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42-657: Bopomofo , also called Zhuyin Fuhao ( / dʒ uː ˌ j ɪ n f uː ˈ h aʊ / joo-YIN foo-HOW ; 注音符號 ; Zhùyīn fúhào ; 'phonetic symbols'), or simply Zhuyin , is a transliteration system for Standard Chinese and other Sinitic languages . It is the principal method of teaching Chinese Mandarin pronunciation in Taiwan . It consists of 37 characters and five tone marks, which together can transcribe all possible sounds in Mandarin Chinese . Bopomofo

84-460: A Roman alphabet and later a Cyrillic alphabet, which they continue to use up until today. There have been many Chinese romanisation systems throughout history. Recently, Hanyu Pinyin has become prominent since its introduction in 1982. Other well-known systems include Wade-Giles and Yale . The Russian system for Cyrillisation of Chinese is the Palladius system . The Dungan language ,

126-588: A syllabary of 2082 glyphs, and the other is a romanisation system with similar spellings to Gwoyeu Romatzyh . 官話字母 ; Guānhuà zìmǔ , developed by Wang Zhao (1859–1933), was the first alphabetic writing system for Chinese developed by a Chinese person. This system was modeled on Japanese katakana , which he learned during a two-year stay in Japan, and consisted of letters that were based on components of Chinese characters. After returning to China in 1900, he taught his system in various parts of North China, but

168-510: A Cantonese language dictionary. The Phags-pa script was an alphabet designed by Drogön Chögyal Phagpa at the behest of Kublai Khan during the Yuan dynasty , to unify the empire's various languages. While Phags-pa has aided in the reconstruction of pre-modern Chinese pronunciation, it totally ignores tone. The Manchu alphabet was used to write Chinese in the Qing dynasty . In Inner Mongolia

210-783: A Hmu variety, had 11,450 speakers as of 2000, and is spoken just south of Kaili City , Guizhou. The Qanu are ethnoculturally distinct from the other Hmu. Autonyms include m̥ʰu33 in Kaili , mo33 in Jinping County , mu13 in Tianzhu County , m̥ə33 in Huangping County , qa33 nəu13 in some parts of Qiandongnan ( Miaoyu Jianzhi 苗语简志 1985 ), and ta11 mu11 in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County , Guangxi. Ná-Meo , spoken by

252-575: A branch of Hmongic since the 1950s. Wang (1985) recognized three varieties. Matisoff (2001) treated these as distinct languages, which is reflected in Ethnologue . Lee (2000) added a fourth variety, Western Hmu (10,000 speakers), among the Yao , and Matisoff (2006) lists seven (Daigong, Kaili [N], Lushan, Taijiang [N], Zhenfeng [N], Phö, Rongjiang [S]). Northern Qiandong Miao, also known as Central Miao and as Eastern Guizhou Hmu (黔东方言 Qián-Dōng fāngyán ),

294-462: A proposal would both challenge the unique position of the millennia-old writing system and create more than one literary language, destroying China's linguistic unity in both the historical and geographic senses. Because of this, there was strong opposition from the very beginning to proposals of this kind. Wu Jingheng , who had developed a "beansprout alphabet", and Wang Zhao, who had developed Guanhua zimu in 1900, and Lu Zhuangzhang were part of

336-699: A system called Zhuyin Zimu , which was based on Zhang Binglin 's shorthand. It was used as the official phonetic script to annotate the sounds of the characters in accordance with the Old National Pronunciation . A draft was released on 11 July 1913, by the Republic of China National Ministry of Education, but it was not officially proclaimed until 23 November 1928. It was first named Guóyīn Zìmǔ 'national pronunciation alphabet', but in April 1930

378-581: A variety of Mandarin, was once written in the Latin script, but now employs Cyrillic . Some use the Cyrillic alphabet to shorten pinyin—e.g. 是 ; shì as ш . Various other countries employ bespoke systems for cyrillising Chinese. A number of braille transcriptions have been developed for Chinese. In mainland China, traditional mainland Chinese Braille and Two-Cell Chinese Braille are used in parallel to transcribe Standard Chinese. Taiwanese Braille

420-420: A vertical line ( [REDACTED] ) or a horizontal line ( [REDACTED] ); both are accepted forms. Traditionally, it should be written as a horizontal line in vertical writing, and a vertical line in horizontal writing. The People's Republic of China almost exclusively uses horizontal writing, so the vertical form (in the rare occasion that Bopomofo is used) has become the standard form there. Language education in

462-468: Is "the most complete genuine Chinese diasystem yet published". It can also be used for the Korean , Japanese and Vietnamese pronunciations of Chinese characters , and challenges the claim that Chinese characters are required for inter-dialectal communication in written Chinese. General Chinese is not wholly a romanisation system, but consists of two alternative systems: one uses Chinese characters as

