The Columbiettes are women members of auxiliary council affiliated with a local Knights of Columbus council.
62-549: In 1939, Monsignor J. Francis McIntyre , Chaplain of the New York State Council of the Knights of Columbus, later a cardinal, suggested formation of the group. He conceived the idea of a ladies organization to work with the Knights. The New York State Council formulated a plan for such an organization. Their plan called for the establishment of Auxiliaries in each Council and to coordinate the efforts of all under
124-645: A labor union for Catholic priests and published a book critical of the Catholic Church hierarchy . When Bishop James P. Shannon expressed views critical of the Church hierarchy in an NBC documentary in the late 1960s, McIntyre described Shannon's views as constituting "incipient schism ." He had a dispute with the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary , whom he barred from teaching within
186-584: A biography of Spellman, The American Pope (1984). Signorile reported that Cooney's manuscript initially contained interviews with several people with personal knowledge of Spellman's homosexuality, including the researcher C. A. Tripp . According to Signorile, the Catholic Church pressured Cooney's publisher, Times Books , to reduce the four pages discussing Spellman's sexuality to a single paragraph. The published book contained these two sentences: "For years rumors abounded about Cardinal Spellman being
248-458: A heated public dispute in 1949 with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt when she expressed her opposition to federal funding to parochial schools in her column, My Day . In response, Spellman accused her of anti-Catholicism and called her column a "[document] of discrimination unworthy of an American mother". Spellman eventually met with Roosevelt at Hyde Park to settle the dispute. When Democratic Senator John F. Kennedy ran for president in
310-486: A homosexual. As a result, many felt—and continue to feel—that Spellman the public moralist may well have been a contradiction of the man of the flesh." Both Signorile and John Loughery cite a story suggesting that Spellman was sexually active. They also related a story that Spellman had a personal relationship with a male member of the chorus in the 1943 Broadway revue One Touch of Venus . Although he had once expressed his personal opposition to demonstrations during
372-546: A member of this organization is to be a Catholic female in good standing with the Church and to be 18 years of age or older. The purpose is to aid that Knights Council in their spiritual and social activities when asked. The Columbiette Auxiliary has its own activities; spiritual, social and charitable welfare of their members, etc. This article about a Christian organization is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . James Francis McIntyre James Francis Aloysius McIntyre (June 25, 1886 – July 16, 1979)
434-425: A new school every 26 days to accommodate the post-World War II population boom . As archbishop, he led the successful effort to repeal the state tax on Catholic schools. In 1967 he consulted with California Governor Ronald Reagan regarding a proposed law to legalize abortion. He convinced Reagan to veto the law if it allowed abortions in case of birth defects. The legislature dropped that provision and Reagan signed
496-576: A public school, because there was no Catholic school in Whitman. He enjoyed photography and baseball; he played first base during his freshman year of high school until suffering a hand injury. Spellman later managed the baseball team. After his high school graduation, Spellman entered Fordham University in New York City in 1907. He graduated in 1911 and decided to study for the priesthood. Archbishop William O'Connell sent Spellman to study at
558-531: A quarter of the archdiocese's parishes had an outreach to Spanish-speaking Catholics. In his years as a cardinal, Spellman built 15 churches, 94 schools, 22 rectories, 60 convents, and 34 other institutions. He also visited Ecuador , where he founded three schools: Cardinal Spellman High School and Cardinal Spellman Girls' School, both in Quito , and Cardinal Spellman High School in Guayaquil . Spellman attended
620-686: A series of relatively insignificant assignments. After the United States entered World War I in 1917, Spellman tried to enlist to become a military chaplain in the US Army, but failed to meet the height requirement. Spellman also applied to be a chaplain in the US Navy , but his application was personally rejected twice by Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt . O'Connell eventually assigned Spellman to promote subscriptions for
