99-828: The Devonshire Royal Hospital was established as the Devonshire Hospital in 1859 in Buxton , Derbyshire by the Buxton Bath Charity for the treatment of the poor. The hospital was built in the converted stable block of The Crescent . The building is now known as the Devonshire Dome and it is the site of the Buxton Campus of the University of Derby . The Buxton Bath Charity was founded in 1779 to pay for poor people to have access to
198-656: A Scheduled Monument , was rediscovered in 1984, with remains of a Mesolithic timber roundhouse and Neolithic longhouses. The Romans developed a settlement known as Aquae Arnemetiae ("Baths of the grove goddess"). Coins found show the Romans were in Buxton throughout their occupation of Britain. Batham Gate ("road to the bath town") is a Roman road from Templebrough Roman fort in South Yorkshire to Navio Roman Fort and on to Buxton. The name Buckestones
297-465: A University of Derby campus at the site of the former Devonshire Royal Hospital , as well as the Buxton & Leek College formed by the August 2012 merger of the university with Leek College. Secondary schools include Buxton Community School , at the former College Road site of Buxton College , and St. Thomas More Catholic School . Others include Buxton Junior School, St Anne's Catholic Primary,
396-777: A Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse at the Devonshire Hospital in 1915, caring for soldiers wounded during World War I . Over 5,000 soldiers were treated in Buxton. In 1934 the establishment was give permission by King George V to become known as the Devonshire Royal Hospital. The Buxton Bath Charity was incorporated into the National Health Service in 1948 and from then the Devonshire Royal Hospital provided treatments for acute conditions, rheumatism and allied diseases, orthopaedics and rehabilitation. The Devonshire Royal Hospital
495-584: A Grade II* listed public park of Special Historic Interest. Milner's design was a development of Joseph Paxton 's landscape for the Serpentine Walks in the 1830s. The 122-room Palace Hotel , also designed by Currey and built in 1868, is a prominent feature of the Buxton skyline on the hill above the railway station. The town is overlooked by Grin Low hill, 1,441 feet (439 m) above sea level, and by Grinlow Tower (locally also called Solomon's Temple ),
594-537: A charity hospital for the "sick poor" by Henry Currey , architect to the 7th Duke of Devonshire's . Currey had previously worked on St Thomas' Hospital in London. It became known as the Devonshire Royal Hospital in 1934. Later phases of conversion after 1881 were by local architect Robert Rippon Duke , including his design for The Devonshire Dome as the world's largest unsupported dome , with
693-500: A counterpart of the establishment at Gräfenberg. Ernst Brand (1827–1897) of Berlin, Raljen and Theodor von Jürgensen of Kiel, and Karl Liebermeister of Basel, between 1860 and 1870, employed the cooling bath in abdominal typhus with striking results, and led to its introduction to England by Wilson Fox . In the Franco-German War the cooling bath was largely employed, in conjunction frequently with quinine ; and it
792-730: A decline as a spa resort in the earlier 20th century, Buxton had a resurgence in the 1950s and 1970s. The Playhouse Theatre kept a repertory company and pop concerts were held at the Octagon (including the Beatles in 1963). The Opera House re-opened in 1979 with the launch of the Buxton Festival, and the town was being used as a base for exploring the Peak District. Although outside the National Park boundary, Buxton
891-583: A diameter of 144 feet (44 m) – larger than the Pantheon at 141 feet (43 m), St. Peter's Basilica at 138 feet (42 m) in Rome , and St Paul's Cathedral at 112 feet (34 m). The record was surpassed only by space frame domes such as the Georgia Dome (840 feet (260 m)). The building and its surrounding Victorian villas are now part of the University of Derby . Currey also designed
990-564: A few times. Buxton have been competitors in the Conference League . Buxton Raceway was due to hold a floodlit 2019 BriSCA Formula 2 World Final. Buxton's football club, Buxton F.C. , plays at Silverlands and Buxton Cricket Club at the Park Road ground. Other team clubs are Buxton Rugby Union and Buxton Hockey Club. There are also four Hope Valley League football clubs: Buxton Town, Peak Dale and Buxton Christians play at
1089-488: A five-bay front with a Tuscan doorway. The Grade I listed Crescent was built in 1780–1784 for the 5th Duke of Devonshire, as part of his effort to turn Buxton into a fashionable spa town. Modelled on Bath's Royal Crescent , it was designed by architect John Carr , together with the neighbouring irregular octagon and colonnade of the Great Stables. These were completed in 1789, but in 1859 were largely converted to
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#17327808555321188-465: A form of physical therapy , and as a cleansing agent. However, it is also used as a medium for delivery of heat and cold to the body, which has long been the basis for its application. Hydrotherapy involves a range of methods and techniques, many of which use water as a medium to facilitate thermoregulatory reactions for therapeutic benefit. Shower-based hydrotherapy techniques have been increasingly used in preference to full-immersion methods, partly for
1287-581: A form of tourism, both in the UK, and in Europe. At least one book listed English, Scottish, Irish and European establishments suitable for each specific malady, while another focused primarily on German spas and hydropathic establishments, but including other areas. While many bathing establishments were open all year round, doctors advised patients not to go before May, "nor to remain after October. English visitors rather prefer cold weather, and they often arrive for
