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104-647: Like with all other Kagyu lineages, origins of Drikung Kagyü can be traced back to the Great Indian Master Tilopa who passed on his teachings to Mahasiddha Naropa who lived around 10th and 11th century. The founder of the Drikung Kagyü lineage was Jigten Sumgön (1143-1217) of the Kyura clan, who was the disciple of Phagmo Drupa . According to historical account from the time, Jigten Sumgön's teachings attracted more than 100,000 people at

208-533: A Gurudwara (temple) was built in Dhamawala. The construction of the present building, Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib , was completed in 1707. There are portraits of gods, goddesses, saints, sages and religious stories on the walls. There are pictures of flowers and leaves, animals and birds, trees, similar faces with pointed noses and big eyes on the arches which are the symbol of the colour scheme of Kangra-Guler art and Mughal art . High minarets and round pinnacles are

312-666: A brief period until the British East India Company went to war from 1814 to 1816. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Sugowli where almost a third was ceded to British East India company. The British got Dehradun in 1816 and colonised Landour and Mussoorie in 1827–1828. Jawaharlal Nehru , India's first prime minister, was quite fond of the city and often visited. He spent his last few days here before passing away in Delhi in 1964. Another leader from

416-774: A considerable presence in Dehradun, at the Garhi Cantonment and Naval Station. The Uttarakhand Police is the primary law enforcement agency in the city. It is well connected and in proximity to Himalayan tourist destinations such as Mussoorie , Dhanaulti , Chakrata , New Tehri , Uttarkashi , Harsil , Chopta - Tungnath , Auli , and summer and winter hiking destinations like the Valley of Flowers at Dodital , Dayara Bugyal , Kedarkantha , Har Ki Dun and Hemkunt Sahib for camping and Himalayan panoramic views. The Hindu holy cities of Haridwar and Rishikesh , along with

520-400: A few days and hot winds (called Loo ) blows over North India. Winter temperature drops below freezing point and is usually between 6 and 20 °C (43 and 68 °F). Although the temperature in Dehradun can reach below freezing during severe cold snaps, this is not common. The area receives an average annual rainfall of 2,073.3 mm (81.63 in). Most of the annual rainfall in the city

624-654: A large number of independent sub-schools and lineages. The principal Kagyu lineages existing today as independent schools are those which stem from Milarepa's disciple, Gampopa (1079–1153), a monk who merged the Kagyu lineage with the Kadam tradition. The Kagyu schools which survive as independent institutions are mainly the Karma Kagyu , Drikung Kagyu , Drukpa Lineage and the Taklung Kagyu . The Karma Kagyu school

728-667: A lineage holder of Ra Lotsawa . Dehradun Dehradun ( / ˌ d ɛr ə ˈ d uː n / , ISO : Dēharādūna ), also known as Dehra Doon , is the winter capital and the most populous city of the Indian state of Uttarakhand . It is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and is governed by the Dehradun Municipal Corporation , with the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly holding its winter sessions in

832-1033: A pivot location for higher education in India. Premier research institutes based in Dehradun are Doon University , Forest Research Institute , Dehradun Institute of Technology (DIT) , Indian Institute of Remote Sensing , Indian Institute of Petroleum , Himgiri Zee University , Wildlife Institute of India , Instruments Research and Development Establishment and Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology . Universities located in Dehradun are Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University , Sardar Bhagwan Singh University , Uttaranchal University , Doon University , Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, Dehradun , University of Petroleum and Energy Studies , Swami Rama Himalayan University , Graphic Era University and Uttarakhand Technical University . Uttarakhand Technical University has eight constituent institutes and approximately 132 affiliated colleges The campus of Forest Research Institute which

936-403: A population of 578,420 in Dehradun city; male and female are 303,411 and 275,009 respectively. The sex ratio of the city is 906 per 1000 males. Natives of Uttarakhand form the majority of Dehradun's population. The sex ratio of the city is 907 per 1000 males and child sex ratio of is 873 girls per 1000 boys, lower than the national average. The number of children of age under six in Dehradun city

