28-499: See text . Tectariaceae is a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales . In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae . Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Tectarioideae of a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato . The family comprises seven genera , of which Tectaria
56-604: A cladistic analysis of Tectariaceae separated two new genera, Draconopteris and Malaifilix , from Tectaria sensu stricto . Didymochlaenaceae Hypodematiaceae Dryopteridaceae Nephrolepidaceae Lomariopsidaceae Tectariaceae Oleandraceae Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Malaifilix Draconopteris Pteridrys Arthropteris Hypoderris Triplophyllum Tectaria Arthropteris Draconopteris Malaifilix Polydictyum Pteridrys Hypoderris Triplophyllum Tectaria As of November 2019,
84-533: A 100 gram (3.5 oz) reference amount, dried hickory nuts supply 657 calories , and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of several B vitamins and dietary minerals , especially manganese at 220% DV. An extract from shagbark hickory bark is used in an edible syrup similar to maple syrup , with a slightly bitter, smoky taste. The Cherokee people would produce a green dye from hickory bark, which they used to dye cloth. When this bark
112-457: A consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called the seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time
140-446: A family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to a lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching
168-559: A member of Eastern North American landscapes, however its range has contracted and Carya is no longer extant west of the Rocky Mountains . Fossils of early hickory nuts show simpler, thinner shells than modern species with the exception of pecans , suggesting that the trees gradually developed defenses to rodent seed predation. During this time, the genus had a distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, but
196-404: Is evergreen . Hickory flowers are small, yellow-green catkins produced in spring. They are wind-pollinated and self-incompatible . The fruit is a globose or oval nut, 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (0.6–1.2 in) diameter, enclosed in a four- valved husk , which splits open at maturity. The nut shell is thick and bony in most species, but thin in a few, notably
224-458: Is a shortening of pockerchicory , pocohicora , or a similar word, which may be the name for the hickory tree's nut, or may be a milky drink made from such nuts. The genus name Carya is Ancient Greek : κάρυον , káryon , meaning " nut ". Hickories are temperate to subtropical forest trees with pinnately compound leaves and large nuts . Most are deciduous , but one species ( C. sinensis , syn. Annamocarya sinensis ) in southeast Asia
252-503: Is by far the largest. In 1990, Karl U. Kramer and coauthors treated Pleocnemia and 7 of the currently recognized genera as a subfamily of Dryopteridaceae . Two other genera, Arthropteris and Psammiosorus , along with Oleandra , constituted Kramer's Oleandraceae . It is now known that Kramer's version of Dryopteridaceae is polyphyletic . Arthropteris (including Psammiosorus ) lies within Tectariaceae and Tectariaceae
280-517: Is hard, stiff, dense and shock resistant. There are woods stronger than hickory and woods that are harder, but the combination of strength, toughness, hardness, and stiffness found in hickory wood is not found in any other commercial wood. Hickory is therefore used in a number of items requiring these properties, such as tool handles, bows , wheel spokes, walking sticks , drumsticks and wood flooring . Baseball bats were formerly made of hickory, but are now more commonly made of ash ; however, it
308-495: Is replacing ash as the wood of choice for Scottish shinty sticks. Hickory was also extensively used for the construction of early aircraft. Due to its grain structure, hickory is more susceptible to moisture absorption than other species of wood, and is therefore more prone to shrinkage, warping or swelling with changes in humidity. Hickory is also highly prized for wood-burning stoves and chimineas , as its density and high energy content make it an efficient fuel. Hickory wood
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#1732798460553336-487: Is sister to a clade consisting of Oleandraceae , Davalliaceae , and Polypodiaceae . In 2006, in a revision of fern classification , Tectariaceae was an accepted family. In 2007, a molecular phylogenetic study of Dryopteridaceae included Pleocnemia and showed that it belongs in Dryopteridaceae. Also in 2007, Dracoglossum was named as a new genus. It has since been removed to Lomariopsidaceae . In 2016,
364-501: Is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. These include: The hickory leaf stem gall phylloxera ( Phylloxera caryaecaulis ) also uses the hickory tree as a food source. Phylloxeridae are related to aphids and have a similarly complex life cycle. Eggs hatch in early spring and the galls quickly form around the developing insects. Phylloxera galls may damage weakened or stressed hickories, but are generally harmless. Deformed leaves and twigs can rain down from