1386-475: A game of table bowls known as trou madame . The area features in the works of W. H. Auden , Jane Austen and Emily Brontë . Buxton's profile was boosted by a recommendation from Erasmus Darwin of the waters there and at Matlock , addressed to Josiah Wedgwood I. The Wedgwood family often visited Buxton and commended the area to their friends. Two of Charles Darwin 's half-cousins, Edward Levett Darwin and Reginald Darwin, settled there. The arrival of
1485-530: A holy one dedicated to St Anne, who was canonised in 1382. A chapel had appeared there by 1498. Built on the River Wye , and overlooked by Axe Edge Moor , Buxton became a spa town for its geothermal spring, which gushes at a steady 28 °C. The spring waters are piped to St Ann's Well , a shrine since medieval times at the foot of The Slopes , opposite the Crescent and near the town centre. The well
1584-536: A physician and founder of the British Medical Association , was a forthright critic of hydropathy, and Gully in particular. From the 1840s, hydropathics were established across Britain. Initially, many of these were small institutions, catering to at most dozens of patients. By the later nineteenth century the typical hydropathic establishment had evolved into a more substantial undertaking, with thousands of patients treated annually for weeks at
1683-576: A physician of Lichfield , who, struck by the remedial use of certain springs by the neighbouring peasantry, investigated the history of cold bathing and published a book on the subject in 1702. The book ran through six editions within a few years and the translation of this book into German was largely drawn upon by J. S. Hahn of Silesia as the basis for his book called On the Healing Virtues of Cold Water, Inwardly and Outwardly Applied, as Proved by Experience , published in 1738. The other work
1782-421: A spa." In 1891, when Mark Twain toured Europe and discovered that a bath of spring water at Aix-les-Bains soothed his rheumatism, he described the experience as "so enjoyable that if I hadn't had a disease I would have borrowed one just to have a pretext for going on". This was not the first time such forms of spa tourism had been popular in Europe and the U.K. Indeed, in Europe, the application of water in
1881-442: A teenager, Priessnitz was attending to a horse cart, when the cart ran him over, breaking three of his ribs. A physician told him that they would never heal. Priessnitz decided to try his own hand at healing himself, and wrapped his wounds with damp bandages. By daily changing his bandages and drinking large quantities of water, after about a year, his broken ribs had been cured. Priessnitz quickly gained fame in his hometown and became
1980-628: A three-week theatre event from the end of July through the first half of August, was held in Buxton from 1994 to 2013; it moved to Harrogate in 2014 but returned to Buxton in 2023. The Opera House offers a year-long programme of drama, concerts, comedy and other events. In September 2010, the Paxton Suite in the Pavilion Gardens reopened as the Pavilion Arts Centre after a £2.5 million reconstruction. Located behind
2079-468: A time in a large purpose-built building with lavish facilities – baths, recreation rooms and the like – under the supervision of fully trained and qualified medical practitioners and staff. In Germany, France and America, and in Malvern , England, hydropathic establishments multiplied with great rapidity. Antagonism ran high between the old practice and the new. Unsparing condemnation was heaped by each on
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#17327808555322178-528: A two-storey granite, crooked, crenelated folly built in 1834 by Solomon Mycock to provide work for local unemployed, and restored in 1996 after lengthy closure. In the other direction, on Corbar Hill , 1,433 feet (437 m) above sea level, is the tall wooden Corbar Cross. Originally given to the Catholic Church by the Duke of Devonshire in 1950 to mark Holy Year, it was replaced in the 1980s. In 2010, during
2277-593: A visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the UK, it was cut down as a protest against a long history of child abuse at the Catholic St Williams School in Market Weighton , Yorkshire. The Buxton ecumenical group Churches Together brought in several benefactors to replace the cross with a smaller one in May 2011. Many pubs and inns in Buxton are listed buildings reflecting the historic character of
2376-489: Is England's highest market town , sited at some 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level. It lies close to Cheshire to the west and Staffordshire to the south, on the edge of the Peak District National Park . In 1974, the municipal borough merged with other nearby boroughs, including Glossop , to form the local government district and borough of High Peak. The town population was 22,115 at
2475-551: Is a noted employer. Surrounded by the Peak District National Park, it offers a range of cultural events; tourism is a major industry, with over a million visitors to Buxton each year. Buxton is the main centre for overnight accommodation in the Peak District, with over 64 per cent of the park's visitor bed space. The Buxton Mineral Water Company, owned by Nestlé , extracts and bottles mineral waters. The Buxton Advertiser appears weekly. Potters of Buxton