1040-679: A time, with the highest number of attendance recorded at 130,000. Several sub-schools branched off from the Drikung Kagyü including the Lhapa or Lhanangpa Kagyü, founded by Nö Lhanangpa ( Wylie : gnyos lha nang pa , 1164–1224) who came to Bhutan in 1194. This school was at one time important in Western Bhutan, particularly in the Thimphu and Paro regions, where they were rivals of the Drukpa Kagyü. The Lhapa first came into conflict with

1144-598: A zero waste zone. Electricity in Dehradun is regulated through the Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL), while Fire services are handled by the Uttarakhand Fire and Emergency Services. State-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited , or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them Vodafone , Bharti Airtel , Reliance , Idea Cellular , and Tata Teleservices are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in

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1248-636: Is Vinay Shankar Pandey while the deputy municipal commissioner is Soniya Pant. The corporation has the following departments: public works, property tax, health, street lights, project implementation unit, Information Technology and sanitation. As per the ASICS report 2017, Dehradun municipality generates very few of its own revenues and relies primarily on grants from the state government. The municipality collects revenue from property taxes and parking fees. Other urban entities involved in civic services and city governance and management include parastatals like

1352-505: Is assisted by a chief development officer; five additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, rural administration, land acquisition and civil supply. The city is represented in two Lok Sabha constituencies, of Tehri Garhwal by MP Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah from the BJP , and Garhwal represented by BJP's Tirath Singh Rawat , elected in 2019. The city is also represented by four MLAs elected from four state assembly constituencies, as per

1456-440: Is depicted either sitting on a horse or standing with a kapala in her left hand and a mirror in her right hand. Achi's practice became so popular that she has been included in other lineages, such as the Karma Kagyu . In 2002 Khenmo Drolma , an American woman, became the first bhikkhuni (a fully ordained Buddhist nun) in the Drikung Kagyü lineage. She is also the first westerner, male or female, to be installed as an abbot in

1560-470: Is directly elected for a period of five years and is currently Sunil Uniyal Gama, elected in November 2018. The municipal commissioner is the executive head of the local government institutions (the municipal corporation ) in the division, in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division. As of 2020, the municipal commissioner

1664-487: Is divided into two major parts: the main city Dehradun surrounded by Shivalik and the Jaunsar-Bawar, which is in the foothills of Himalayas. In the north and northwest it borders on the district of Uttarkashi and Tehri Garhwal , in the east and southeast by Pauri Garhwal and Ganges river, in the west, it is bordered by Shimla and Sirmaur districts of Himachal Pradesh , Yamunanagar district of Haryana and

1768-506: Is in order regarding the two forms Dkar brgyud pa and Bka' brgyud pa. The term Bka' brgyud pa simply applies to any line of transmission of an esoteric teaching from teacher to disciple. We can properly speak of a Jo nang Bka' brgyud pa or Dge ldan Bka' brgyud pa for the Jo nang pa and Dge lugs pa sects. The adherents of the sects that practice the teachings centering around the Phyag rgya chen po and

1872-649: Is kneaded into potter's lump", considering it an insult to Islam. Baba Ram Rai explained that the text was miscopied and modified it, substituting "Musalman" with "Beiman" (faithless, evil) which Aurangzeb approved. This led Guru Har Rai to bar his son from his presence, and name his younger son as his successor. Aurangzeb responded by granting Baba Ram Rai a jagir (land grant) in Garhwal region ( Uttarakhand ). The town later came to be known as Dehradun, after Dehra referring to Baba Ram Rai's shrine. Many followers of Ram Rai, called Ramraiyas , settled with Ram Rai. During

1976-703: Is located in the Doon Valley on the foothills of the Himalayas nestled between Song River , a tributary of Ganges on the east and the Asan River, a tributary of Yamuna on the west. The city is noted for its picturesque landscape and provides a gateway to the surrounding region. Dehradun is a notable academic and research hub and is home to the Indian Military Academy , Forest Research Institute , Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy ,

2080-588: Is one of India's safest cities. Dehradun is also known for its Basmati rice and bakery products. Also known as the "Abode of Drona", Dehradun has been an important centre for Garhwal rulers , which was first captured by Gorkha Kings , in January 1804, and then by the British. For its strategic value, in addition to the location of its principal service academy, the Indian Armed Forces maintain

