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29-598: The term Danagla comes from the city of Old Dongola , which was the capital of the Makurian Kingdom during Christianity in Nubia , as well as the Muslim Kingdom of Dongola that came after it, which was also in control of the traditional lands of the tribe. Although the term Danagla probably wasn't used among the locals until the spread of Islam, the natives prefer to designate themselves as "Andaandi", which

58-518: A Pharaonic temple. Further, the Polish archaeologists discovered various unusual wall paintings probably from the thirteenth century. One of these paintings is a portrait of the Virgin Mary , and another depicts a scene with the archangel Michael and a Nubian king. Holding the king in his arms, the archangel presents him to Jesus sitting on a cloud and extending a hand for the king to kiss. “This

87-553: A Sudanese ethnicity is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Old Dongola Old Dongola ( Old Nubian : ⲧⲩⲛⲅⲩⲗ, Tungul ; Arabic : دنقلا العجوز , Dunqulā al-ʿAjūz ) is a deserted Nubian town in what is now Northern State , Sudan , located on the east bank of the Nile opposite the Wadi Howar . An important city in medieval Nubia , and the departure point for caravans west to Darfur and Kordofan , from

116-602: A guard . The overall shape of the sword when held point down is that of a cross. It was very popular due to the protection it offered to the hand and certain attacks that rely on the cross to trap the blade of the enemy. See Sword . Cruciform web designs use a cross-shaped web page that expands to fill the width and height of the web browser window. There are a number of different approaches to implementing them. In addition to common cross-shaped products, such as key chains and magnets, certain designers have gone so far as to create cruciform devices and accessories. For example,

145-460: A musical cryptogram known as the BACH motif that is a cruciform melody, employed the device extensively. The subject of the fugue in c-sharp minor from The Well-Tempered Clavier Book I is cruciform. See also: Cross motif . Some airplanes use a cruciform tail design, wherein the horizontal stabilizer is positioned midway up the vertical stabilizer, forming a cruciform shape when viewed from

174-409: A citadel and urban buildings, while in the north, splendid suburban residences have been uncovered. There are also cemeteries associated with subsequent phases of the town's functioning, including Islamic domed tombs. Old Dongola was founded in the fifth century as a fortress. On the citadel, which was the royal residence, numerous palaces and public buildings were located. In the mid-sixth century with

203-678: A consequence of the commercial treaty of 1290 between Genoa and Egypt. About 1.5 km to the north-east of the citadel lies the so-called Kom H where the monastery was uncovered. According to the inscription it is dedicated to St Anthony the Great but the Monastery of the Holy Trinity is also referred to in literature. It was probably one of the first Christian building projects in Dongola. Archbishop of Dongola, Georgios, who died in 1113,

232-572: A cruciform architecture. In Early Christian , Byzantine and other Eastern Orthodox forms of church architecture this is likely to mean a tetraconch plan, a Greek cross , with arms of equal length or, later, a cross-in-square plan. In the Western churches, a cruciform architecture usually, though not exclusively, means a church built with the layout developed in Gothic architecture . This layout comprises: In churches that are not oriented with

261-555: A straight line drawn between the outer pair bisects a straight line drawn between the inner pair, thus forming a cross. In its simplest form, the cruciform melody is a changing tone , where the melody ascends or descends by step , skips below or above the first pitch, then returns to the first pitch by step. Often representative of the Christian cross, such melodies are cruciform in their retrogrades or inversions. Johann Sebastian Bach , whose last name may be represented in tones through

290-672: Is a word in Nubian that means ("That of our home"), or Dongolaandi ("That of Dongola"). According to Y-DNA analysis by Hassan et al (2008), around 44% of Nubians and Danaglas generally in Sudan carry the haplogroup J in individually varied but rather small percentages. The remainder mainly belong to the E1b1b clade (23%). Both paternal lineages are also common among local Afroasiatic -speaking populations. Thus it's observed that approximately 83% of their Nubian samples carried various subclades of

319-461: Is completely uncommon for Byzantine Christian art, which generally does not show a lot of interaction or contact between mortals and immortals,” said team leader Artur Obłuski. Cruciform#Cruciform architectural plan Cruciform is a term for physical manifestations resembling a common cross or Christian cross . The label can be extended to architectural shapes, biology, art, and design. Christian churches are commonly described as having

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348-422: Is important for the critical biological processes of DNA recombination and repair mutations that occur in the cell. A cruciform joint is a specific joint in which four spaces are created by the welding of three plates of metal at right angles. A cruciform manuscript was a form of Anglo-Saxon / Insular manuscript written with the words in a block shaped like a cross. In music, a melody of four pitches where

377-566: The Funj , Old Dongola became the capital of the Northern provinces. The French traveller Charles-Jacques Poncet  [ fr ] visited the city in 1699, and in his memoirs he described it as located on the slope of a sandy hill. His description of Old Dongola continues: Intensive trade relations with the Far East, as well as Europe, continued in this period. However, trade declined after

406-627: The Africa-centered macrohaplogroup L. Of these mtDNA lineages, the most frequently borne clade was L3 (30.8%), followed by the L0a (20.6%), L2 (10.3%), L1 (6.9%), L4 (6.9%) and L5 (6.9%) haplogroups. The remaining 17% of Nubians belonged to sublineages of the Eurasian macrohaplogroups M (3.4% M/D, 3.4% M1) and N (3.4% N1a, 3.4% preHV1, 3.4% R/U6a1). These results can be used as rough estimates of genetics most Nubians hold. This article about