682-458: A young Melkite priest, David Kirk . Spellman once said that "a true American can neither be a Communist nor a Communist condoner" and that "the first loyalty of every American is vigilantly to weed out and counteract Communism and convert American Communists to Americanism ". Spellman defended Senator Joseph McCarthy 's 1953 investigations of Communist subversives in the federal government, stating in 1954 that McCarthy had "told us about
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#1732780499491744-467: The 1960 presidential election , Spellman endorsed his Republican opponent, Vice President Richard Nixon , a non-Catholic. This was because Kennedy opposed federal aid for parochial schools and the appointment of a U.S. Ambassador to the Holy See . Kennedy aide David Powers recalled that in 1960, Kennedy asked him, "Why is Spellman against me?" Powers replied, "Spellman is the most powerful Catholic in
806-558: The American Civil Rights Movement , Spellman declined J. Edgar Hoover 's requests to condemn Martin Luther King Jr. He funded the trip by a group of New York priests and religious sisters to the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches . Spellman opposed racial discrimination in public housing but also the social activism of such priests as Daniel Berrigan and his brother, Philip Berrigan , as well as
868-605: The Archdiocese of Boston from 1932 to 1939. He was created a cardinal by Pius XII in 1946. Francis Spellman was born on May 4, 1889, in Whitman, Massachusetts , to William Spellman and Ellen (née Conway) Spellman. William Spellman was a grocer whose own parents had immigrated to the United States from Clonmel and Leighlinbridge , Ireland. Spellman had two younger brothers, Martin and John, and two younger sisters, Marian and Helene. Spellman attended Whitman High School ,
930-807: The Eucharistic Congress in Guatemala; during his journey, he stopped in Nicaragua and, contrary to the Pope's orders, publicly appeared with future dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle . According to the Catholic journalist Raymond Arroyo 's foreword written for a 2008 edition of Fulton Sheen 's autobiography, Treasure in Clay: The Autobiography of Fulton J. Sheen , "It is widely believed that Cardinal Spellman drove Sheen off
992-534: The Knights of Columbus in running children's playgrounds in Rome. Pope Pius XI raised O'Connor to the rank of privy chamberlain on October 4, 1926. During a trip to Germany in 1927, Spellman established a lifelong friendship with Archbishop Eugenio Pacelli , who was serving there as apostolic nuncio . Spellman translated Pius XI's first broadcast over Vatican Radio into English in 1931. Later in 1931, with
1054-463: The Lower East Side until 1923, whence he became assistant chancellor for the Archdiocese of New York . He was promoted to chancellor in 1934, and named Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness , Pius XI on December 27 of that year. Appointed a Domestic Prelate by Pope Pius XI on November 12, 1936. Following the appointment of Francis Spellman to Archbishop of New York in 1939, McIntyre
1116-546: The Pontifical North American College in Rome . He suffered so badly from pneumonia that the college administrators wanted to send him home to recover. However, he refused to leave and eventually completed his theological studies. During his years in Rome, Spellman befriended future cardinals Gaetano Bisleti , Francesco Borgongini Duca, and Domenico Tardini . Spellman was ordained a priest at
1178-457: The Sant'Apollinare Basilica in Rome by Patriarch Giuseppe Ceppetelli on May 14, 1916. Upon his return to the United States, the archdiocese assigned Spellman to pastoral positions at its parishes. O'Connell, who had earlier sent Spellman to Rome, described him as a "little popinjay ". He later said, "Francis epitomizes what happens to a bookkeeper when you teach him how to read." Spellman served
1240-596: The Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965 and sat on its board of presidency. He believed that the Vatican was appointing predominantly liberal clergymen to the council's commissions. He opposed the Council reform that introduced vernacular language into the mass , saying, "The Latin language, which is truly the Catholic language, is unchangeable, is not vulgar, and has for many centuries been
1302-716: The Tridentine Mass on the side altars of St. Basil's. McIntyre died at St. Vincent Medical Center in Los Angeles, at the age of 93. In 2003, his remains were transferred to the crypt of the new Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels . McIntyre was disliked by liberal elements within the American Church. Charles Morris in his book American Catholic states: Today, McIntyre's name is associated mostly with his sad, slightly ridiculous octogenarian flailing against