2184-405: Is one of the main schools ( chos lugs ) of Tibetan (or Himalayan) Buddhism . The Kagyu lineages trace themselves back to the 11th century Indian Mahasiddhas Naropa , Maitripa and the yogini Niguma , via their student Marpa Lotsawa (1012–1097), who brought their teachings to Tibet. Marpa's student Milarepa was also an influential poet and teacher. The Tibetan Kagyu tradition gave rise to

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2288-554: Is operated and maintained by Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS), a state agency. The sewage of Dehradun is operated and maintained by Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS) but is also selectively under the aegis of the Smart City project funded by the central government. As per a report from 2015, only 25% of the city is covered by the existing sewage system. According to the Smart Cities Annexe 2, the sewerage covers 30% of

2392-586: Is preserved in the "Single Intention" or "One Thought" ( Gongchig , Wylie: dgongs gcig) and "The Essence of Mahāyāna Teachings" (Wylie: theg chen bstan pa'i snying po). According to Jampa MacKenzie Stewart, the Gonchik "recasts Buddhism in a fascinating and innovative form, emphasizing each aspect as being capable of revealing the full process of enlightenment." The main practices of Drikung Kagyü are “The Five-fold Profound Path of Mahamudrā ,” and “The Six Dharmas of Nāropa .” The five-fold Mahamudrā, also known as

2496-492: Is received during the months from June to September, July and August being rainiest. During the monsoon season, there is often heavy and protracted rainfall. Agriculture benefits from fertile alluvial soil, adequate drainage and plentiful rain. Dehradun has been ranked 37th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India. Religion in Dehradun City (2011) The 2011 census reported

2600-562: Is the highest in the region. Male literacy is 92.65% and female literacy is 85.66%. The number of literates in Dehradun city is 463,791, of which 251,832 are males and 211,959 are females. As capital of the state of Uttarakhand, Dehradun houses important state government facilities such as the offices of the local governing agencies, the Vidhan Sabha (the home of the Uttarakhand state legislature), and Raj Bhavan (the residence of

2704-671: Is the largest of the sub-schools, and is headed by the Karmapa . Other lineages of Kagyu teachings, such as the Shangpa Kagyu , are preserved in other schools. The main teachings of the Kagyus include Mahamudra and the Six Dharmas of Naropa . Strictly speaking, the term bka' brgyud "oral lineage", "precept transmission" applies to any line of transmission of an esoteric teaching from teacher to disciple. There are references to

2808-419: Is the starting point of Lesser Himalayan Range that extends to Mussoorie and beyond. Jaunsar-Bawar hills in Dehradun district rises to 3,700 m (12,100 ft) above sea level. The hilly region of Mussoorie goes up to a height of 1,870–2,017 m (6,135–6,617 ft) above sea level. Its geomorphological and meteorological characteristics make it prone to a number of natural hazards. Beside earthquakes,

2912-520: The Afghan cricket team . and Afghan cricket fans recall this "centuries old link" with the town. The city of Dehradun mainly lies in Doon Valley and is at a varying height from 410 m (1,350 ft) in Clement Town to above 700 m (2,300 ft) at Malsi which is 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city. However, the average elevation is 450 m (1,480 ft) above sea level. Malsi

3016-549: The Dharmakāya Buddha Vajradhara and this was transmitted only through Nāropa to Marpa. The "distant lineage" of Mahāmudrā is said to have come from the Buddha in the form of Vajradara through incarnations of the bodhisattvas Avalokiteśvara and Mañjuśrī to Saraha , then from him through Nagarjuna, Shavaripa , and Maitripada to Marpa. The Mahāmudrā teachings from Saraha that Maitripa transmitted to Marpa include

3120-539: The Four Lineages of Instructions ( Wylie : bka' babs bzhi ), which he passed on to Nāropa who codified them into what became known as the Six Doctrines or Six Dharmas of Naropa . These instructions consist a combination of the completion stage (Skt. sampannakrama ; Tib. rdzogs rim ) practices of different Buddhist highest yoga tantras (Skt. Anuttarayoga Tantra ; Wylie : bla med rgyud ), which use

