16-543: The Dryopteridaceae are a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales . They are known colloquially as the wood ferns . In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae . Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Dryopteridoideae of a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato . The family contains about 1700 species and has
32-744: A cosmopolitan distribution . Species may be terrestrial , epipetric , hemiepiphytic , or epiphytic . Many are cultivated as ornamental plants . The largest genera are Elaphoglossum (600+), Polystichum (260), Dryopteris (225), and Ctenitis (150). These four genera contain about 70% of the species. Dryopteridaceae diverged from the other families in eupolypods I about 100 million years ago. The rhizomes are often stout, creeping, ascending, or erect, and sometimes scandent or climbing , with non clathrate scales at apices . Fronds are usually monomorphic, less often dimorphic , or sometimes scaly or glandular , but less commonly hairy. Petioles have numerous round, vascular bundles arranged in
48-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
64-570: A ring, or rarely as few as three; the adaxial bundles are largest. Veins are pinnate or forking , free to variously anastomosing ; the areoles occur with or without included veinlets; sori are usually round, acrostichoid (covering the entire abaxial surface of the lamina) in a few lineages ; usually indusiate , or sometimes exindusiate. Indusia, when present, are round- reniform or peltate . Sporangia have three-rowed, short to long stalks; spores are reniform, monolete , perine or winged . In 1990, Karl U. Kramer and coauthors defined
80-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
96-485: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
112-475: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Oenotrichia Too Many Requests If you report this error to
128-568: The Dryopteridaceae broadly to include the present family, as well as the Woodsiaceae sensu lato , Onocleaceae , and most of Tectariaceae . Molecular phylogenetic studies found Kramer's version of the Dryopteridaceae to be polyphyletic , and it was split up by Smith and others in 2006. The inclusion of Didymochlaena , Hypodematium , and Leucostegia in the Dryopteridaceae is doubtful. If these three are excluded, then
144-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
160-656: The family into three subfamilies, listed below. Didymochlaena has been removed to Didymochlaenaceae , and Hypodematium and Leucostegia to Hypodematiaceae . Aenigmopteris has at times been suggested to belong to this family, on the grounds of its morphological similarity to Ctenitis , but molecular phylogeny has led to its submersion within Tectaria (Tectariaceae). Dryopolystichum has been placed in Lomariopsidaceae . Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )
176-489: The family is strongly supported as monophyletic in cladistic analyses. Some authors have already treated these genera as outside of the Dryopteridaceae. In 2007, a phylogenetic study of DNA sequences showed that Pleocnemia should be transferred from the Tectariaceae to the Dryopteridaceae. In 2010, in a paper on bolbitidoid ferns, Arthrobotrya was resurrected from Teratophyllum . Later that year, Mickelia
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#1732790566341192-472: The family, published in 2013, used phylogenetic results to sink Lithostegia and Phanerophlebiopsis into Arachniodes . The Dryopteridaceae Herter , under the classification system of Christenhusz and Chase (2014), were submerged as subfamily Dryopteridoideae Link , one of eight subfamilies constituting family Polypodiaceae . This family corresponds to the clade eupolypods I . The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) retained
208-926: The family. The following cladogram for the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I), based on the consensus cladogram in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), shows a likely phylogenetic relationship between Dryopteridaceae and the other families of the clade. Didymochlaenaceae Hypodematiaceae Dryopteridaceae Nephrolepidaceae Lomariopsidaceae Tectariaceae Oleandraceae Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Parapolystichum Lastreopsis Rumohra Megalastrum Pleocnemia Bolbitis Lomagramma Arthrobotrya Teratophyllum Mickelia Elaphoglossum Stigmatopteris Trichoneuron Polystichopsis Olfersia Maxonia Cyclodium Polybotrya Ctenitis Phanerophlebia Cyrtomium Polystichum Arachniodes Dryopteris The PPG I classification divides
224-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
240-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
256-529: Was described as a new genus. Some species have been removed from the genus Oenotrichia because they do not belong there or even in the family Dennstaedtiaceae where Oenotrichia sensu stricto is placed. These species probably belong in the Dryopteridaceae, but have not yet been given a generic name . In 2012, a phylogenetic study of Dryopteris and its relatives included Acrophorus , Acrorumohra , Diacalpe , Dryopsis , Nothoperanema , and Peranema within that genus. The Flora of China treatment of
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