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#17327804994911364-612: The Vietnam War as a "war for civilization" and " Christ 's war against the Vietcong and the people of North Vietnam ." Some critics referred to the Vietnam War as "Spelly's War" and Spellman as the " Bob Hope of the clergy”. One priest accused Spellman of "[blessing] the guns which the pope is begging us to put down". In January 1967, antiwar protestors disrupted a mass at St. Patrick's Cathedral . Spellman's support for
1426-585: The consistory of February 18, 1946. According to the historian William V. Shannon , Spellman was "deeply reactionary in his theology and secular politics." In 1949, when gravediggers at Calvary Cemetery in Queens went on strike for a pay raise , the Cardinal accused them of being Communists and recruited seminarians of the Archdiocese from St. Joseph's Seminary as strikebreakers . He described
1488-486: The morality of films , and was one of the American bishops to oppose the liturgical revision of the Second Vatican Council , in which he participated from 1962 to 1965. Cardinal McIntyre resisted elements in the church who dissented from Church dogma. He suspended Father William DuBay , who had called for McIntyre's removal in 1964 for not sufficiently supporting the civil rights movement , after DuBay advocated
1550-571: The 1960s. Starr writes: Sadly, this kindly (most of the time) and, in his own way, holy prelate became the scapegoat for those pushing the ecclesial revolutions, so frequently self-destructive, of the 1960s after the Second Vatican Council. Francis Spellman Francis Joseph Spellman (May 4, 1889 – December 2, 1967) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of New York from 1939 until his death in 1967. Spellman previously served as an auxiliary bishop of
1612-633: The Communists and about Communist methods" and that he was "not only against communism—but ... against the methods of the Communists". As early as 1954, Spellman was warning the Eisenhower Administration about the advance of communism in French Indochina . He had met the future South Vietnamese president, Ngô Đình Diệm , in 1950 and was favorably impressed by his strongly Catholic and anti-Communist views. After
1674-852: The French defeat by the Viet Minh at the battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, Spellman started urging the Eisenhower Administration to intervene in the conflict. When the United States entered into the Vietnam War in 1965, he became a staunch supporter of the intervention. A group of college students protested outside Spellman's residence in December 1965 for suppressing antiwar priests. Spellman spent Christmas 1965 with troops in South Vietnam . While there, he quoted Commodore Stephen Decatur in declaring, "My country, may it always be right, but right or wrong, my country." Spellman also described
1736-578: The Middle East in 1943, 16 countries in four months. As archbishop and a military vicar, he would have greater freedom than official diplomats." During the Allied campaign in Italy , Spellman acted as a liaison between Pius XII and Roosevelt in efforts to declare Rome an open city to save it from bombing and street fighting. Pius XII created Spellman as Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo in
1798-575: The U.S. Armed Forces on December 11, 1939. Over the years, Spellman celebrated many Christmases with American troops stationed in Japan, South Korea , and Europe. During his tenure in New York, Spellman's considerable national influence in religious and political matters earned his residence the nickname of "the Powerhouse." He hosted many prominent clergy, entertainers and politicians, including
1860-453: The U.S., Archbishop Egidio Vagnozzi , attempted to silence Murray. However, Spellman and Murray's Jesuit superiors managed to shield him from most attempts at curial interference. Murray's work helped shape the council's declaration on religious freedom. According to Pat McNamara, Spellman's support of Murray contributed to his significant influence on the drafting of Dignitatis humanae , the Council's Declaration on Religious Freedom. After
1922-629: The United Nationas Arthur Goldberg , and Greek Orthodox Archbishop Iakovos . Curt Gentry , a 1991 biographer of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover , said that Hoover's files contained "numerous allegations that Spellman was a very active homosexual." In 2002, journalist Michelangelo Signorile described Spellman as "one of the most notorious, powerful and sexually voracious homosexuals in the American Catholic Church's history." John Cooney had published
