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75-422: Because of public outcry during construction of The Central Artery, elevated for most of its length and reviled because it cut off views of and access to Boston's historic waterfront, it was decided by then-Governor John A. Volpe that the final section of the artery was to be put underground from just south of Congress Street to Kneeland Street near Boston's Chinatown section. At the time of its construction, it

150-624: A United States Navy Seabees training officer, enlisting with the rank of lieutenant commander. He was a Knight of Malta and a member of the Knights of Columbus . Volpe's first political post was in 1951, when he served as the deputy chair of the Massachusetts Republican Party . In 1953, Governor Christian Herter appointed him the Massachusetts Commissioner of Public Works , and in 1956 he

225-430: A black man, was a member and among other activities, spoke on the stage of the 1896 Knights of Columbus Massachusetts State Convention to an audience that included two future Supreme Knights . The path to individual membership in a local Knights council did not explicitly exclude African Americans . Each local council voted in new members, and as few as four or five negative votes against a prospective candidate (no matter

300-513: A close race. In 1966 , Volpe was elected to the first four-year term in Massachusetts history, defeating former Massachusetts Attorney General Edward J. McCormack, Jr. During his administrations, Volpe signed legislation to ban racial imbalances in education , reorganize the state's Board of Education , liberalize birth control laws, and increase public housing for low-income families. Governor Volpe also raised revenues, engaging in

375-411: A deceased Knight's widow a $ 1,000 death benefit. Each member was assessed $ 1 upon a death, and when the number of Knights grew beyond 1,000, the assessment decreased according to the rate of increase. Each member, regardless of age, was assessed equally. As a result, younger, healthier members could expect to pay more over the course of their lifetimes than those men who joined when they were older. There

450-546: A family when the main income earner died. This was before most government support programs were established. Because of religious and ethnic discrimination, Catholics in the late 19th century were regularly excluded from labor unions, popular fraternal organizations, and other organized groups that provided such social services. Although its first councils were all in Connecticut, the Order spread throughout New England and

525-552: A large construction firm. Politically, he was a Republican in increasingly Democratic Massachusetts, serving as its 61st and 63rd Governor from 1961 to 1963 and 1965 to 1969, as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1969 to 1973, and as the United States Ambassador to Italy from 1973 to 1977. As Secretary of Transportation, Volpe was an important figure in the development of

600-530: A local geographical area. They lead the efforts to reach out to veterans and active military and to embody the fact that one can be a faithful Catholic and also be a faithful citizen. As of 2024 , there are more than 3,600 Fourth Degree assemblies worldwide. Fourth Degree assemblies may form Color Corps , an elective division of the Fourth Degree, whose distinctive presence in parades, wreath-laying ceremonies, Confirmations and other Catholic functions are

675-606: A long and ultimately successful fight to institute a three percent state sales tax. He served as president of the National Governors Association from 1967 to 1968. In 1962, Volpe signed into law the bill passed by 162nd Massachusetts General Court that established the University of Massachusetts Medical School . On April 22, 1965, Volpe received a visit from Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. at

750-461: A sound investment before stock in it is purchased, and secondly the company's activities must not conflict with Catholic social teaching . The guidelines include protecting human life, promoting human dignity, reducing arms production, pursuing economic justice, protecting the environment, and encouraging corporate responsibility. As of 2017, it had been named a "World's Most Ethical Company" by Ethisphere Institute for five consecutive years. Citing

825-563: A videotaped message to the 111th Supreme Convention saying the Order's "contributions to the Catholic Church and to your communities merit our applause." Church historian Massimo Faggioli believes the scope of the Knights' philanthropy can "create influence through money, especially in important places like Rome or Washington, D.C." The order is dedicated to the principles of charity, unity, fraternity, and patriotism. Membership

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900-569: A visible reminder of the Knights' service to their communities. Fourth Degree Color Corps are often the most visible arm of the Knights. The Supreme Council is the governing body of the order. It elects insurance members to serve three-year terms on a 24-member Board of Directors . Leaders' salaries are set by the board of directors and ratified by the delegates to the Supreme Convention. The seven-figure salaries of senior K of C officers have been criticized as excessive. In 1969,

975-651: Is restricted to men, at least 18 years of age, who are practicing Catholics in union with the Holy See and are in good standing with the Church. As of August 2024 , there were over 2.1 million Knights of Columbus worldwide, with the majority in North America. After his induction and completion of the Exemplification of Charity, a new member becomes a First Degree Knight. He then progresses through