2574-526: Is a popular local bouldering venue with many small outcrops giving problems mainly in the lower grades. These are described in the 2003 guidebook High over Buxton: A Boulderer's Guide . Hoffman Quarry at Harpur Hill , sitting prominently above Buxton, is a local venue for sport climbing . Youth groups include the Kaleidoscope Youth Theatre at the Pavilion Arts Centre, Buxton Squadron Air Cadets , Derbyshire Army Cadet Force and
2673-593: Is an opera and arts event held in July at the Opera House and other venues. It includes some literary events in the mornings, concerts and recitals in the afternoon, and operas, many rarely performed, in the evenings. The quality of the opera programme has improved in recent years, after decades when, according to critic Rupert Christiansen , the festival featured "work of such mediocre quality that I just longed for someone to put it out of its misery." Running alongside
2772-672: Is in the western part of the Peak District, between the Lower Carboniferous limestone of the White Peak to the east and the Upper Carboniferous shale , sandstone and gritstone of the Dark Peak to the west. The early settlement (of which only the parish church of St Anne , built in 1625, remains) was largely made of limestone, while the present buildings of locally quarried sandstone, mostly date from
2871-652: Is the Buxton Festival Fringe, known as a warm-up for the Edinburgh Fringe . The Buxton Fringe features drama, music, dance, comedy, poetry, art exhibitions and films around the town. In 2018, 181 entrants signed up and comedy and theatre categories were at their largest. The week-long Four Four Time music festival in February brings a variety of rock, pop, folk, blues, jazz and world music . The International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival ,
2970-539: Is the highest market town in England. Buxton's elevation makes it cooler and wetter than surrounding towns, with a daytime temperature typically about 2 °C lower than Manchester. A Met Office weather station has collected climate data for the town since 1867, with digitised data from 1959 available online. In June 1975, the town suffered a freak snowstorm that stopped play during a cricket match. The many visitors to Buxton for its thermal waters, particularly in
3069-424: Is the town's oldest department store, founded in 1860. The Buxton lime industry has shaped the town's development and landscape since its 17th-century beginnings. Buxton Lime Firms (BLF) was formed by 13 quarry owners in 1891. BLF became part of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in 1926 and Buxton was the headquarters for I.C.I. Lime Division until the 1970s. Several limestone quarries lie close, including
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3168-612: The Austrian Empire , began his public career in the paternal homestead, extended so as to accommodate the increasing numbers attracted by the fame of his cures. At Gräfenberg, to which the fame of Priessnitz drew people of every rank and many countries, medical men were conspicuous by their numbers, some being attracted by curiosity, others by the desire of knowledge, but the majority by the hope of cure for ailments which had as yet proved incurable. Many records of experiences at Gräfenberg were published, all more or less favorable to
3267-555: The Earl of Shrewsbury , to "take the waters" at Buxton in 1569, shortly after he became the gaoler of Mary, Queen of Scots , and took Mary there in 1573. She called Buxton " La Fontagne de Bogsby ". She stayed at the site of the Old Hall Hotel , where Earl of Shrewsbury had built a lodging for visitors. According to John Jones of Derby, author of Buxtone's Bathes Benefyte (1572), the visitors to Shrewsbury's "goodly house" enjoyed
3366-607: The London Coliseum and the Hackney Empire . Opposite is an original Penfold octagonal post box. The opera house is attached to the Pavilion Gardens, Octagonal Hall (built in 1875) and the smaller Pavilion Arts Centre (previously The Hippodrome and the Playhouse Theatre. ). Buxton Pavilion Gardens , designed by Edward Milner , contain 93,000 m of gardens and ponds and were opened in 1871. These form
3465-749: The Sea Cadet Corps , in addition to units of the Scouts & Guide Association. Buxton has three Masonic Lodges and a Royal Arch Chapter, which meets at the Masonic Hall, George Street. Phoenix Lodge of Saint Ann No. 1235 was consecrated in 1865, Buxton Lodge No. 1688 in 1877, and High Peak Lodge No. 1952 in 1881. The Royal Arch Chapter is attached to Phoenix Lodge of Saint Ann, and bears the same name and number, it being consecrated in 1872. Regional TV news comes from Salford-based BBC North West and ITV Granada . Television signals are received from
3564-550: The Winter Hill and the local relay transmitters. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Derby on 96.0FM and Greatest Hits Radio Derbyshire (High Peak) (formerly High Peak Radio) on 106.4FM. The Buxton Advertiser is the town’s weekly local newspaper. Hydrotherapy Hydrotherapy , formerly called hydropathy and also called water cure , is a branch of alternative medicine (particularly naturopathy ), occupational therapy , and physiotherapy , that involves
3663-452: The " Tunstead Superquarry ", the largest producer of high-purity industrial limestone in Europe, employing 400. The quarrying sector also provides jobs in limestone processing and distribution. Other industrial employers include the Health & Safety Laboratory , which engages in health and safety research and incident investigations and maintains over 350 staff locally. The town hosts