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504-566: Is an example for the word "bottle" ( pinyin : píngzi ): Words rhotacized as a result of erhua are spelled with ㄦ attached to the syllable (like 歌兒 （ ㄍㄜㄦ ） gēr ). In case the syllable uses other tones than the 1st tone, the tone mark is attached to the penultimate letter standing for syllable nucleus, but not to ㄦ (e.g. 哪兒 （ ㄋㄚˇㄦ ） nǎr ; 一 （ ㄧ ） 點兒 （ ㄉㄧㄢˇㄦ ） yīdiǎnr ; 好 （ ㄏㄠˇ ） 玩兒 （ ㄨㄢˊㄦ ） hǎowánr ). Bopomofo and pinyin are based on

546-679: Is occasionally called Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I ( 國語注音符號第一式 ), abbreviated as "MPS I" ( 注音一式 ), to distinguish it from the Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (MPS II) system published in 1984. Formerly, the system was named Guoyin zimu ( 國音字母 ; 'national language alphabet') and Zhuyin zimu ( 註音字母 ; 'phonetic alphabet'). The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation , led by Wu Zhihui from 1912 to 1913, created

588-607: Is one of the few input methods that can be found on most modern personal computers without having to download or install any additional software. It is also one of the few input methods that can be used for inputting Chinese characters on certain cell phones .. On the QWERTY keyboard, the symbols are ordered column-wise top-down (e.g. 1 + Q + A + Z ) Bopomofo was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with

630-473: Is pronounced [w] . In Southern Hmu, words cognate with hni (and some with ni ) are pronounced [nʲʑ] ; those with r are [nz] ; and some words exchange s and x . Ai /ɛ/ does not occur after palatalized consonants. /en/ after palatalized consonants is spelled in . Additional diphthongs occur in Chinese loans. All dialects have eight tones. There is no sandhi . In the chart below, Northern Hmu

672-566: Is pronounced [ʊŋ] (written as ⟨-ong⟩ ) when it follows an initial. Bopomofo symbols for non-Mandarin Chinese varieties are added to Unicode in the Bopomofo Extended block. In Taiwan, Bopomofo is used to teach Taiwanese Hokkien , and is also used to transcribe it phonetically in contexts such as on storefront signs, karaoke lyrics, and film subtitles. Three letters no longer used for Mandarin are carried over from

714-420: Is represented by Yanghao village ( Kaili City ), Eastern Hmu by 偶里 village ( Jinping County ), and Southern Hmu by 振民 ( Rongshui County ). The lowest tones—Northern tones 4 and 6, Eastern tones 3 and 8, and Southern tone 6—are said to make the preceding consonant murmured ( breathy voiced ), presumably meaning that these are murmured tones as in other Hmongic languages. They are marked with ⟨ ◌̤ ⟩ in

756-436: Is used for [ɐn] ( an ) (e.g. 跟 , ㄍㄣ gan1 , "to follow"), and -ㄢ is used for [aːn] ( aan ) (e.g. 間 , ㄍㄢ gaan1 , "within"). Other vowels that end with -n use -ㄋ · for the final ㄋ . (e.g. 見 , ㄍㄧㄋ· gin3 , "to see"). -ㄡ is used for [ɐu] ( au ). (e.g. 牛 , ㄫㄡ , ngau4 , "cow") To transcribe [ou] ( ou ), it is written as ㄛㄨ (e.g. 路 , ㄌㄛㄨ lou6 , "path"). ㄫ

798-435: Is used for both initial ng- (as in 牛 , ㄫㄡ , ngau4 ) and final -ng (as in 用 , ㄧㄛㄫ· , jung "to use"). ㄐ is used for [t͡s] ( z ) (e.g. 煑 , ㄐㄩ zyu2 , "to cook") and ㄑ is used for [t͡sʰ] ( c ) (e.g. 全, ㄑㄩㄋ· cyun4 , "whole"). During the time when Bopomofo was proposed for Cantonese, tones were not marked. Bopomofo can be used as an input method for Chinese characters . It

840-468: Is used in Taiwan for Taiwanese Mandarin . In traditional Mainland Chinese Braille, consonants and basic finals conform to international braille , but additional finals form a semi-syllabary , as in bopomofo. Each syllable is written with up to three Braille cells, representing the initial , final and tone , respectively. In practice tone is generally omitted. In Two-Cell Chinese Braille, designed in

882-527: The Mandarin Daily News , annotates all articles with Bopomofo ruby characters. It is also the most popular way for Taiwanese to enter Chinese characters into computers and smartphones and to look up characters in a dictionary. In teaching Mandarin, Taiwan institutions and some overseas communities such as Filipino Chinese use Bopomofo. Bopomofo is shown in a secondary position to Hanyu Pinyin in all editions of Xiandai Hanyu Cidian from