1050-418: Is the most highly rated program in North America. For more than 40 consecutive years, the order has received A. M. Best's highest rating, A++. Forbes publishes an annual list of what it refers to as "America's Best Insurance Companies", and it has included the Knights of Columbus insurance program on this list since 2022. The order maintains a two-prong investment strategy: a company must first be

1125-494: The 1890s depression . Councils also offered employment agency services and provided aid to the poor and sick. Aid has also been dispensed to assist victims of natural and man-made disasters, starting with a flood in Kansas in 1903. In 2015 alone, the order donated hundreds of thousands of US dollars to victims of typhoons and other natural disasters. During times of war, the Order supports aid to refugees. Between 2014 and 2018,

1200-435: The A. M. Best list of all life insurance companies in North America. Products include permanent and term life insurance , as well as annuities , long term care insurance , and disability insurance . The insurance program is not a separate business offered by the order to others, but is exclusively for the benefit of members and their families. All agents are members of the order. The order's insurance program

1275-481: The Catholic view on public policy issues around the world. The organization also provides certain financial services to the individual and institutional Catholic market. Its wholly-owned insurance company, a Fortune 1000 company based on its annual revenue, underwrites more than two   million insurance contracts, totaling more than $ 121   billion of life insurance in force as of 2023. The order also owns

1350-672: The Interstate Highway System at the federal level. Volpe was born on December 8, 1908, in Wakefield, Massachusetts . He was the son of Italian immigrants Vito and Filomena (née Benedetto) Volpe, who had come from Pescosansonesco , Abruzzo to Boston 's North End on the SS Canopic in 1905; his father was in the construction business. Volpe attended the Wentworth Institute (later known as

1425-611: The Massachusetts State House , after which King delivered an address to a joint session of the 164th Massachusetts General Court . On April 1, 1965, a special committee appointed by Massachusetts Education Commissioner Owen Kiernan released its final report finding that more than half of black students enrolled in Boston Public Schools (BPS) attended institutions with enrollments that were at least 80 percent black and that housing segregation in

1500-622: The Wentworth Institute of Technology ) in Boston where he majored in architectural construction and entered the construction business, building his own firm in 1930. By the outbreak of World War II , it was one of the USA's leading construction companies. In 1934, Volpe married Giovannina Benedetto, with whom he had two children, John Anthony, Jr. and Loretta Jean Volpe Rotondi. During World War II , he volunteered to serve stateside as

1575-560: The 2,000 Knights of Columbus in the country worked to help those impacted. They began by providing food and clothing to those at train and bus stations in Lviv who were fleeing into Poland. They then began organizing busses to take people the Polish border. In the first three months of the war, the Knights in Poland helped more than 300,000 people, or 10% of those who fled to that country. Since

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1650-561: The Archives and Special Collections of the Northeastern University Libraries, in Boston. Terminal E at Logan International Airport is also dedicated in his honor. Knights of Columbus The Knights of Columbus ( K of C ) is a global Catholic fraternal service order founded by Blessed Michael J. McGivney . Membership is limited to practicing Catholic men. It is led by Patrick E. Kelly ,

1725-623: The Big Dig project, the name "Dewey Square (South Station) Tunnel" has fallen into general disuse; instead, it is considered to be part of the Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel , a name used for the entire length of the north–south tunnel system. John A. Volpe John Anthony Volpe ( / ˈ v oʊ l p i / VOHL -pee ; December 8, 1908 – November 11, 1994) was an American businessman, diplomat, and politician from Massachusetts . A son of Italian immigrants, he founded and owned

1800-530: The Boston NAACP filed a lawsuit in federal district court against the city seeking the desegregation of the city's public schools . Volpe filed a request for legislation from the state legislature that defined schools with nonwhite enrollments greater than 50 percent to be imbalanced and granted the State Board of Education the power to withhold state funds from any school district in the state that

1875-716: The Church. Pope John Paul I 's first audience with a layman was with Supreme Knight Virgil Dechant , and Pope John Paul II met with Supreme Knight Dechant three days after his installation. During the pope's 1979 visit to the United States, the Supreme Officers and Board were the only lay organization to receive an audience. Richard Nixon addressed the Supreme Convention in 1971. Ronald Reagan spoke in 1982 and 1986 and George W. Bush spoke in 2004. George H. W. Bush spoke as vice US president in 1984 and then again as president in 1992. Bill Clinton sent