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1984-555: The United States, he, Kennedy and Spellman attempted to stop the vitriolic radio broadcasts of Reverend Charles Coughlin . The Vatican and the apostolic legation in Washington wanted his broadcasts to end, but Coughlin's superior, Bishop Michael Gallagher of Detroit, refused to curb him. In 1939, Coughlin was forced off the air by the National Association of Broadcasters . After the death of Pope Pius XI, Pacelli
2046-747: The Vietnam War, along with his opposition to church reform, greatly undermined his clout within the church and country. The illustrator Edward Sorel designed a poster in 1967, Pass the Lord and Praise the Ammunition , showing Spellman carrying a rifle with a bayonet . However, the poster was never distributed because Spellman died right after its printing. Spellman denounced the efforts of US Representative Graham Barden to provide federal funding only to public schools as "a craven crusade of religious prejudice against Catholic children" and even called Barden himself an "apostle of bigotry." Spellman engaged in
2108-459: The actions of the gravediggers, who belonged to the Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers Union of America , as "an unjustified and immoral strike against the innocent dead and their bereaved families, against their religion and human decency." The strike was supported by the activist Dorothy Day and the author Ernest Hemingway , who wrote a scathing letter about it to Spellman. Spellman
2170-505: The air." Besides being pressured to leave television, Sheen also "found himself unwelcome in the churches of New York City. Spellman cancelled Sheen's annual Good Friday sermons at St. Patrick's Cathedral and discouraged clergy from befriending the Bishop." The historian Pat McNamara views Spellman's outreach to the city's growing Puerto Rican community as being years ahead of its time. He sent priests overseas to study Spanish, and by 1960,
2232-533: The archdiocesan newspaper, The Pilot . The archbishop named him as assistant chancellor in 1918 and archivist of the archdiocese in 1924. After Spellman translated two books written by his friend Borgongini Duca into English, the Vatican appointed Spellman as first American attaché of the Vatican Secretariat of State in Rome in 1925. While serving in the Secretariat, he also worked with
2294-471: The archdiocese in 1967 for their leftist tendencies and abandonment of their traditional discipline—such as eliminating the habit and compulsory daily prayer. The dispute was appealed to the Holy See , which stipulated that the sisters must either restore their former practices or request dispensation from their vows; 315 of the 380 members sought dispensation and formed a non-Catholic organization. At
2356-679: The archdiocese on January 27, 1945, and received the Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre in May 1946. He once said that accounts of anti-Semitism in New York were "a manufactured movement...for the deliberate purpose of besmirching the minority Catholic population." On July 20, 1946, McIntyre was named coadjutor bishop of New York and titular archbishop of Paltus . Despite never succeeding Spellman as archbishop, he assisted in
2418-408: The church's $ 43,000 debt through fundraising. When Spellman's mother died in 1935, Massachusetts Governor James Curley , Lieutenant Governor Joseph Hurley , and many members of the clergy, with the exception of O'Connell, attended the funeral. In the autumn of 1936, Pacelli came to the United States , ostensibly to visit several cities and be the guest of philanthropist Genevieve Brady . However,
2480-430: The construction of numerous churches, schools, and hospitals. He consolidated all parish building programs into his own hands and thereby got better interest rates from bankers, and he convinced Pius XII of the need to internationalize the Vatican's Italy-centered investments after World War II; for his financial skill, he was sometimes called "Cardinal Moneybags." In 1966, Spellman offered his resignation to Paul VI after
2542-483: The cultural and religious revolutions of the 1960s. But if he had retired at the canonical age of 75 in 1961...he would be remembered as one of the great builders of the American Church. Monsignor Francis Weber, in his two-volume biography of McIntyre, tries to rehabilitate the cardinal's reputation. In a review of Weber's book, historian Kevin Starr agrees with Weber and articulates the alternative version of McIntyre and