392-473: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Hickory Hickory is a common name for trees composing
420-634: The Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World accepted the following genera. Polydictyum was separated from Tectaria after the publication of PPG I in 2016. Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between
448-633: The Pleistocene Ice Age beginning 2 million years ago obliterated it from Europe. In Anatolia, the genus appears to have disappeared only in the early Holocene , probably related to human disturbance. The distribution of Carya in North America also contracted and it completely disappeared from the continent west of the Rocky Mountains . It is likely that the genus originated in North America, and later spread to Europe and Asia. The genus Carya (not to be confused with Careya in
476-544: The genus Carya , which includes 19 species accepted by Plants of the World Online . Seven species are native to southeast Asia in China , Indochina , and northeastern India ( Assam ), and twelve are native to North America . A number of hickory species are used for their edible nuts or for their wood. The name "hickory" derives from a Native American word in an Algonquian language (perhaps Powhatan ). It
504-754: The Cherokee in Kanuchi soup, but more often edible oil would be extracted through crushing the nuts and then either straining or boiling the remains. Shagbark and shellbark hickory, along with pecan , are regarded by some as the finest nut trees. Pecans are the most important nut tree native to North America. When cultivated for their nuts , clonal ( grafted ) trees of the same cultivar cannot pollinate each other because of their self-incompatibility. Two or more cultivars must be planted together for successful pollination . Seedlings (grown from hickory nuts) will usually have sufficient genetic variation. Hickory wood
532-537: The Lecythidaceae) is in the walnut family, Juglandaceae . In the APG system , this family is included in the order Fagales . Several species are known to hybridize, with around nine accepted, named hybrids. Carya sect. Sinocarya C. sinensis has sometimes been split out in a separate genus as Annamocarya sinensis , but not by Plants of the World Online , as genetic data support it being embedded within
560-514: The book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
588-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
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#1732798460553616-511: The fruit to be a nut. The oldest fossils attributed to Carya are Cretaceous pollen grains from Mexico and New Mexico . Fossil and molecular data suggest the genus Carya may have diversified during the Miocene . Modern Carya first appear in Oligocene strata 34 million years ago. Recent discoveries of Carya fruit fossils further support the hypothesis that the genus has long been
644-535: The other Asian Carya . Carya sect. Carya – typical hickories Carya sect. Apocarya – pecans Seven species are native to southeast Asia in China , Indochina , and northeastern India ( Assam ), and twelve are native to North America, of which eleven occur in the United States, four in Mexico (of which one, C. palmeri , endemic there), and five extending into southern Canada . Hickory
672-494: The pecan ( C. illinoinensis ); it is divided into two halves, which split apart when the seed germinates . Some fruit are borderline and difficult to categorize. Hickory ( Carya ) nuts and walnut ( Juglans ) nuts, both in the family Juglandaceae , grow within an outer husk; these fruit are sometimes considered to be drupes or drupaceous nuts, rather than true botanical nuts. "Tryma" is a specialized term for such nut-like drupes. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group however consider
700-491: The ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging
728-491: The tree in the spring as squirrels break off infected tissue and eat the galls, possibly for the protein content or because the galls are fleshy and tasty to the squirrels. The pecan gall curculio ( Conotrachelus elegans ) is a true weevil species also found feeding on galls of the hickory leaf stem gall phylloxera. The banded hickory borer ( Knulliana cincta ) is also found on hickories. Dried hickory nuts are 3% water, 18% carbohydrates , 13% protein , and 64% fats . In
756-505: Was mixed with maple bark, it produced a yellow dye pigment. The ashes of burnt hickory wood were traditionally used to produce a strong lye (potash) fit for soapmaking . The nuts of some species are palatable, while others are bitter and only suitable for animal feed. Hickory nuts were a significant food source for indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands of North America since the middle Archaic period. They were used by
784-488: Was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted the use of this term solely within
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