3224-604: The Karma Kagyu , Drukpa Lineage and Taklung Kagyu ). Outside of Tibet, the headquarters for the tradition in exile is Jangchubling, located in Dhera Dun , in the Indian state of Uttarakhand . Drikung Kagyu is one of the most prominent lineages in Ladakh where its main monasteries are Phyang and Lamayuru , with roughly 50 other monasteries spread across Ladakh region. A series of Drikung Dharma centers were also founded in

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3328-585: The Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority (MDDA), Special Area Development Authority (SADA), Jal Sansthan, and Jal Nigam among others. These oversee the city's civic infrastructure which comes under Dehradun Urban Agglomeration and covers a population of 714,223 according to the 2011 census. The headquarters of Uttarakhand Police are located in Dehradun. While the state is headed by the Director general of police ,

3432-619: The Nā ro chos drug are properly referred to as the Dwags po Bka' brgyud pa because these teachings were all transmitted through Sgam po pa. Similar teachings and practices centering around the Ni gu chos drug are distinctive of the Shangs pa Bka' brgyud pa. These two traditions with their offshoots are often incorrectly referred to simply as Bka' brgyud pa. Some of the more careful Tibetan scholars suggested that

3536-572: The Six Yogas of Naropa , this practice is said to aid the practitioner in remaining aware through the death experience, thus aiding one in attaining enlightenment in the Bardo (the state in between death and the next rebirth) or in achieving a birth conducive to the practice of Dharma . The first and main Drikung Kagyü monastery is Drikung Thil Monastery , founded in 1179 by Jigten Sumgön approximately 150 kilometers northeast of Lhasa . Aside from

3640-711: The Terai and Bhabar forests within it as well as the Shivalik hills and Lesser Himalayan Range containing hill stations such as Mussoorie and Chakrata . The district is bordered by the Himalayas in the north, Rajaji Range of the Sivalik Hills to the south, the river Ganges to the east, and the Yamuna river to the west. Towns in the foothills of the mountain ranges include Sahastradhara, Lakhamandal , Gautam Kund, Chandrabani , Kalsi and Dakpathar . This district

3744-534: The Tons and Yamuna rivers. To the south are Haridwar and Uttar Pradesh 's Saharanpur district . It is between latitudes 30°01' N and 31°2'N and longitudes 77°34' E and 78°18'E. This district consists of six tehsils – Dehradun, Chakrata, Vikasnagar, Kalsi, Tiuni and Rishikesh – six community development blocks – Vis, Chakrata, Kalsi, Vikasnagar, Sahaspur, Rajpur and Doiwala – 17 towns and 764 villages. Out of these 746 villages are inhabited; 18 are uninhabited. There

3848-542: The Yangzab Dzogchen . It is based on termas revealed by the Drikung Tertön (hidden treasure revealer), Rinchen Phuntsog in the sixteenth century. The Drikung lineage is popularly known for its development of the practice of Phowa , in which a practitioner learns how to expel his/her consciousness or mindstream through the posterior fontanelle at the top of the skull at the moment of death. One of

3952-415: The energy-winds (Skt. vāyu , Wylie : rlung ), energy-channels (Skt. nāḍi , Wylie : rtsa ) and energy-drops of the subtle vajra -body in order to achieve the four types of bliss, the clear-light mind and realize the state of Mahāmudrā. The Mahāmudrā lineage of Tilopa and Nāropa is called the "direct lineage" or "close lineage" as it is said that Tilopa received this Mahāmudrā realisation directly from

4056-623: The " Atiśa kagyu" for the Kadam or to "Jonang kagyu" for the Jonang and "Ganden kagyu" for the Gelug sects. Today, however, the term Kagyu almost always refers to the Dagpo Kagyu and, less often, to the Shangpa Kagyu . In his 1970 article Golden Rosaries of the Bka' brgyud schools , E. Gene Smith discusses the two forms of the name, Wylie : bka' brgyud and Wylie : dkar brgyud : A note

4160-511: The "Essence Mahāmudrā" ( Wylie : snying po'i phyag chen ) where Mahāmudrā is introduced directly without relying on philosophical reasoning or yogic practices. According to some accounts, on his third journey to India Marpa also met Atiśa (982–1054) who later came to Tibet and helped found the Kadam lineage Marpa established his "seat" at Drowolung ( Wylie : gro bo lung ) in Lhodrak in southern Tibet just north of Bhutan . Marpa married