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924-606: The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation (1912–1913), which developed the rudimentary Jiyin Zimu ( 記音字母 ) system of Zhang Binglin into the Mandarin-specific phonetic system now known as Zhuyin Fuhao or bopomofo, proclaimed on 23 November 1918. The significant feature of bopomofo is that it is composed entirely of ruby characters which can be written beside any Chinese text whether written vertically, right-to-left, or left-to-right. The characters within

966-528: The Mieu people of Cao Minh Commune , Tràng Định District , Lạng Sơn Province , Vietnam, may be closely related. Wang Fushi (1985) groups the Qiandong Miao languages as follows. Wu Zhengbiao (2009) divides Hmu into seven different dialects. Past classifications usually included only three or four dialects. For example, Li Jinping & Li Tianyi (2012), based on past classifications, divide Hmu into

1008-901: The Mongolian alphabet is used to transliterate Chinese . Xiao'erjing uses the Arabic alphabet to transliterate Chinese. It is used on occasion by many ethnic minorities who adhere to the Islamic faith in China (mostly the Hui , but also the Dongxiang , and the Salar ), and formerly by their Dungan descendants in Central Asia . Soviet writing reforms forced the Dungan to replace xiao'erjing with

1050-489: The Spacing Modifier Letters block. These two characters are now (since Unicode 6.0) classified as Bopomofo characters. Chinese transliteration The different varieties of Chinese have been transcribed into many other writing systems. General Chinese is a diaphonemic orthography invented by Yuen Ren Chao to represent the pronunciations of all major varieties of Chinese simultaneously. It

1092-489: The 1913 standard: 23 more letters were added specifically for Taiwanese Hokkien: Two tone marks were added for the additional tones: ˪ , ˫ The following letters are used in Cantonese . If a syllable ends with a consonant other than -an or -aan , the consonant's letter is added, then followed by a final middle dot. -ㄞ is used for [aːi] ( aai ) (e.g. 敗 , ㄅㄞ baai6 , "to be defeated"). -ㄣ

1134-578: The 1960 edition to the current 2016 edition (7th edition). Bopomofo is also used to transcribe other Chinese dialects, most commonly Taiwanese Hokkien and Cantonese , however its use can be applied to practically any dialect in handwriting (because not all letters are encoded). Outside of Chinese, Bopomofo letters are also used in Hmu and Ge languages by a small number of Hmu Christians. The Bopomofo characters were created by Zhang Binglin , taken mainly from " regularized " forms of ancient Chinese characters,

1176-482: The 1970s, each syllable is rendered with two braille characters. The first combines the initial and medial ; the second the syllable rime and tone. The base letters represent the initial and rhyme; these are modified with diacritics for the medial and tone. Like traditional Mainland Chinese Braille, Taiwanese Braille is a semi-syllabary. Although based marginally on international braille, the majority of consonants have been reassigned. Hmu language Qanu (咯努),

1218-441: The Chinese characters in books whose texts are printed vertically , making Bopomofo better suited for annotating the pronunciation of vertically oriented Chinese text. When used in conjunction with Chinese characters, Bopomofo is typically placed to the right of the Chinese character vertically in both vertical print and horizontal print or to the top of the Chinese character in a horizontal print (see Ruby characters ). Below

1260-474: The Republic of China generally uses vertical writing, so most people learn it as a horizontal line, and use a horizontal form even in horizontal writing. In 2008, the Taiwanese Ministry of Education decided that the primary form should always be the horizontal form, but that the vertical form is accepted alternative. Unicode 8.0.0 published an errata in 2014 that updates the representative glyph to be

1302-801: The bopomofo system are unique phonetic characters, and are not part of the Latin alphabet . In this way, it is not technically a form of romanisation, but because it is used for phonetic transcription the alphabet is often grouped with the romanisation systems. When Taiwan was under Japanese rule , a katakana -based writing system used to write Holo Taiwanese . It functioned as a phonetic guide to Chinese characters, much like furigana in Japanese , or bopomofo. There were similar systems for other languages in Taiwan as well, including Hakka and Formosan languages . Tao prununciation letters, or Tao HanZi Yin in chinese, are pronunciation letters invented in 1939 for

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1344-445: The following table, tone marks for the second, third, and fourth tones are shared between bopomofo and pinyin . In bopomofo, the mark for first tone is usually omitted but can be included, while a dot above indicates the fifth tone (also known as the neutral tone ). In pinyin, a macron (overbar) indicates the first tone, and the lack of a marker usually indicates the fifth (light) tone. Unlike Hanyu Pinyin, Bopomofo aligns well with