1950-543: The ChurchLoan program. At the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic , the Order established a $ 100 million fund to provide short-term loans to help dioceses weather the economic storm. Each diocese was eligible to obtain a $ 1 million secured line of credit. Since its earliest days, the Knights of Columbus has been a "Catholic anti-defamation society." In 1914, it established a Commission on Religious Prejudices. As part of

2025-490: The Exemplification of Patriotism and progress to the Fourth Degree. This is an optional degree, but represents the highest ideals of the order. A Knight who has attained this level is addressed as “Sir Knight.” Each member belongs to one of more than 17,000 local councils around the world. Most are based in Catholic parishes, though some have their own council hall within a community. Each local council works to assist with

2100-731: The Italian Communist press of being "neo-Fascist" for his views. Volpe died in Nahant, Massachusetts , on November 11, 1994, at the age of 85. He was buried at Forest Glade Cemetery in Wakefield, Massachusetts . The John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center in Cambridge was named in his memory, as well as the Governor John A. Volpe Library at Wakefield High School in Wakefield. Volpe's papers are stored in

2175-536: The Knights gave more than $ 2   million to provide food, shelter, clothing, and medical care to persecuted Christians and other religious minorities in the Middle East. The Knights donated $ 250,000 in 2018 to help refugees crossing over the Mexico–United States border who were seeking asylum in the United States and later expanded the program. Within days of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ,

2250-561: The Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors, a money management firm which invests in accordance with Catholic social teachings . As of 2024, the Knights reported having over 2.1   million members around the world. Women may participate in K of C through the Columbiettes and other female auxiliaries, and boys may join the Columbian Squires . The Order comprises four different "degrees," each one of which exemplifies one of

2325-487: The Knights of Columbus has provided active support to members of the armed forces and their families. As of 2024 , there are more than 50 military councils in military bases throughout North America and around the world. A Knight who has attained the Fourth Degree also belongs to a Fourth Degree assembly . Fourth Degree Knights are men who have chosen to embrace the order’s fourth principle of patriotism. Fourth Degree assemblies get their members from multiple councils within

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2400-763: The Knights opened a 23-story headquarters building in New Haven. (* Appointed annually by each council's Grand Knight or Faithful Navigator ) (** Appointed for a three-year term by the Supreme Knight ) (** Appointed by the Past Faithful Navigators of the Assembly and Faithful Navigator ) Charity is the foremost important principle of the Knights of Columbus. At their 2024 convention in August, 2024, Supreme Knight Patrick Kelly said that

2475-657: The Knights provided more than 11,000 wheelchairs to the Global Wheelchair Mission. The Knights also donate to the institutional church, including being a major donor to the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops . As of 2017 , the Knights' Vicarius Christi fund has contributed more than $ 57 million to the charitable efforts of the pope. The Knights have supported

2550-480: The Making of America by George Cohen, and The Germans in the Making of America by Frederick Schrader. The Knights of Columbus "was the only American fraternal society which did not, by its constitution, prohibit Negro [sic] membership", according to historian Christopher Kauffman. During World War I , the Knights were designated as the official agency for supporting Catholic troops, and its support facilities were

2625-603: The School Committee's appeal in January 1968. Supportive of civil rights for African-Americans, Volpe saw the discrimination of African-Americans as similar to his own experience with discrimination due to his Italian ancestry. In 1968, Volpe stood unsuccessfully as a " favorite son " candidate in the Massachusetts Republican presidential primary. Though he was the only person on the ballot, he

2700-456: The Second and Third Degrees after completing the subsequent Exemplifications of Unity and Fraternity. A Third Degree Knight is considered to have attained full “Knighthood” status. Privileges of Third Degree membership include the ability to serve as a local council officer, and admission to state and Supreme Council business meetings. A Third Degree Knight in good standing is eligible to complete

2775-568: The State Board found the plan inadequate and voted to rescind state aid to the district, and in response, the School Committee filed a lawsuit against the State Board challenging both the decision and the constitutionality of the Racial Imbalance Act the following August. In January 1967, the Massachusetts Superior Court overturned a Suffolk Superior Court ruling that the State Board had improperly withdrawn

2850-639: The United States Supreme Court decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , Supreme Knight Patrick E. Kelly called on the order to increase their support for women facing unplanned and crisis pregnancies with the Aid and Support After Pregnancy (ASAP) initiative. The Global Wheelchair Mission is an alliance of independent international organizations working to deliver wheelchairs and mobility assistance to people worldwide. In 2023,