4264-808: The "Fivefold Profound Path of Mahāmudrā" ( Wylie : lam zab mo phyag chen lnga ldan ). Since the 15th century the Drikung Kagyupa received influence from the "northern terma " ( Wylie : byang gter ) teachings of the Nyingma tradition. Lingre Kagyu refers to the lineages founded by Lingrepa Pema Dorje ( Wylie : gling ras pa padma rdo rje ) [1128-1188] also known as Nephupa after Nephu monastery (sna phu dgon) he founded near Dorje Drak (rdo rje brag) in Central Tibet (dbus) . Lingrepa's teachers were Gampopa 's disciple Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo ; Rechungpa's disciple Sumpa Repa; and Ra Yeshe Senge,

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4368-521: The "close lineage" of mahāmudrā and tantric teachings, and Maitrīpāda - from whom he received the "distant lineage" of mahāmudrā. Together Marpa, Milarepa and Gampopa are known as "Mar-Mi-Dag Sum" ( Wylie : mar mi dwags gsum ) and together these three are considered the founders of the Kagyu school of Buddhism in Tibet. Marpa's guru Nāropa (1016–1100) was the principal disciple of Tilopa (988-1089) from East Bengal. From his own teachers Tilopa received

4472-736: The "possessing five", consists of five elements: This practice is traditionally cultivated in retreat alongside the Six Dharmas of Naropa, and it is preceded by the preliminary practices called ngondro . This presentation is outlined in Clarifying the Jewel Rosary of the Profound Five-Fold Path by Kunga Rinchen, the Dharma heir to Jigten Sumgön. The Drikung Kagyü also have a tradition of Dzogchen teachings,

4576-513: The 100 wards in the city are covered by this plant and only 3% of the wards in Dehradun have 100% segregation of waste at source. Segregation of waste at source is lacking in the city, although the municipality spends around one crore per month on collection and transportation of solid waste. A decentralised pilot project was started in Nathuwala ward with the help of local residents and an NGO called Feedback Foundation and has since been declared

4680-532: The 2008 delimitation: Nagar Nigam Dehradun, also called Dehradun Municipal Corporation , is the local government of the city. The corporation originated in 1998. Prior to December 2003, this body was known as Dehradun Municipal Council, and after revamping the municipality, the Dehradun Municipal Corporation came into existence under the Uttarakhand (The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959) (Amendment) Act, 2017. As of 2018,

4784-673: The Dehradun are plagued by non-functioning equipment in the operating theatre and the insufficient number of labour rooms. Hospitals in the city include the Doon Hospital, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Shri Mahant Indresh Hospital, Himalayan Hospital, Uttaranchal Ayurvedic Hospital, Combined Medical Institute (CMI) Hospital, Luthra Hospital, and Government Hospital Premnagar (managed by the state government). Schools in Dehradun are classified as aided, unaided and Government schools. These schools are affiliated with CBSE , Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) or CISCE ; except for

4888-639: The Doon School , Welham Boys School , Welham Girls School , Brightlands School , Rashtriya Indian Military College , Uttarakhand Ayurveda University , Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology and the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing . It is the headquarters of the Surveyor-General of India . According to the combined survey based on health, infrastructure, economy, education, and crime, conducted by Dainik Jagran and KPMG , Dehradun

4992-672: The Drikung Kagyu and Drukpa Kagyu, became more important and influential than others. One of the most important of the Kagyu sects still remaining today, the Drikung Kagyu (འབྲི་གུང་བཀའ་པརྒྱུད་པ) takes its name from Drigung Monastery founded by Jigten Sumgön, also known as Drikung Kyopa. The special Kagyu teachings of the Drikung tradition include the "Single Intention" ( Wylie : dgongs gcig ), "The Essence of Mahāyāna Teachings" ( Wylie : theg chen bstan pa'i snying po ), and

5096-691: The Drikung Kagyü Lineage, the 36th Drikungpa, Drikung Kyabgön Chungtsang Rinpoche, Könchok Tenzin Chökyi Nangwa (b. 1942) lives in Lhasa, Tibet. Another unique feature of the Drikung lineage is its female dharmapāla , Achi Chokyi Drolma . The great-grandmother of Jigten Sumgön, she prophesied his birth and vowed to protect those in his lineage. She is unusual in that she is both a female protector and an enlightened bodhisattva that can be taken as an iṣṭadevatā in meditation practice. She

