tone, known as a "half third tone". Many of the Manchu words are now pronounced with some Chinese peculiarities of pronunciation, so k before i and e=ch', g before i and e=ch, h and s before i=hs, etc. H before a, o, u, ū,

1204-532: The initial from [i] as in li ), and as -y in Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Simplified Wade . They are typically omitted in Zhùyīn (Bōpōmōfō) . Final o in Wade–Giles has two pronunciations in modern Peking dialect: [wo] and [ɤ] . What is pronounced in vernacular Peking dialect as a close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ] is written usually as ê , but sometimes as o , depending on historical pronunciation (at

1247-541: The late 19th century were based on the Nanjing dialect , but Wade–Giles was based on the Beijing dialect and was the system of transcription familiar in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century. Both of these kinds of transcription were used in postal romanizations (romanized place-names standardized for postal uses). In mainland China , Wade–Giles has been mostly replaced by Hanyu Pinyin , which

1290-522: The late eighteenth century, the standard language of the Chinese elite had been the Nanjing dialect , despite political power having already been located in Beijing. Through the nineteenth century, evidence from Western dictionaries suggests that a shift occurred in the court from a Nanjing-based standard to a more local Beijing-based one. During the Qing dynasty it was used alongside the Manchu language as

1333-640: The official court language. The establishment of phonology of Standard Chinese dates from a 1913 decision by the Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation , which took the Beijing dialect as its base but retained a lot of phonology from other varieties of Mandarin , resulting in the Old National Pronunciation . This was overturned in 1926, resulting in the "pronunciation of the educated natives of Beijing" officially adopted as

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1376-475: The original authentic Manchu pronunciation is unknown to scholars. The Manchus that lived in Beijing were influenced by the Beijing dialect insofar as pronouncing Manchu sounds was hard for them, and they pronounced Manchu according to Chinese phonetics. In contrast, the Manchus of Aigun , Heilongjiang could both pronounce Manchu sounds properly and mimic the sinified pronunciation of Manchus in Beijing. This

1419-435: The political and cultural capital of China , Beijing has held much historical significance as a city, and its speech has held sway as a lingua franca. Being officially selected to form the basis of the phonology of Standard Mandarin has further contributed to its status as a prestige dialect , or sometimes the prestige dialect of Chinese. Other scholars have referred to it as the "elite Beijing accent." Until at least

1462-651: The proliferation of rhotic vowels . All rhotic vowels are the result of the use of the 儿 ; -r /-ɚ/ , a noun suffix , except for a few words pronounced [ɐɚ̯] that do not have this suffix. In Standard Chinese, these also occur but much less often than they appear in the Beijing dialect. This phenomenon is known as 儿化 ; érhuà , or rhotacization , as is considered one of the iconic characteristics of Beijing Mandarin. When /w/ occurs in syllable-initial position, many speakers use [ʋ] before vowels other than [o] as in 我 wǒ , and [u] as in 五 ; wǔ , e.g. 尾巴 wěiba [ʋei̯˨pa˦] . When / ŋ / occurs before

1505-589: The rhotic suffix "-r", which is known as erhua . Examples include: Some Beijing phrases may be somewhat disseminated outside Beijing: Note that some of the slang are considered to be 土话 ; tuhua ; 'base', 'uneducated language', that are carry-overs from an older generation and are no longer used amongst more educated speakers, for example: Others may be viewed as neologisms used among younger speakers and in "trendier" circles: The dialect also contains both Manchu and Mongol loanwords: There are syntactic differences between Standard Mandarin and

1548-425: The so-called neutral tone is written leaving the syllable with no diacritic mark at all. In Tongyòng Pinyin, a ring is written over the vowel. There are several adaptations of Wade–Giles. The Romanization system used in the 1943 edition of Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary differs from Wade–Giles in the following ways: Examples of Wade–Giles derived English language terminology: Beijing dialect As

1591-676: The spiritus asper, sometimes omitting them when copying texts, unaware that they represent vital information. Hànyǔ Pīnyīn addresses this issue by employing the Latin letters customarily used for voiced stops, unneeded in Mandarin, to represent the unaspirated stops: b, p, d, t, g, k, j, q, zh, ch. Partly because of the popular omission of apostrophe-like characters, the four sounds represented in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn by j , q , zh , and ch often all become ch , including in many proper names. However, if

1634-465: The syllable. This contrasts with the use of diacritics to represent the tones in Pīnyīn. For example, the Pīnyīn qiàn (fourth tone) has the Wade–Giles equivalent chʻien . ( s ; t ; lit ) Wade–Giles uses hyphens to separate all syllables within a word (whereas Pīnyīn separates syllables only in specially defined cases, using hyphens or closing (right) single quotation marks as appropriate). If

1677-469: The system. Examples using the spiritus asper: p , pʻ , t , tʻ , k , kʻ , ch , chʻ . The use of this character preserves b , d , g , and j for the romanization of Chinese varieties containing voiced consonants, such as Shanghainese (which has a full set of voiced consonants) and Min Nan (Hō-ló-oē) whose century-old Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ, often called Missionary Romanization)

1720-437: The time Wade–Giles was developed). Specifically, after velar initials k , kʻ and h (and a historical ng , which had been dropped by the time Wade–Giles was developed), o is used; for example, "哥" is ko (Pīnyīn gē ) and "刻" is kʻo (Pīnyīn kè ). In Peking dialect, o after velars (and what used to be ng ) have shifted to [ɤ] , thus they are written as ge , ke , he and e in Pīnyīn. When [ɤ] forms

1763-749: Was because they learned the Beijing pronunciation from either studying in Beijing or from officials sent to Aigun from Beijing. They could also tell them apart, using the Chinese influenced pronunciation of Beijing to demonstrate that they were better educated and had "superior stature" in society. A substantial proportion of the loanwords in Mongolian are derived from Chinese, with the oldest layer of loanwords in Written Mongolian being Chinese in origin. Much of Mongolian spoken in Inner Mongolia has been affected by Mandarin: lexical influence

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1806-589: Was further refined in 1892 by Herbert Giles (in A Chinese–English Dictionary ), a British diplomat in China, and his son Lionel Giles , a curator at the British Museum. Taiwan used Wade–Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official romanizations in succession, namely, Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928), Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (1986), and Tongyong Pinyin (2000). The Kuomintang (KMT) has previously promoted pinyin with Ma Ying-jeou 's successful presidential bid in 2008 and in

1849-476: Was officially adopted in 1958, with exceptions for the romanized forms of some of the most commonly used names of locations and persons, and other proper nouns. The romanized name for most locations, persons and other proper nouns in Taiwan is based on the Wade–Giles derived romanized form, for example Kaohsiung , the Matsu Islands and Chiang Ching-kuo . Wade–Giles was developed by Thomas Francis Wade ,

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