3762-543: The 1850s the numbers exceeded 1000. In 1859, the Buxton Bath Charity had persuaded the Duke of Devonshire to allow part of the building (by then accommodating nothing like the 110 horses for which it was designed) to be converted to a charity hospital for the use of the ‘sick poor’ coming in for treatment from the ‘ Cottonopolis ’ of Lancashire and Yorkshire . The Devonshire estate architect, Henry Currey (who designed St Thomas's Hospital in London ), converted two thirds of
3861-578: The 1850s. Trall also co-edited the Water Cure Journal . By 1850, it was said that "there are probably more than one hundred" facilities, along with numerous books and periodicals, including the New York Water Cure Journal , which had "attained an extent of circulation equalled by few monthlies in the world". By 1855, there were attempts by some to weigh the evidence of treatments in vogue at that time. Following
3960-427: The 18th and 19th centuries, led to several new buildings to provide hospitality facilities. The Old Hall Hotel is one of the town's oldest buildings. It was owned by George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury , who with his wife, Bess of Hardwick, acted as the "gaolers" of Mary, Queen of Scots, who came to Buxton several times to take the waters, her final visit being in 1584. The present building dates from 1670, and has
4059-638: The 19th and 20th centuries and before World War II, various forms of hydrotherapy were used to treat alcoholism . The basic text of the Alcoholics Anonymous fellowship, Alcoholics Anonymous , reports that A.A. co-founder Bill Wilson was treated by hydrotherapy for his alcoholism in the early 1930s. A subset of cryotherapy involves cold water immersion or ice baths, used by physical therapists, sports medicine facilities and rehab clinics. Proponents assert that it results in improved return of blood flow and byproducts of cellular breakdown to
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4158-591: The 2011 Census. Sights include Poole's Cavern , a limestone cavern; St Ann's Well , fed by a geothermal spring bottled by Buxton Mineral Water Company; and many historic buildings, including John Carr's restored Buxton Crescent , Henry Currey 's Buxton Baths and Frank Matcham 's Buxton Opera House . The Devonshire Campus of the University of Derby occupies historic premises. Buxton is twinned with Oignies in France and Bad Nauheim in Germany. The origins of
4257-497: The A53 Buxton to Leek road, is a motor sports circuit set up in 1974, hosting banger and stock car racing, as well as drifting events. It was home to the speedway team Buxton High Edge Hitmen in the mid-1990s before the team moved to a custom-built track to the north of the original one. The original track at High Edge Raceway was among the longest and trickiest in the UK. The new track is more conventional, and has been improved
4356-533: The Devonshire Dome. 300 hospital beds "for the relief of the poor" were now accommodated in the building. The Cotton Districts Convalescent fund put up £25,000 for the conversion. By 1882 the hospital had its own baths building in George Street, although these were closed in 1914 when new mineral baths were built on the hospital site. Further changes were undertaken, with the clock tower (a tribute to
4455-406: The Devonshire Hospital and Buxton Bath Charity, built in 1879 and accidentally lost for the latter part of the 20th century during construction work, before being found and restored in 1994. When the railways arrived in Buxton in 1863, Buxton railway station had been designed by Joseph Paxton , previously gardener and architect to William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire. Paxton also contributed
4554-499: The East in the 1850s, and ardently adopted by Richard Barter . The Turkish bath became a public institution, and, with the morning tub and the general practice of water drinking, is the most noteworthy of the many contributions by hydropathy to public health. The first U.S. hydropathic facilities were established by Joel Shew and Russell Thacher Trall in the 1840s. Charles Munde also established early hydrotherapy facilities in
4653-630: The Fairfield Centre and Blazing Rag at the Kents Bank Recreation Ground. Buxton has two 18-hole golf courses. Cavendish Golf Club ranked among the top 100 in England. It was designed by the renowned Alister MacKenzie and dates from 1925. At Fairfield is Buxton & High Peak Golf Club . Founded in 1887 on the site of Buxton Racecourse , it is the oldest in Derbyshire. The hillside round Solomon's Temple
4752-588: The Grade II listed Buxton Baths , comprising the Natural Mineral Baths to the west of The Crescent and Buxton Thermal Baths to the east, which opened in 1854 on the site of the original Roman baths, together with the 1884 Pump Room opposite. The Thermal Baths, closed in 1963 and at risk of demolition, were restored and converted into a shopping arcade by conservation architects Derek Latham and Company. Architectural artist Brian Clarke contributed to
4851-473: The Great Stables (built by John Carr of York ) into a hospital with 120 beds for the poor. The charity became The Devonshire Hospital and Buxton Bath Charity . Sir Charles Scudamore and Dr William Henry Robertson were both honorary physicians for the charity and in 1865 Dr Robertson became chairman of The Devonshire Hospital and Buxton Bath Charity. In 1879, the Buxton Bath Charity trustees persuaded William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire to give them