2925-422: The United States in subsequent years. As the order expanded outside of Connecticut, structural changes in the late 1880s and 1890s were instituted to give the Knights a federalist system with local, state, and national levels of government. This allowed them to coordinate activities across states and localities. During World War I , the Knights established soldiers' welfare centers in the U.S. and abroad. After

3000-603: The Vatican's news operation for decades. In the field of education, the Knights of Columbus have a number of scholarships and other programs for seminarians, veterans and students at the Catholic University of America , and at other Catholic colleges. Especially during World War I and World War II , the Order operated a number of "huts" to support troops serving in combat, regardless of race or religion. The original insurance system devised by McGivney gave

3075-403: The animus targeted at racial and religious minorities, including Catholics, the Order formed a historical commission which published a series of books in the 1920s on their contributions, among other activities. The "Knights of Columbus Racial Contributions Series" of books included three titles: The Gift of Black Folk: The Negroes in the Making of America , by W. E. B. Du Bois , The Jews in

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3150-537: The awards they have won, the order calls themselves "champions of ethical investing." In 2017, over $ 965 million was awarded in benefits. Since the founding of the order, $ 3.5 billion in death benefits have been paid. Additionally, the insurance program has a low 3.5 percent lapse rate of the 1.9 million members and their families who are insured. Its insurance operation invests in loans to various churches, schools, and other Catholic institutions. As of 2008 , over $ 500   million had been loaned through

3225-456: The cabinet post, and served in that position from 1969 to 1973. During his tenure, Volpe abandoned previous positions supportive of unfettered highway construction, instead pushing for a more balanced approach to the nation's transportation infrastructure. He was notably instrumental in effectively ending attempts to revive Boston's failed Inner Belt project, which he had promoted as highway administrator. Likewise, Volpe's 1969 decision to kill

3300-682: The city had caused the racial imbalance. From its creation under the National Housing Act of 1934 signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt , the Federal Housing Administration used its official mortgage insurance underwriting policy explicitly to prevent school desegregation , while the Boston Housing Authority actively segregated the city's public housing developments since at least 1941 and continued to do so despite

3375-488: The core principles of the order. There are more than 17,000 local Knights of Columbus councils around the world, including over 400 on college campuses. American Catholic priest Michael J. McGivney founded the Knights of Columbus at St. Mary's Church in 1882 as a mutual benefit society for Catholic immigrants in New Haven, Connecticut . As a parish priest in an immigrant community, McGivney saw what could happen to

3450-448: The effort, the order distributed pamphlets, and lecturers toured the country speaking on how Catholics could love and be loyal to America. The creation of the 4th Degree, with its emphasis on patriotism, performed an anti-defamation function as well as asserting claims to Americanism. In response to a defamatory "bogus oath" circulated by the KKK, in 1914 the Knights set up a framework for

3525-529: The end of the 1950s, KoC Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart was actively encouraging councils to accept black candidates. In 1963, Hart attended a special meeting at the White House hosted by President John F. Kennedy to discuss civil rights with other religious leaders. After the rejection of Joseph Bertrand's membership application in Chicago, Hart declared that the process for membership would be revised at

3600-437: The existence of any such oath, calling the rumors libel. In 1923, the Knights of Columbus offered $ 25,000 to any person with proof that the fake oath attributed to the fourth-degree membership was part of any authentic ceremony. The Knights began suing distributors for libel in an effort to stop this, and the KKK ended its publication of the false oath. As the Order and its charitable works grew, so did its prominence within

3675-486: The first games in 1968. In 2023, the Knights donated more than $ 4 million to Special Olympics and helped organize and run nearly 4,000 competitions. After the Knights had donated more than 1,000 ultrasound machines to crisis pregnancy centers from 2009 to 2019, Anderson said, "Our ultrasound initiative is now the greatest humanitarian achievement in the history of the Knights of Columbus. ... We can, and I am confident that we will, save millions of unborn lives." Following

3750-515: The funds and ordered the School Committee to submit an acceptable plan to the State Board within 90 days or else permanently lose funding, which the School Committee did shortly thereafter and the State Board accepted. In June 1967, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court upheld the constitutionality of the Racial Imbalance Act and the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953–1969) declined to hear

3825-465: The lease-back program for a total of $ 29 million. During this time, the amount of money invested in common stock also increased. The order offers a modern, professional insurance operation with more than $ 121 billion of life insurance policies in force and $ 26 billion in assets as of June 2023 . This places the Order on the Fortune 1000 list and it is large enough to rank 49th on