1386-457: The government banned it in 1901. One of Wang's contemporaries, Lao Naixuan 勞乃宣 (1843–1921), later adapted Guanhua zimu for use in two Wu dialects, those of Ningbo and Suzhou . In doing this, he raised the issue that was ultimately responsible for the failure of all alphabetic writing systems in China: the notion that people should be introduced to literacy in their own local dialects. Such

1428-467: The horizontal form. Computer fonts may only display one form or the other, or may be able to display both if the font is aware of changes needed for vertical writing. Bopomofo is occasionally unofficially handwritten as syllable blocks, similar to Hangul , however this is not considered an accepted form by the People's Republic of China nor the Republic of China, and is unsupported by Unicode. As shown in

1470-475: The modern readings of which contain the sound that each letter represents. The consonants are listed in order of place of articulation , from the front of the mouth to the back, /b/, /p/, /m/, /f/, /d/, /t/, /n/, /l/ etc. Bopomofo is written in the same stroke order rule as Chinese characters. ㄖ is written with three strokes, unlike the character from which it is derived ( Chinese : 日 ; pinyin : rì ), which has four strokes. ㄧ can be written as

1512-505: The release of version 1.0. The Unicode block for Bopomofo is U+3100–U+312F: Additional characters were added in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. The Unicode block for these additional characters, called Bopomofo Extended, is U+31A0–U+31BF: Unicode 3.0 also added the characters U+02EA ˪ MODIFIER LETTER YIN DEPARTING TONE MARK and U+02EB ˫ MODIFIER LETTER YANG DEPARTING TONE MARK , in

1554-591: The same Mandarin pronunciations; hence there is a one-to-one correspondence between the two systems: Not written. ⟨-ü⟩ is written as ⟨-u⟩ after ⟨j-⟩ , ⟨q-⟩ , ⟨x-⟩ , or ⟨y-⟩ . ⟨ ㄨㄛ ⟩ / ⟨-uo⟩ is written as ⟨ ㄛ ⟩ / ⟨-o⟩ after ⟨ ㄅ ⟩ / ⟨b-⟩ , ⟨ ㄆ ⟩ / ⟨p-⟩ , ⟨ ㄇ ⟩ / ⟨m-⟩ , ⟨ ㄈ ⟩ / ⟨f-⟩ . ⟨weng⟩

1596-632: The system by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Unicode . Analogous to how the word alphabet is derived from the names of the first two letters alpha and beta , the name bopomofo derives from the first four syllabographs in the system's conventional lexicographic order : ㄅ , ㄆ , ㄇ , and ㄈ . In Taiwan the system is commonly known by its official name Zhuyin fuhao ( 注音符號 ; 'phonetic symbols'), or simply as zhuyin ( 注音 ; 'phonetic notation'). In official documents, it

1638-447: The three dialects of Northern, Southern, and Eastern. Datapoint locations of representative dialects are from Li Yunbing (2000). Andrew Hsiu (2018) proposes the following classification of the Qiandong Miao languages based on his 2015 computational analysis, classifying Ná-Meo as a Southern Qiandong Miao dialect: East Qiandong Miao North Qiandong Miao South Qiandong Miao West Qiandong Miao/ Raojia Hmu has been recognized as

1680-780: Was chosen as the standard for Hmu-language textbooks in China, based on the pronunciation of Yǎnghāo (养蒿) village. The phonemic inventory and alphabetic transcription are as follows. [ ʔ ] is not distinct from a zero initial (that is, if we accept /ʔ/ as a consonant, there are no vowel-initial words in Hmu), and only occurs with tones 1, 3, 5, 7. The aspirated nasals and fricatives do not exist in Southern or Eastern Hmu; cognates words use their unaspirated homologues. Further, in Eastern Hmu, di, ti merge into j, q ; c merges into x ; r (Northern /z/ ) merges into ni ; and v

1722-470: Was first introduced in China during the 1910s by the Beiyang government , where it was used alongside Wade–Giles , a romanization system which used a modified Latin alphabet . Today, Bopomofo is more common in Taiwan than on the mainland, and is used as the primary electronic input method for Taiwanese Mandarin , as well as in dictionaries and other non-official documents. Bopomofo is the name used for

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1764-470: Was renamed Zhùyīn Fúhào 'phonetic symbols' to address fears that the alphabetic system might independently replace Chinese characters . Bopomofo is the predominant phonetic system in teaching, reading and writing in elementary school in Taiwan. In elementary school, particularly in the lower years, Chinese characters in textbooks are often annotated with Bopomofo as ruby characters as an aid to learning. Additionally, one children's newspaper in Taiwan,

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