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2604-494: The death of John XXIII, Spellman participated in the conclave of 1963 that resulted in the election of Pope Paul VI . Spellman later agreed to US President Lyndon Johnson 's requests to send priests to the Dominican Republic to defuse anti-American sentiments after the American intervention of 1965 . Spellman led his archdiocese through an extensive period of building the Catholic infrastructure, particularly
2666-494: The direction of one parent group. On March 2, 1939 the first Columbiette Auxiliary was instituted in New York City. Since then, other auxiliaries were formed. A Supreme Council and State Councils were established. Spiritual patronesses are the Blessed Virgin Mary , Thérèse of Lisieux and St. Joan of Arc . A Columbiette Auxiliary must be sponsored by a Knights of Columbus Council. The primary requirements to be
2728-525: The end of his tenure, he was the subject of protests by blacks , Hispanics , and his own clergy. John Cooney writes that McIntyre harbored racial prejudices and was approached privately by the priests of his archdiocese who asked him to refrain from making racial slurs. He retired after 21 years as Archbishop on January 21, 1970, and then served as a parish priest at St. Basil's Church in Downtown Los Angeles, where he privately celebrated
2790-493: The family. Following his mother's death in 1896, McIntyre and his father were taken into the nearby home of a relative. He did not attend high school , instead becoming an errand boy in the financial market . He attended night school at Columbia University and City College . At age 16, McIntyre became a runner on the New York Stock Exchange , working for the brokerage firm of H.L. Horton & Co. He
2852-566: The fascist government of Benito Mussolini in power in Italy, Spellman secretly transported a papal encyclical, Non abbiamo bisogno , that condemned fascism, out of Rome to Paris for publication. He also served as secretary to Cardinal Lorenzo Lauri at the 1932 International Eucharistic Congress in Dublin, and helped reform the Vatican 's press office, introducing mimeograph machines and issuing press releases. On July 30, 1932, Spellman
2914-482: The governance of the archdiocese while Spellman was busied by his additional duties as Apostolic Vicar for the Military Forces . Spellman once said, "I have never undertaken any important matter without consulting [McIntyre]. In nothing have I gone contrary to his advice." In 1947, McIntyre spoke out against legislation that would "permit further encroachments on the parental function of education." McIntyre
2976-599: The guardian of the unity of the Western Church ." A theological conservative, Spellman supported ecumenism on pragmatic grounds. In April 1963, Spellman brought the Reverend John Murray as a peritus (expert) to the Second Vatican Council. This was despite the well-known animosity of Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani , the secretary of the Holy Office , toward Murray. The apostolic delegate to
3038-490: The latter instituted a policy requiring bishops to retire at age 75, but the pope asked him to remain in his post. Spellman died in New York City on December 2, 1967, at age 78. He was interred in the crypt under the main altar at St. Patrick's Cathedral . His funeral mass was attended by President Johnson, Vice President Hubert Humphrey , Robert F. Kennedy, New York Senator Jacob Javits , New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller , New York Mayor John Lindsay , US Ambassador to
3100-495: The law, which decriminalized abortions when done to protect the health of the mother. Pius XII created him Cardinal Priest of Santa Anastasia in the consistory of January 12, 1953. McIntyre was the first cardinal of the Western United States. At the consistory, when the official photographer's flash bulb failed to go off when the biretta was conferred, Pius and McIntyre re-enacted the ceremony. McIntyre
3162-781: The real reason for the trip was to meet with President Roosevelt to discuss American diplomatic recognition of Vatican City . Spellman arranged and attended the meeting at the Roosevelt estate in Hyde Park, New York. Spellman became an early friend of Joseph Kennedy Sr , the US ambassador to the United Kingdom and the head of a rich Catholic family. Over the years, Spellman married several Kennedy children, including future Senator Robert F. Kennedy , Jean Kennedy, Eunice Kennedy, and future Senator Edward Kennedy . On Pacelli's trip to
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#17327804994913224-607: The statesman Bernard Baruch , US Senator David I. Walsh , and US House of Representative Majority Leader John William McCormack . In 1945, Spellman instituted the Al Smith Dinner in Manhattan, an annual white tie fundraiser for Catholic Charities that is attended by prominent national figures. After his appointment as archbishop, Spellman also became a close confidant of President Roosevelt. During World War II , Roosevelt asked Spellman to visit Europe, Africa, and
