57-485: (Redirected from Decimal Classification ) Decimal classification is a type of library classification . Examples include: Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) Korean Decimal Classification (KDC) Nippon Decimal Classification (NDC) Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) See also [ edit ] Classification Decimal Decimal section numbering [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with
114-612: A Graecolatin dictionary led to his sponsors obtained for him the professorship of Greek at the newly founded academy of Lausanne (then belonging to Bern ). Here he had leisure to devote himself to scientific studies, especially botany, and earn money to further his medical studies. After three years of teaching at Lausanne, Gessner was able to travel to the medical school at the University of Montpellier , where he received his doctoral degree (1541) from Basel. He then returned to Zürich to practice medicine, which he continued to do for
171-413: A blend but favouring one type or the other. The most common classification systems, LCC and DDC, are essentially enumerative, though with some hierarchical and faceted elements (more so for DDC), especially at the broadest and most general level. The first true faceted system was the colon classification of S. R. Ranganathan . Classification types denote the classification or categorization according to
228-467: A complicated notation of pluses and colons, is more difficult to use for the purpose of shelf arrangement but is more expressive compared to DDC in terms of showing relationships between subjects. Similarly faceted classification schemes are more difficult to use for shelf arrangement, unless the user has knowledge of the citation order. Depending on the size of the library collection, some libraries might use classification systems solely for one purpose or
285-620: A foster father to him after the death of his father at the Battle of Kappel (1531), another provided him with three years of board and lodging, while yet another arranged his further education at the upper school in Strasbourg, the Strasbourg Academy. There he broadened his knowledge of ancient languages by studying Hebrew. In 1535, religious unrest drove him back to Zürich, where he made what some considered an imprudent marriage at
342-628: A great uncle, who grew and collected medicinal herbs for a living. Here the boy became familiar with many plants and their medicinal purposes which led to a lifelong interest in natural history. Gessner first attended the Carolinum in Zürich , then later entered the Fraumünster seminary. There he studied classical languages , appearing as Penia (Poverty) in Aristophanes ' Plutus , at
399-407: A hierarchical tree structure based on the subject or using a faceted classification system, which allows the assignment of multiple classifications to an object, enabling the classifications to be ordered in many ways. Library classification is an important and crucial aspect in library and information science . It is distinct from scientific classification in that it has as its goal to provide
456-571: A known location for the information source to be located (e.g. where it is shelved). Until the 19th century, most libraries had closed stacks, so the library classification only served to organize the subject catalog . In the 20th century, libraries opened their stacks to the public and started to shelve library material itself according to some library classification to simplify subject browsing. Some classification systems are more suitable for aiding subject access, rather than for shelf location. For example, Universal Decimal Classification , which uses
513-760: A librarian. Because of Naudé's strong belief in free access to libraries to all people, the Bibliothèque Mazarine became the first public library in France around 1644. Although libraries created order within their collections from as early as the fifth century BC, the Paris Bookseller's classification, developed in 1842 by Jacques Charles Brunet , is generally seen as the first of the modern book classifications. Brunet provided five major classes: theology, jurisprudence, sciences and arts, belles-lettres, and history. Classification can now be seen as
570-610: A new, comprehensive description of the Animal Kingdom. This was the first attempt by anyone to describe many animals accurately. The book unlike many works of its time was illustrated with hand-colored woodcuts drawn from personal observations by Gessner and his colleagues. Even though he sought to distinguish observed facts from myths and popular errors and was known for his accurate depiction of many animals in Historia animalium , he also included many fictional animals such as
627-953: A number of classical authors ( see Edited works ), including Claudius Aelianus (1556) and Marcus Aurelius (1559). A number of other works appeared after his death ( posthumously ), some long after ( see Posthumous works ). His work on insects was edited by various authors, including Thomas Penny , until Thomas Muffet brought it to publication as Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum (1634), finally appearing in English translation as The Theatre of Insects in Edward Topsell 's History of Four-Footed Beasts and Serpents (1658). In 1545, after four years of research, Gessner published his remarkable Bibliotheca universalis , an exhaustive catalogue of all known works in Latin, Greek and Hebrew, of all writers who had ever lived, with