4950-645: The Opera House, it includes a 369-seat auditorium. The stage area can be converted into a separate 93-seat studio theatre. Buxton Museum and Art Gallery holds local artefacts, geological and archaeological samples (including the William Boyd Dawkins collection) and 19th and 20th-century paintings, with work by Brangwyn , Chagall , Chahine and their contemporaries. There are also displays by local and regional artists and other events. The Pavilion Gardens hold regular arts, crafts, antiques and jewellery fairs. Buxton's Well Dressing Festival in
5049-622: The Pavilion Gardens' lakes for training to build pontoon bridges. Prisoner of war camps at Ladmanlow and Peak Dale were established in 1917 to supply workers for the local limestone quarries. RAF Harpur Hill became an underground bomb-storage facility during World War II and the country's largest munitions dump. It was also the base for the Peak District section of the RAF Mountain Rescue Service . Prisoner of war camps for Italians and Germans were set up on Lismore Road, off Macclesfield Road and at Dove Holes. After
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#17327808555325148-732: The United States, most located in the northeast. Few of these lasted into the postbellum years, although some survived into the 20th century including institutions in Scott (Cortland County), Elmira, Clifton Springs and Dansville. While none were located in Jefferson County, the Oswego Water Cure operated in the city of Oswego . In November 1881, the British Medical Journal noted that hydropathy
5247-457: The baths in May, and return again in September. Americans come during the whole season, but prefer summer. The most fashionable and crowded time is during July and August". In Europe, interest in various forms of hydrotherapy and spa tourism continued unabated through the 19th century and into the 20th century, where "in France, Italy and Germany, several million people spend time each year at
5346-550: The body in water can involve several types of equipment: Whirling water movement, provided by mechanical pumps, has been used in water tanks since at least the 1940s. Similar technologies have been marketed for recreational use under the terms " hot tub " or "spa". In some cases, baths with whirlpool water flow are not used to manage wounds, as a whirlpool will not selectively target the tissue to be removed, and can damage all tissue. Whirlpools also create an unwanted risk of bacterial infection, can damage fragile body tissue, and in
5445-663: The building housed the Buxton Micrarium Exhibition, an interactive display with 50 remote-controlled microscopes. The building was refurbished as part of the National Lottery -funded Buxton Crescent and Thermal Spa re-development. Beside it, added in 1940, is St Ann's Well . In October 2020 Ensana reopened the Crescent as a 5-star spa hotel, after a 17-year refurbishment. Nearby stands the imposing monument to Samuel Turner (1805–1878), treasurer of
5544-458: The case of treating arms and legs, bring risk of complications from edema . The therapeutic use of water has been recorded in ancient Egyptian , Greek and Roman civilizations. Egyptian royalty bathed with essential oils and flowers, while Romans had communal public baths for their citizens. Hippocrates prescribed bathing in spring water for sickness. Other cultures noted for a long history of hydrotherapy include China and Japan ,
5643-688: The claims of Priessnitz, and some enthusiastic in their estimate of his genius and penetration. Captain R. T. Claridge was responsible for introducing and promoting hydropathy in Britain, first in London in 1842, then with lecture tours in Ireland and Scotland in 1843. His 10-week tour in Ireland included Limerick, Cork, Wexford, Dublin and Belfast, over June, July and August 1843, with two subsequent lectures in Glasgow. Some other Englishmen preceded Claridge to Graefenberg, although not many. One of these
5742-399: The constitution and removing poisons and toxins in the body. These basic interpretations of how hydropathy worked hinted at his complete lack of medical training. Kneipp did have, however, a very successful medical practice in spite of, perhaps even because of, his lack of medical training. As mentioned above, some patients were beginning to feel uncomfortable with traditional doctors because of
5841-575: The consulted physician. Later in life, Priessnitz became the head of a hydropathy clinic in Gräfenberg in 1826. He was extremely successful and by 1840, he had 1600 patients in his clinic including many fellow physicians, as well as important political figures such as nobles and prominent military officials. Treatment length at Priessnitz's clinic varied. Much of his theory was about inducing the above-mentioned crisis, which could happen quickly, or could occur after three to four years. In accordance with
5940-403: The development of hydrotherapy was believed to be a more personal form of medical treatment that did not necessarily present to patients the alienating scientific language that modern developments of medical treatment entailed. Two English works on the medical uses of water were published in the 18th century that inaugurated the new fashion for hydrotherapy. One of these was by Sir John Floyer ,
6039-445: The ease of cleaning the equipment and reducing infections due to contamination. When removal of tissue is necessary for the treatment of wounds, hydrotherapy which performs selective mechanical debridement can be used. Examples of this include directed wound irrigation and therapeutic irrigation with suction. The following methods are used for their hydrotherapeutic effects: Hydrotherapy which involves submerging all or part of