435-457: The altar at the geographical east end, it is usual to refer to the altar end as "liturgical east" and so forth. Methodist tabernacles also have a cruciform shape. Another example of ancient cruciform architecture can be found in Herod's temple, the second Jewish temple . DNA can undergo transitions to form a cruciform shape, including a structure called a Holliday junction . This structure

464-524: The arrival of Christianity it became the capital of Makuria, The town was further expanded, including the area outside the citadel. Several churches were built. These include, to use the names contemporary archeologists have given them, Building X and the Church with the Stone Pavement . These two structures were erected about 100 meters apart from the walled town centre, indicating that at this time

493-561: The building was converted in a historic monument. During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the town was in decline. It was attacked by Arabs several times. A surviving inscription erected in Old Dongola bears the date of 1317, is commonly understood to be the record of a military expedition sent by the Sultan of Egypt to place his nominee Abdullah, perhaps a Muslim Nubian, on the throne. The royal court left Dongola in 1364. Under

522-500: The east from the fortress. It was built in the 9th century. The building had two stories; the height of the walls was 6.5 m on the ground floor and 3.5 m on the upper floor. In 1317 it was turned into a mosque , an event which is preserved in a foundation stela erected by Sayf al-Din Abdullah Barshambu . The ceremonial Throne Hall on the first floor was turned into a prayer room. The mosque remained in use until 1969, when

551-564: The eastern part of the building has been preserved to the impressive height of three floors of a typical block of flats. And this gives a great chance that there are more paintings and inscriptions under our feet, just like in Faras". In February 2023, the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology headed by Obłuski announced the discovery of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs inscribed on stone blocks and figural decorations as elements from

580-598: The end of the seventh Century, the Church of the Granite Columns was erected over the Old Church . Adorned with 16 granite columns, each with richly decorated granite capitals, the Church of the Granite Columns perhaps was the cathedral of Old Dongola. The city's heyday was in the ninth–eleventh centuries, but building activity lasted until the fourteenth century. The Church of the Stone Pavements

609-534: The fourth to the fourteenth century Old Dongola was the capital of the Makurian state. A Polish archaeological team has been excavating the town since 1964. The urban center of the population moved downstream 80 km (50 miles) to the opposite side of the Nile during the nineteenth century, becoming the modern Dongola . The archaeological site encompassing Old Dongola has about 200 ha. Its southern part features

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638-613: The front or rear. Some examples are the F-9 Cougar , the F-10 Skyknight and the Sud Aviation Caravelle . The cruciform tail gives the benefit of clearing the aerodynamics of the tail away from the wake of the engine, while not requiring the same amount of strengthening of the vertical tail section in comparison with a T-tail design. The plain sword used by knights , distinctive due to the flat bar used as

667-628: The monastery buildings. Many of these paintings are unique, both from the artistic and iconographical point of view. They depicted Christ, Mary, the Apostles, scenes from the Old and New Testament, as well as dignitaries. The monumental representative building interpreted as the Throne Hall of the Makurian kings is a massive defence-like building of 28 m by 18 m by 12 m situated on a rocky spur to

696-802: The rise of the Shaigiya Confederacy . In 1812, the Mamluks fled to Sudan to escape purges in Egypt and conquered Old Dongola. They founded the city of New Dongola downriver, which grew in size, shifting the economic and trade center of the region away from Old Dongola. A large Islamic cemetery with numerous qubbas , erected in the 17th century, testify to the importance of Old Dongola also in postmedieval times. Polish archaeological and conservation works in Dongola were initiated by Kazimierz Michałowski . The Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw has conducted research at

725-521: The site since 1964, with the support of the Sudanese National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums. The first head of the expedition was architect Antoni Ostrasz. Later, Stefan Jakobielski and Włodzimierz Godlewski directed the works for 60 years. Since 2017, the "UMMA: Urban Metamorphosis of the community of a Medieval African capital city" project ( ERC Starting Grant), headed by Artur Obłuski, has been active in studies of

754-472: The town already extended over the original walls of the fortress. Building X was soon replaced by the Old Church . In the middle of the seventh century, the two main churches were destroyed, but rebuilt soon after. Building material was taken from the Old Church and used to repair the city walls. Archeologists believe this destruction is evidence of the First (642) and Second Battles of Dongola (652). At

783-424: The youngest layers of the site. In May 2021, archaeologists led by Obłuski announced the discovery of a new church's apse decorated with paintings describing two rows of colossal figures, as well as an attached wall and the nearby dome of a large tomb in Old Dongola, which might have been a cathedral and the largest known church from medieval Nubia. Obłuski reported: "The apse is about 9 meters deep. This means that

812-460: Was buried in one of the crypts in the church. The inscription on his funerary stela indicates that St Anthony the Great was the patron of the monastery. In the rich assemblage of texts in Greek, Coptic, and Old Nubian found in the archbishop's crypt, a dedication to the Holy Trinity also appears. Approximately 100 compositions, dated to the eleventh–thirteenth century, were uncovered on the walls of

841-521: Was replaced with the Cruciform Church at this time. Other buildings in use in Old Dongola at this time include many other churches, at least two palaces, and a sizable monastery on its north side. Several houses were well equipped and had bath rooms and wall paintings. The Book of Knowledge , a travelogue compiled by a Spanish monk soon after 1348, mentions that Genoese merchants had settled in Old Dongola; they may have penetrated there as

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