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#1732779886832684-457: A provider of subject access to information in a networked environment. There are many standard systems of library classification in use, and many more have been proposed over the years. However, in general, classification systems can be divided into three types depending on how they are used: In terms of functionality, classification systems are often described as: There are few completely enumerative systems or faceted systems; most systems are
741-600: A result of differences in notation, history, use of enumeration, hierarchy, and facets, classification systems can differ in the following ways: Conrad Gessner Conrad Gessner ( / ˈ ɡ ɛ s n ər / ; Latin : Conradus Gesnerus 26 March 1516 – 13 December 1565) was a Swiss physician, naturalist , bibliographer , and philologist . Born into a poor family in Zürich, Switzerland, his father and teachers quickly realised his talents and supported him through university, where he studied classical languages, theology and medicine. He became Zürich's city physician , but
798-531: A scholar at the Library of Alexandria during the third century BC. During the Renaissance and Reformation era, "Libraries were organized according to the whims or knowledge of individuals in charge." This changed the format in which various materials were classified. Some collections were classified by language and others by how they were printed. After the printing revolution in the sixteenth century,
855-430: A useful ordering of documents rather than a theoretical organization of knowledge . Although it has the practical purpose of creating a physical ordering of documents, it does generally attempt to adhere to accepted scientific knowledge. Library classification helps to accommodate all the newly published literature in an already created order of arrangement in a filial sequence. Library classification can be defined as
912-468: A useful sequence of subjects at all levels, a concise memorable notation, and a host of techniques and devices of number synthesis. Library classifications were preceded by classifications used by bibliographers such as Conrad Gessner . The earliest library classification schemes organized books in broad subject categories. The earliest known library classification scheme is the Pinakes by Callimachus ,
969-404: Is called a cataloger or catalog librarian . Library classification systems are one of the two tools used to facilitate subject access . The other consists of alphabetical indexing languages such as Thesauri and Subject Headings systems. The practice of library classification is a form of the more general task of classification . The work consists of two steps. Firstly, the subject or topic of
1026-477: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Library classification A library classification is a system used within a library to organize materials, including books, sound and video recordings, electronic materials, etc., both on shelves and in catalogs and indexes. Each item is typically assigned a call number, which identifies the location of the item within the system. Materials can be arrange by many different factors, typically in either
1083-546: The Historiae animalium (1551–1558), he amassed a very large collection of notes and wood engravings of plants, but only published two botanical works in his lifetime, Historia plantarum et vires (1541) and the Catalogus plantarum (1542) in four languages. It was in the last decade of his life that he began to compile his major botanical work, Historia plantarum . Although he died prior to its completion, his work
1140-515: The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) and Library of Congress Classification also add a cutter number to each work which adds a code for the main entry (primary access point) of the work (e.g. author). Classification systems in libraries generally play two roles. Firstly, they facilitate subject access by allowing the user to find out what works or documents the library has on a certain subject. Secondly, they provide
1197-620: The Gnepfstein (1920 m), the lowest point in the Pilatus chain . Gessner is credited with a number of the first descriptions of species in Europe, both animals such as the brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus ), guinea pig ( Cavia porcellus ) and turkey ( Meleagris ), as well as plants such as the tulip ( Tulipa gesneriana ). He first saw a tulip in April 1559, growing in the garden of
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#17327798868321254-653: The snow-line . Although primarily for purposes of botanical collection, he also extolled mountain climbing for the sake of exercise and enjoyment of the beauties of nature. In 1541 he prefixed to his treatise on milk and milk products, Libellus de lacte et operibus lactariis a letter addressed to his friend Jacob Avienus (Vogel) of Glarus on the wonders to be found among the mountains, declaring his love for them, and his firm resolve to climb at least one mountain every year, not only to collect flowers, but in order to exercise his body. In 1555 he issued his narrative Descriptio Montis Fracti sive Montis Pilati of his excursion to