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#17327808555326138-408: The elitism of the medical profession. The new terms and techniques that doctors were using were difficult for the average person to understand. Having no formal training, all of his instructions and published works are described in easy to understand language and would have seemed very appealing to a patient who was displeased with the direction traditional medicine was taking. A significant factor in
6237-526: The first use of the term water cure as a torture is indirectly dated to around 1898, by U.S. soldiers in the Spanish–American War, after the term had been introduced to America in the mid-19th century in the therapeutic sense, which was in widespread use. Indeed, while the torture sense of water cure was by 1900–1902 established in the American army, with a conscious sense of irony, this sense
6336-487: The greatest: Harper Hill School with excellent teachers, Buxton Infant School, John Duncan School, Fairfield Infant & Nursery, Burbage Primary, Dove Holes CE Primary, Fairfield Endowed Junior, Peak Dale Primary, Leek College, Old Sams Farm Independent School, Hollinsclough CE Primary, Flash CE Primary, Earl Sterndale CE Primary, Peak Forest CE Primary and Combs Infant School. Above the town are two small speedway stadiums. Buxton Raceway (formerly High Edge Raceway), off
6435-405: The half bath, the head bath, the sitting bath, and the douche bath. All of these were ways to gently expose the patient to cold water in different ways. Vincenz Priessnitz was the son of a peasant farmer who, as a young child, observed a wounded deer bathing a wound in a pond near his home. Over the course of several days, he would see this deer return and eventually the wound was healed. Later as
6534-401: The healing waters of Buxton, for the treatment of rheumatism , gout and various other conditions. All visitors to Buxton's hotels and lodging houses were expected to contribute one shilling to the charity and sign the subscription book. In 1822 there were nearly 800 patients admitted through the charity, which paid for board and lodging, medicines and water treatments for up to five weeks. By
6633-480: The hospital's chairman Dr William Henry Robertson) and lodge completed in 1882, the Jubilee surgical wards in 1897 and the dining room and kitchens extension in 1921. King Edward VII (a friend of the 8th Duke of Devonshire ) and Queen Alexandra came to Buxton in 1905 to tour the Devonshire Hospital and Buxton Bath Charity. The royals also visited the Thermal and Natural Baths and the Pavilion Gardens . Vera Brittain (author of Testament of Youth ) trained as
6732-504: The introduction of hydrotherapy to the U.S., John Harvey Kellogg employed it at Battle Creek Sanitarium , which opened in 1866, where he strove to improve the scientific foundation for hydrotherapy. Other notable hydropathic centers of the era included the Cleveland Water Cure Establishment, founded in 1848, which operated successfully for two decades, before being sold to an organization which transformed it into an orphanage. At its height, there were over 200 water-cure establishments in
6831-484: The late 18th century. At the south edge of the town, the River Wye has carved an extensive limestone cavern known as Poole's Cavern . More than 330 yards (300 metres) of its chambers are open to the public. It contains Derbyshire's largest stalactite and some unique "poached egg" stalagmites . Its name recalls a local highwayman. Buxton has an oceanic climate with short, mild summers and long, cool winters. At about 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level, Buxton
6930-419: The latter being centred primarily around Japanese hot springs . Many such histories predate the Roman thermae . Hydrotherapy became more prominent following the growth and development of modern medical practices in the 18th and 19th century. As traditional medical practice became increasingly professional in terms of how doctors operated, it was felt that medical treatment became increasingly less personalized,
7029-410: The layout of the Park Road circular estate. He is perhaps known best for his design of the Crystal Palace in London. Buxton Town Hall , designed by William Pollard, was completed in 1889. Buxton Opera House, designed by Frank Matcham in 1903, is the highest opera-house site in the country. Matcham, a theatre architect, was responsible for several London theatres, including the London Palladium ,
7128-499: The lymphatic system and more efficient recycling. Alternating the temperatures, either in a shower or complementary tanks, combines the use of hot and cold in the same session. Proponents claim improvement in circulatory system and lymphatic drainage. Experimental evidence suggests that contrast hydrotherapy helps to reduce injury in the acute stages by stimulating blood flow and reducing swelling. The growth of hydrotherapy, and various forms of hydropathic establishments, resulted in
7227-401: The medicinal and dietetic use of water; and in 1804 Professor E.F.C. Oertel of Anspach republished them and quickened the popular movement by unqualified commendation of water drinking as a remedy for all diseases. The general idea behind hydropathy during the 1800s was to be able to induce something called a crisis. The thinking was that water invaded any cracks, wounds, or imperfections in
7326-470: The name 'Hydro'. There are several prominent examples in Scotland at Crieff , Peebles and Seamill amongst others. Canine hydrotherapy is a form of hydrotherapy directed at the treatment of chronic conditions, post-operative recovery, and pre-operative or general fitness in dogs . a. While the second sense, of water as a form of torture is documented back to at least the 15th century,