3286-553: Was elected as Pope Pius XII. One of his first acts was to appoint Spellman as the sixth archbishop of New York on April 15, 1939. He was installed as archbishop on May 23, 1939. He was painted twice in 1940 and again in 1941 by the artist Adolfo Müller-Ury . Spellman inaugurated first regularly-scheduled Spanish language masses in the archdiocese at St. Cecilia's Parish in East Harlem . In addition to his duties as diocesan bishop , Pius XII named Spellman as apostolic vicar for
3348-475: Was a native of New York City and member of the mounted police , and his mother was from Kiltormer , County Galway , Ireland . McIntyre attended Public School No. 70 because there was no room for him at the local parochial school . His father was rendered an invalid after falling from his horse in Central Park and sustaining serious injuries; his mother then opened a dressmaking business to support
3410-417: Was also one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 1958 papal conclave , and again in the 1963 papal conclave . He sent his priests to meetings of the right-wing John Birch Society to educate themselves about communism , and recommended subscriptions to American Opinion and other Birch publications in his diocesan newspaper. He expressed caution towards "an obvious trend toward laxity" in
3472-457: Was an American prelate of the Catholic Church . He served as Archbishop of Los Angeles from 1948 to 1970, and was created a cardinal in 1953. He was a highly successful builder of new parishes, churches, and schools. He was notable in Church politics, and his reputation remains highly controversial. James McIntyre was born in Manhattan to James and Mary (née Pelly) McIntyre. His father
3534-557: Was appointed auxiliary bishop of Boston and titular bishop of Sila by Pope Pius XI . The pope had originally considered appointing Spellman as bishop of Dioceses of Portland in Maine and Manchester in New Hampshire. Spellman received his consecration on September 8, 1932, from Pacelli at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Archbishops Giuseppe Pizzardo and Francesco Borgongini Duca acted as co-consecrators . Spellman
3596-416: Was appointed the second archbishop of Los Angeles , California , on February 7, 1948. Replacing the late John J. Cantwell , he was installed at St. Vibiana's Cathedral on the following March 19. In McIntyre's first four years alone, 26 new parishes , 64 parochial schools, and 18 high schools were established. At one point during his tenure, he oversaw the construction of a new church every 66 days and
3658-589: Was instrumental in getting William Brennan appointed to the Supreme Court in 1956 but would later regret the decision. Justice William O. Douglas once said, "I came to know several Americans who I felt had greatly dishonored our American ideal. One was Cardinal Spellman." Spellman participated in the 1958 papal conclave that elected Pope John XXIII . Spellman was allegedly dismissive of John XXIII, reportedly saying, "He's no Pope. He should be selling bananas." In 1959, Spellman served as papal delegate to
3720-593: Was named to the archdiocesan board of consultors. In 1939, he formed the Columbiettes , a Knights of Columbus women's auxiliary. On November 16, 1940, McIntyre was appointed auxiliary bishop of New York and titular bishop of Cyrene by Pope Pius XII . He received his episcopal consecration on January 8, 1941, from Archbishop Spellman, with Stephen Donahue and John O'Hara serving as co-consecrators , in St. Patrick's Cathedral . He became vicar general of
3782-405: Was offered a junior partnership at Horton in 1914, but declined in order to pursue Holy Orders . He then studied at Cathedral College for a year before entering St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers where he was a friend of Patrick O'Boyle . McIntyre was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Patrick Hayes on May 21, 1921. He then served as assistant pastor of St. Gabriel's Church in
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#17327804994913844-467: Was the first American to be consecrated a bishop at St. Peter's. Borgongini-Duca designed a coat of arms for Spellmans that incorporated the explorer Christopher Columbus ' ship, the Santa Maria . Pius XI gave him the motto Sequere Deum ("Follow God"). After his return to the United States, Spellman took up residence at St. John's Seminary in Boston. The archdiocese later assigned him as pastor of Sacred Heart Parish in Newton Centre ; there he erased
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