1311-623: The Catholic-Protestant divide. In fact, Catholic booksellers in Venice protested the Inquisition's blanket ban on Gessner's books, and some of his work was eventually allowed after it had been "cleaned" of its doctrinal errors. Gessner has been described as the father of modern scientific botany and zoology, and the father of modern bibliography. To his contemporaries he was best known as a botanist. Despite his traveling ways and
1368-704: The Unicorn and the Basilisk, which he had only heard about from medieval bestiaries. But when Gessner doubted the accuracy of the opinions he relayed in his own writings, or the validity of the illustrations he included, he clearly said so. Besides any plant or animal's potential advantage to people, Gessner was interested in learning about them because of the moral lessons they could teach and the divine truths they might tell. He went into as much detail about some unreal animals as he did about real ones. Later in 1556 he also combined real and fictional creatures in his edition of
1425-500: The age of 15. In school, he impressed his teachers so much that a few of them helped sponsor him so that he could further his education, including arranging a scholarship for him to attend university in France to study theology (1532–1533) at the age of 17. There he attended the University of Bourges and University of Paris . Religious persecution forced him to leave Paris for Strasbourg , but being unable to secure employment, he returned to Zürich. One of his teachers in Zürich acted as
1482-401: The age of 19, of a woman from another poor family who had no dowry . Although some of his friends again came to his aid, he was appointed to obtaining a teaching position for him, this was in the lowest class and attracted a stipend barely more than a pittance. However, he then obtained a paid leave of absence to study medicine at the University of Basel (1536). Throughout his life Gessner
1539-424: The arrangement of books on shelves, or description of them, in the manner which is most useful to those who read with the ultimate aim of grouping similar things together. Library classification is meant to achieve these four purposes: ordering the fields of knowledge in a systematic way, bring related items together in the most helpful sequence, provide orderly access on the shelf, and provide a location for an item on
1596-459: The cuttings as needed. In the words of science writer Anna Pavord, "He was a one-man search engine, a 16th-century Google with the added bonus of critical evaluation." To his contemporaries, Gessner was known as "the Swiss Pliny." According to legend, when he knew his time was near, he asked to be taken to his library where he had spent so much of his life, to die among his favorite books. At
1653-430: The favor – and kept helpful specimens coming – by naming plants after correspondents and friends. Over his lifetime, Gessner amassed a considerable collection of plants and seeds and made extensive notes and wood engravings . In the last decade of his life he began to compile his major botanical work, Historia plantarum . although he died prior to its publication his materials were utilised by many subsequent authors for
1710-402: The first to describe species of plants or animals in Europe, such as the tulip in 1559. A number of plants and animals have been named after him. Conrad Gessner was born on 26 March 1516, in Zürich, Switzerland, the son of Ursus Gessner, a poor Zürich furrier . His early life was one of poverty and hardship, but Gessner's father realized his talents, and sent him to live with and be schooled by
1767-612: The form or characteristics or qualities of a classification scheme or schemes. Method and system has similar meaning. Method or methods or system means the classification schemes like Dewey Decimal Classification or Universal Decimal Classification. The types of classification is for identifying and understanding or education or research purposes while classification method means those classification schemes like DDC, UDC. The most common systems in English -speaking countries are: Other systems include: Newer classification systems tend to use
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1824-550: The humanities. These seven classes would later be increased to twelve. Advice on Establishing a Library was about a private library, but within the same book, Naudé encouraged the idea of public libraries open to all people regardless of their ability to pay for access to the collection. One of the most famous libraries that Naudé helped improve was the Bibliothèque Mazarine in Paris. Naudé spent ten years there as
1881-469: The increase in available printed materials made such broad classification unworkable, and more granular classifications for library materials had to be developed in the nineteenth century. In 1627 Gabriel Naudé published a book called Advice on Establishing a Library . At the time, he was working in the private library of President Henri de Mesmes II. Mesmes had around 8,000 printed books and many more Greek, Latin and French written manuscripts. Although it