7425-541: The name are unclear. It may derive from the Old English for Buck Stone or for Rocking Stone . The town grew in importance in the late 18th century, when it was developed by the Dukes of Devonshire , with a resurgence a century later as Victorians were drawn to the reputed healing properties of its waters. The first inhabitants of Buxton made homes at Lismore Fields some 6,000 years ago. This Stone Age settlement,
7524-419: The other; and a legal prosecution, leading to a royal commission of inquiry, served but to make Priessnitz and his system stand higher in public estimation. Increasing popularity soon diminished caution whether the new method would help minor ailments and be of benefit to the more seriously injured. Hydropathists occupied themselves mainly with studying chronic invalids well able to bear a rigorous regimen and
7623-457: The patient. Kneipp's practice was more all encompassing than Priessnitz's, and his practice involved not only curing the patients' physical woes, but emotional and mental as well. Kneipp introduced four additional principles to the therapy: medicinal herbs, massages , balanced nutrition, and "regulative therapy to seek inner balance". Kneipp had a very simple view of an already simple practice. For him, hydropathy's primary goals were strengthening
7722-456: The popular revival of hydrotherapy was that it could be practised relatively cheaply at home. The growth of hydrotherapy (or 'hydropathy' to use the name of the time), was thus partly derived from two interacting spheres: "the hydro and the home". Hydrotherapy as a formal medical tool dates from about 1829 when Vincenz Priessnitz (1799–1851), a farmer of Gräfenberg in Silesia , then part of
7821-636: The railway in 1863 stimulated growth: the population of 1,800 in 1861 exceeded 6,000 by 1881. Buxton held a base for British and Canadian troops in the First World War . Granville Military Hospital was set up at the Buxton Hydropathic Hotel, with the Palace Hotel annexed. The author Vera Brittain trained as a Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse at the Devonshire Hospital in 1915. The Royal Engineers based in Buxton used
7920-533: The refurbishment; his scheme, designed in 1984 and completed in 1987, was for a landmark modern artwork, a barrel-vaulted modern stained glass ceiling to enclose the former baths — at the time the largest stained glass window in the British Isles — creating an atrial space for what became the Cavendish Arcade. Visitors could "take the waters" at The Pump Room until 1981. Between 1981 and 1995
8019-405: The repetitive quaffing of foul-tasting mineral waters. A hydropathic establishment is a place where people receive hydropathic treatment. They are commonly built in spa towns , where mineral-rich or hot water occurs naturally. Several hydropathic institutions wholly transferred their operations away from therapeutic purposes to become tourist hotels in the late 20th century while retaining
8118-403: The severities of unrestricted crisis. The need of a radical adaptation to the former class was first adequately recognized by John Smedley , a manufacturer of Derbyshire , who, impressed in his own person with the severities as well as the benefits of the cold water cure, practised among his workpeople a milder form of hydropathy, and began about 1852 a new era in its history, founding at Matlock
8217-411: The simplistic nature of hydropathy, a large part of the treatment was based on living a simple lifestyle. These lifestyle adjustments included dietary changes such as eating only very coarse food, such as jerky and bread, and of course drinking large quantities of water. Priessnitz's treatments also included a great deal of less strenuous exercise, mostly including walking. Ultimately, Priessnitz's clinic
8316-412: The skin, which were filled with impure fluids. Health was considered to be the natural state of the body, and filling these spaces with pure water, would flush the impurities out, which would rise to the surface of the skin, producing pus. The event of this pus emerging was called a crisis, and was achieved through a multitude of methods. These methods included techniques such as sweating, the plunging bath,
8415-656: The town, although many buildings have been demolished. Lost buildings of Buxton include grand spa hotels, the Midland Railway station, the Picture House cinema and Cavendish Girls' Grammar School. Cultural events include the annual Buxton Festival , festivals and performances at the Buxton Opera House, and shows running at other venues alongside them. Buxton Museum and Art Gallery offers year-round exhibitions. Buxton Festival, founded in 1979,
8514-499: The treatment of fevers and other maladies had, since the seventeenth century, been consistently promoted by a number of medical writers. In the eighteenth century, taking to the waters became a fashionable pastime for the wealthy classes who decamped to resorts around Britain and Europe to cure the ills of over-consumption. In the main, treatment in the heyday of the British spa consisted of sense and sociability: promenading, bathing, and
8613-402: The treatments available at the clinic. The fame of the water-cure establishment grew, and Gully and Wilson became well-known national figures. Two more clinics were opened at Malvern. Famous patients included Charles Darwin , Charles Dickens , Thomas Carlyle , Florence Nightingale , Lord Tennyson and Samuel Wilberforce . With his fame he also attracted criticism: Sir Charles Hastings ,