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3900-494: The method of funding the program changed. Each member was assessed five cents a month for 100 months, so that he would contribute $ 5. Since its first loan to St. Rose Church in Meriden, Connecticut , in the late 1890s, the Knights of Columbus have made loans to parishes, dioceses, and other Catholic institutions. By 1954, over $ 300 million had been loaned and the program "never lost one cent of principal or interest." In

3975-501: The needs of its community consistent with the principles of the order. The college councils program, started at Catholic University of America in 1898, was created to promote the moral, intellectual and spiritual development of college men on campuses throughout the world. The oldest continuously running college council is the University of Notre Dame Council #1477, chartered in 1910. As of 2024 , there are more than 340 college councils worldwide. Throughout most of its history,

4050-509: The next Supreme Convention so that membership rejections would require a majority vote of local council members. The change occurred but Hart died before he could see it take place. Around 1915, during the nadir of American race relations , the Ku Klux Klan began promoting a conspiracy theory claiming that Fourth Degree Knights swore an oath to exterminate Freemasons and Protestants . The Knights of Columbus vehemently denied

4125-466: The only racially integrated facilities open to troops. Emmett Jay Scott wrote, "Unlike the other social welfare organizations operating in the war, it never drew the color line." As the Knights grew and expanded, some councils in the United States were integrated, and others were not. An example of an integrated council was Sheridan Council 119 in Southborough, Massachusetts . Samuel F. Williams,

4200-467: The order's 14th Supreme Knight. The organization was founded on March 29, 1882 as a mutual benefit society for working-class and immigrant Catholics in the United States. In addition to providing an insurance system for its members, it has grown to support refugee relief, Catholic education , local parishes and dioceses, and global Catholic social causes. The Knights of Columbus have played an active role in politics ever since its formation, and promote

4275-501: The organization had donated $ 190   million and 47   million volunteer-hours toward charity projects in 2023. Charitable activities include support for refugees, aid for victims of natural disasters, and advocating Catholic ethics , such as opposition to same-sex marriage and opposition to abortion . Beginning in 1897, the National Council encouraged local councils to establish funds to support members affected by

4350-502: The original owner "upon terms generally that would bring to our Order a net rental equal to the normal mortgage interest rate." Between 1952 and 1962, 18 pieces of land were purchased for a total of $ 29   million. Late in 1953 the order purchased the land beneath Yankee Stadium for $ 2.5   million. In 1971, the City of New York took the land by eminent domain . Between 1952 and 1962, 18 pieces of land were purchased as part of

4425-458: The overcrowding instead, could now be held by a court to be deliberate acts of segregation. Pursuant to the Racial Imbalance Act, the state conducted a racial census and found 55 imbalanced schools in the state with 46 in Boston, and in October 1965, the State Board required the School Committee to submit a desegregation plan, which the School Committee did the following December. In April 1966,

4500-401: The passage of legislation by the 156th Massachusetts General Court prohibiting racial discrimination or segregation in housing in 1950 and the issuance of Executive Order 11063 by President John F. Kennedy in 1962 that required all federal agencies to prevent racial discrimination in federally-funded subsidized housing in the United States. In response to the report, on April 20, 1965,

4575-399: The post– World War II era, the interest rates on long-term bonds dipped below levels at which the order's insurance program could sustain itself, and Supreme Knight Hart moved the order into a more aggressive program of investing in real estate. Under his leadership, the order established a lease-back investment program in which the order would buy a piece of property and then lease it back to

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4650-515: The proposed Riverfront Expressway saved New Orleans 's historic French Quarter and marked a substantial victory for preservationists, who were able to convince Volpe that an expressway that cut the Quarter off from the riverfront would have been disastrous. Amtrak was established during his time in office. An avid cyclist who biked to work on a folding bike, he used his position - and the energy crisis - to encourage more Americans to bike. Volpe

4725-520: The size of the council) was enough to deny someone entry. Joseph Bertrand, who graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1954, was blackballed from joining a Chicago-area Knights council in 1963 after being nominated by Gene Liner. Liner said that as the vote was announced, "I just watched his face. There were five black balls." Liner then resigned his office in the Knights chapter along with five other council leaders. Meanwhile, Church officials and organizations increasingly encouraged integration. By