1938-450: The job of maintaining his own gardens, Gesner probably spent most of his time inside his own extensive library. He listed among his History of Animals sources more than 80 Greek authors and at least 175 Latin authors, as well as works by German, French, and Italian authors. He even attempted to establish a "universal library" of all books in existence. The project might sound strange to the modern mind, but Gessner invested tremendous energy in
1995-637: The magistrate Johann Heinrich Herwart at Augsberg , and called it Tulipa turcarum , the Turkish tulip. He is also credited with being the first person to describe brown adipose tissue , in 1551, in 1565 the first to document the pencil, and in 1563 among the first Europeans to write about the effects of tobacco. Gessner's first work was a Latin-Greek Dictionary, the Lexicon Graeco-Latinum (1537), compiled during his studies in Basel. This
2052-574: The material is ascertained. Next, a call number (essentially a book's address) based on the classification system in use at the particular library will be assigned to the work using the notation of the system. Unlike subject heading or thesauri where multiple terms can be assigned to the same work, in library classification systems, each work can only be placed in one class. This is due to shelving purposes: A book can have only one physical place. However, in classified catalogs one may have main entries as well as added entries. Most classification systems like
2109-424: The next two hundred years. These included some 1,500 engravings of plants and their important flowers and seeds, most of which were original. The scale and scientific rigour of these were unusual for the time, and Gessner was a skilled artist, producing detailed drawings of specific plant parts that illustrated their characteristics, with extensive marginal notation discussing their growth form and habitation. Finally,
2166-417: The other. In extreme cases, a public library with a small collection might just use a classification system for location of resources but might not use a complicated subject classification system. Instead all resources might just be put into a couple of wide classes (travel, crime, magazines etc.). This is known as a "mark and park" classification method, more formally called reader interest classification. As
2223-497: The principle of synthesis (combining codes from different lists to represent the different attributes of a work) heavily, which is comparatively lacking in LC or DDC. Library classification is associated with library (descriptive) cataloging under the rubric of cataloging and classification , sometimes grouped together as technical services . The library professional who engages in the process of cataloging and classifying library materials
2280-521: The project. He sniffed through remote libraries along with the collections of the Vatican Library and catalogs of printers and booksellers. By assembling this universal library of information, Gessner put together a database centuries before computers would ease such work. He cut relevant passages out of books, grouped the cuttings by general theme, subdivided the groups into more specific categories, and boxed them. He could then retrieve and arrange
2337-512: The rest of his life. There he was also appointed to the post of lecturer of Aristotelean physics at the Carolinum , the precursor of the University of Zürich . After 1554 he became the city physician ( Stadtarzt ). In addition to his duties there, and apart from a few journeys to foreign countries, and annual summer botanical journeys in his native land, and illnesses, he was able to devote himself to research and writing. His expeditions frequently involved visits to mountainous country, below
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2394-517: The same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decimal_classification&oldid=1193548200 " Categories : Set index articles Decimal classification systems Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
2451-414: The shelf. Library classification is distinct from the application of subject headings in that classification organizes knowledge into a systematic order, while subject headings provide access to intellectual materials through vocabulary terms that may or may not be organized as a knowledge system. The characteristics that a bibliographic classification demands for the sake of reaching these purposes are:
2508-624: The study of natural sciences. Today it is one of the oldest Swiss scientific societies. The society's annual publication, the Neujahrsblatt der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich was devoted to a biography of Gessner in 1966, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of his death. In 1753 Carl Linnaeus named Tulipa gesneriana , the type species of the Tulipa genus , in his honour. The flowering plant genus Gesneria and its family Gesneriaceae are named after him. A genus of moths
2565-482: The time of his death, Gesner had published 72 books, and written 18 more unpublished manuscripts. His work on plants was not published until centuries after his death. In 1576 George Baker published a translation of the Evonymus of Conrad Gessner under the title of The Newe Jewell of Health, wherein is contained the most excellent Secretes of Physicke and Philosophie divided into fower bookes . Amongst his students