8712-660: The use of water for pain relief and treatment. The term encompasses a broad range of approaches and therapeutic methods that take advantage of the physical properties of water, such as temperature and pressure, to stimulate blood circulation, and treat the symptoms of certain diseases. Various therapies used in the present-day hydrotherapy employ water jets, underwater massage and mineral baths (e.g. balneotherapy , Iodine-Grine therapy, Kneipp treatments, Scotch hose, Swiss shower, thalassotherapy ) or whirlpool bath , hot Roman bath , hot tub , Jacuzzi , and cold plunge. Water therapy may be restricted to use as aquatic therapy ,
8811-501: The use of the whole building in exchange for providing new stables elsewhere in the town. Local architect Robert Rippon Duke was commissioned to design a hospital to rival Bath's and Harrogate's facilities for charity medical care. The stables on the ground floor were converted into hospital rooms by 1882. Included in Rippon Duke's design was the world's largest unsupported dome with a diameter of 44 metres (144 ft), now known as
8910-633: The week up to the second Saturday in July has been running in its current form since 1840, to mark the provision of fresh water to the high point of the town's marketplace. As well as the dressing of the wells, it includes a carnival procession and a funfair on the marketplace. Well dressing is an ancient custom unique to the Peak District and Derbyshire and thought to date back to Roman and Celtic times, when communities would dress wells to give thanks for supplies of fresh water. Buxton's economy covers tourism, retail, quarrying, scientific research, light industry and mineral water bottling. The University of Derby
9009-510: Was James Wilson, who himself, along with James Manby Gully , established and operated a water cure establishment at Malvern in 1842. In 1843, Wilson and Gully published a comparison of the efficacy of the water-cure with drug treatments, including accounts of some cases treated at Malvern, combined with a prospectus of their Water Cure Establishment. Then in 1846 Gully published The Water Cure in Chronic Disease , further describing
9108-482: Was a 1797 publication by James Currie of Liverpool on the use of hot and cold water in the treatment of fever and other illness, with a fourth edition published in 1805, not long before his death. It was also translated into German by Michaelis (1801) and Hegewisch (1807). It was highly popular and first placed the subject on a scientific basis. Hahn's writings had meanwhile created much enthusiasm among his countrymen, societies having been formed everywhere to promote
9207-444: Was a specific instance, or "particular case", of general principles of thermodynamics. That is, "the application of heat and cold in general", as it applies to physiology, mediated by hydropathy. In 1883, another writer stated "Not, be it observed, that hydropathy is a water treatment after all, but that water is the medium for the application of heat and cold to the body". Hydrotherapy was used to treat people with mental illness in
9306-672: Was called one of the Seven Wonders of the Peak by the philosopher Thomas Hobbes in his 1636 book De Mirabilibus Pecci: Being The Wonders of the Peak in Darby-shire. The Dukes of Devonshire became involved in 1780, when the William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire used profits from his copper mines to develop it as a spa in the style of Bath . Their ancestor Bess of Hardwick had brought one of her four husbands,
9405-583: Was extremely successful, and he gained fame across the western world. His practice even influenced the hydropathy that took root overseas in America. Sebastian Kneipp was born in Germany and he considered his own role in hydropathy to be that of continuing Priessnitz's work. Kneipp's own practice of hydropathy was even gentler than the norm. He believed that typical hydropathic practices deployed were "too violent or too frequent" and he expressed concern that such techniques would cause emotional or physical trauma to
9504-701: Was first recorded in the 12th century as part of the Peverel family's estate . From 1153 the town was within the Duchy of Lancaster's Crown estate, close to the Royal Forest of the Peak on the Fairfield side of the River Wye. Monastic farms were set up in Fairfield in the 13th century and in the 14th; its royal ownership was reflected in the name of Kyngesbucstones . By 1460, Buxton's spring had been pronounced
9603-418: Was not in widespread use. Webster's 1913 dictionary cited only the therapeutic sense, water cure being synonymous with hydropathy , the term by which hydrotherapy was known in the 19th century and early 20th century. The late 19th century expropriation of the term water cure , already in use in the therapeutic sense, to denote the polar opposite of therapy, namely torture, has the hallmark of arising in
9702-733: Was the last of the eight hydropathic hospitals in England to close, in 2000. There are currently two hospitals in Buxton: the Cavendish Hospital (opened in 1967) for various services including geriatric healthcare and the Buxton Cottage Hospital (opened in 1912) for minor injuries. Buxton Buxton is a spa town in the Borough of High Peak , Derbyshire, in the East Midlands region of England. It
9801-518: Was used in the treatment of hyperpyrexia . Hydrotherapy, especially as promoted during the height of its Victorian revival, has often been associated with the use of cold water, as evidenced by many titles from that era. However, not all therapists limited their practice of hydrotherapy to cold water, even during the height of this popular revival. The specific use of heat was however often associated with Victorian Turkish baths . These were introduced by David Urquhart into England on his return from
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