4800-550: The start of the war, the Knights of Columbus have delivered more than 8.5 million pounds of relief supplies and provided more than $ 17   million for humanitarian relief in Ukraine. The Knights of Columbus has donated more than $ 600 million to those with intellectual and physical disabilities. One of the largest recipients of aid in this area has been the Special Olympics , where the Knights have been involved since

4875-573: The tunnel caused massive traffic jams and gridlock, forcing transportation officials to consider rebuilding the Artery and putting it totally underground. The Dewey Square Tunnel received new life as part of the massive Big Dig project of the late 1990s and early 2000s. The tunnel was rehabilitated and now serves as exclusive southbound lanes of Interstate 93 , complete with a new ventilation system and gently banked corners consistent with appropriate superelevation. Its old northern portal at Congress Street

4950-484: The war, the Knights participated in education, occupational training, and employment programs for veterans. The Oregon Compulsory Education Act of 1922 would have disallowed parochial schools , including Catholic schools, in that state. The Knights of Columbus challenged the law in court with the ACLU, and, in a landmark 1925 ruling ( Pierce v. Society of Sisters ), the U.S. Supreme Court struck it down. To combat

5025-504: Was also a Sick Benefit Deposit for members who fell ill and could not work. Each sick Knight was entitled to draw up to $ 5 a week for 13 weeks (roughly equivalent to $ 155 in 2022 dollars). If he remained sick after that, the council to which he belonged determined the sum of money given to him. The need for a reserve fund for times of epidemic was seen from the earliest days, but it was rejected several times before finally being established in 1892. It had $ 12,000 in assets in 1896. By 1897,

5100-566: Was appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower as the first administrator of the Federal Highway Administration . In this position he oversaw the early phases of the development of the Interstate Highway System . In 1960 , Volpe was elected Governor of Massachusetts , defeating Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth Joseph D. Ward . He served as governor from 1961 to 1963. In 1962 , Volpe

5175-410: Was connected to the underground southbound lanes of the new artery in 2005. A long-closed northbound off-ramp to Chinatown was rebuilt and reopened as a southbound on-ramp from Surface Road. The refurbished tunnel, with 6 lanes at its widest point, was fully opened on March 5, 2005. The Dewey Square Tunnel is the only remaining section of the original Central Artery still in use. Since the completion of

5250-541: Was defeated by a spontaneous write-in campaign for New York Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller . Volpe endorsed Richard Nixon. Volpe was one of the finalists in Richard M. Nixon 's decision concerning a running mate; he was considered acceptable to most wings of the party, but Nixon ultimately selected Spiro Agnew instead. Following the election, President Nixon rewarded Volpe for his support by appointing him Secretary of Transportation . He resigned as governor to assume

5325-686: Was found to have racial imbalance, which Volpe would sign into law the following August. Also in August 1965, along with Boston Mayor John F. Collins (1960–1968) and BPS Superintendent William H. Ohrenberger , Volpe opposed and warned the Boston School Committee that a vote that they held that month to abandon a proposal to bus several hundred black students from Roxbury and North Dorchester from three overcrowded schools to nearby schools in Dorchester and Brighton , and purchase an abandoned Hebrew school in Dorchester to relieve

5400-567: Was narrowly defeated for reelection, losing to former Governor's Councillor and JFK friend Endicott Peabody . In 1964 , Volpe ran again for governor and was able to capitalize on disarray within the Massachusetts Democratic Party when Lieutenant Governor Francis X. Bellotti defeated Peabody for the Democratic nomination for governor. Despite the Democratic landslide nationwide that year, Volpe defeated Bellotti in

5475-613: Was nominated by President Nixon and confirmed by the United States Senate as United States Ambassador to Italy , a position he held until 1977. Volpe was snubbed by elements of the Italian elite/political establishment, due to his roots in southern Italy, and he upset leftist elements by making strong statements against the inclusion of the Italian Communist Party in its government. He was accused by

5550-677: Was the second to serve in this role following the position becoming a Cabinet-level appointment. He received the Award of Excellence in 1970 from Engineering News-Record for his service as Secretary of Transportation. Volpe had a long and abiding interest in the homeland of his parents, and visited it many times. In 1969, he was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic . In 1973, Volpe

5625-404: Was the widest vehicular tunnel in the world. At one time, a bus terminal serving Peter Pan , Bonanza, and other regional bus lines sat atop the tunnel near its northern portal. The bus station has since been relocated to the major intermodal transportation hub at South Station. The lack of breakdown lanes, the limited number of travel lanes, and the myriad access ramps to and from the Artery and

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