2622-467: The title indicated that twenty one parts were intended, only nineteen books were included. Part 20, intended to include his medical work, was never finished and part 21, a theological encyclopaedia, was published separately in 1549. Gessner's great zoological work, Historia animalium , is a 4,500-page encyclopedia of animals that appeared in Zürich in 4 volumes between 1551 and 1558: quadrupeds , amphibians, birds, and fishes. A fifth folio on snakes
2679-481: The titles of their works, and brief annotations. The work, which included his own bio-bibliography, listed some three thousand authors alphabetically, and was the first modern bibliography published since the invention of printing. Through it, Gessner became known as the "father of bibliography." In all, about twelve thousand titles were included. A second part, a thematic index to the work, Pandectarum sive partitionum universalium libri xxi , appeared in 1548. Although
2736-486: The work was published in 1754. There was extreme religious tension at the time that Historia animalium came out. Under Pope Paul IV the Pauline Index felt that the religious convictions of an author contaminated all his writings. Since Gessner was a Protestant his works were included in this index of prohibited books. Even though religious tensions were high, Gessner maintained friendships on both sides of
2793-583: The works of Claudius Aelianus . Historia animalium includes sketches for many well-known animals, and some fictional ones, including unicorns and mermaids. He accomplished many of his works in a large part due to the web of acquaintances he established with leading naturalists throughout Europe, who included John Caius , English court physician to the Tudors and second founder of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge . Not only did they send him their ideas, but also sent him plants, animals and gems. He returned
2850-679: Was Felix Plater , who became a professor of medicine, and accumulated many plant specimens, but also illustrations of animals used in Historiae animalium . A year after his death, his friend Josias Simler published a biography of Gessner. Gessner and others founded the Physikalische Gesellschaft in Zurich, which later became the Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich (NGZH) in 1746, to promote
2907-415: Was a private library, scholars with references could access it. The purpose of Advice on Establishing a Library was to identify rules for private book collectors to organize their collections in a more orderly way to increase the collection's usefulness and beauty. Naudé developed a classification system based on seven different classes: theology, medicine, jurisprudence, history, philosophy, mathematics, and
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#17327798868322964-539: Was a revision of an original work by the Italian cleric, Varinus Phavorinus or Guarino of Favera (d. 1537), Magnum ac perutile dictionarium (1523). Over his lifetime he was able to produce some 70 publications on many different subjects. His next major work was his unique Bibliotheca (1545), a landmark in the history of bibliography, in which he set out to catalogue all the writers who had ever lived and their works. In addition to his monumental work on animal life,
3021-412: Was able to spend much of his time on collecting, research and writing. Gessner compiled monumental works on bibliography ( Bibliotheca universalis 1545–1549) and zoology ( Historia animalium 1551–1558) and was working on a major botanical text at the time of his death from plague at the age of 49. He is regarded as the father of modern scientific bibliography, zoology and botany. He was frequently
3078-523: Was interested in natural history, and collected specimens and descriptions of wildlife through travel and extensive correspondence with other friends and scholars. In 1543 Arnoldus Arlenius invited Gessner to Venice. Gessner travelled to Italy that same summer. He encountered Venetian printing and a hidden world of Greek manuscripts. Gessner's approach to research consisted of four main components: observation, dissection, travel to distant lands, and accurate description. This rising observational approach
3135-496: Was issued in 1587. A German translation of the first 4 volumes titled Thierbůch was published in Zürich in 1563. This book was considered to be the first modern zoological work. It built a bridge between ancient, medieval and modern science. In Historia animalium Gessner combines data from old sources, such as the Old Testament, Aristotle, Pliny, folklore, and medieval bestiaries, adding his own observations. He created
3192-402: Was new to Renaissance scholars because people usually relied completely upon Classical writers for their research. He died of the plague , the year after his ennoblement on 13 December 1565. Conrad Gessner was a Renaissance polymath , a physician, philosopher, encyclopaedist , bibliographer , philologist , natural historian and illustrator. In 1537, at the age of 21, his publication of
3249-461: Was utilised by many other authors over the next two centuries, but was finally published in 1754. Not content with scientific works, Gessner was also active as a linguist and bibliographer, putting forth in 1555 his book entitled Mithridates. De differentiis linguarum [...] , an account of about 130 known languages, with the Lord's Prayer in twenty-two languages. He also produced edited works of
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