5200-678: The Drikung Kagyü lineage, having been installed as the abbot of the Vajra Dakini Nunnery (America's first Tibetan Buddhist nunnery, located in Vermont) in 2004. Kagyu Samding Dorje Phagmo New branches: Tantric techniques : Fourfold division: Twofold division: Thought forms and visualisation: Yoga : The Kagyu school, also transliterated as Kagyü , or Kagyud ( Tibetan : བཀའ་བརྒྱུད། , Wylie : bka' brgyud ), which translates to "Oral Lineage" or "Whispered Transmission" school,

5304-461: The Drikung Valley in Ü , the Drikung Kagyu has a strong presence in Nangqên County in what was Kham , in western Tibet (including Kailash), and in Ladakh . Tsari and Lapchi - two important sacred sites for all Tibetan Buddhists - also have a strong Drikung Kagyu presence. Among the so-called "four major and eight minor" Kagyu lineages, Drikung Kagyu is one of four Kagyu lineages that continue to exist as independent institutions (the other three being

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5408-401: The Four Commissioners" ( ka-bab-shi'i-gyu-pa ). This four-fold lineage is Kagyu begins in Tibet with Marpa Lotsawa (1012–1097) a Tibetan householder who trained as a translator with lotsawa Drogmi Shākya Yeshe (993–1050), and then traveled three times to India and four times to Nepal in search of religious teachings. His principal gurus were the siddhas Nāropa - from whom he received

5512-451: The Himalayan pilgrimage circuit of Chota Char Dham , viz. Yamunotri , Gangotri , Kedarnath and Badrinath , are also primarily accessed via Dehradun, the closest major city. Dehradun is made up of two words "dehra" + "dun." "dehra" is a Hindi word with the meaning of temple, whose etymology is: "dev" + "ghar", from Prakrit "devahara." "dūn" (or Hindi दून derives from the Sanskrit droṇī (or द्रोणि) and means "a tract of country lying at

5616-497: The Kagyu schools can only be traced back as far as Kongtrul's and other's writings (19th century). The Tibetan terminology "che chung", literally "large (and) small," does not reflect the size or influence of the schools, as for instance the Drikung school was in the 13th century probably the largest and most influential of them, although it is, according to Kongtrul, "secondary".Or it can be taken as early and later schools. The Drubgyu Karma Kamtsang, often known simply as Karma Kagyu,

5720-469: The Kagyu tradition passed down via Naropa as we know it today. The other main lineage of the Kagyu is the Shangpa Kagyu , passed down via Niguma. Gampopa's main contribution was the establishment of a celibate and cenobitic monastic Kagyu order. This was in sharp contrast to the tradition of Marpa and Milarepa which mainly consisted of non-monastic householder or hermit yogis practicing in solitary locations or hermitages. According to John Powers, Marpa "saw

5824-573: The Lady Dagmema, and took eight other concubines as mudras. Collectively they embodied the main consort and eight wisdom dakini in the mandala of his Yidam , Hevajra . Marpa wanted to entrust the transmission lineage to his oldest son, Darma Dode, following the usual Tibetan practice of the time to transmit of lineages of esoteric teachings via hereditary lineage (father-son or uncle-nephew), but his son died at an early age and consequently he passed his main lineage on through Milarepa . Darma Dode's incarnation as Indian master Tiphupa became important for

5928-451: The Nepalese warlord Kaji Amar Singh Thapa under the central leadership of Prime Minister Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa united many of the Indian territories that now fell under places such as Almora , Pathankot , Kumaon , Garhwal , Sirmur , Shimla , Kangra and Dehradun. On the western front Garhwal and parts of Himachal Pradesh up to Punjab and on the eastern front the state of Sikkim up to Darjeeling became parts of Nepal for

6032-406: The Survey Chowk was the royal servants quarter." Today the descendants of the former royalty, Yakub Khan and his grandson Sardar Azim Khan's family have integrated with the mainstream of Dehradun life. The Doon connection was revived when Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan while undergoing treatment in New Delhi during the last years of his life expressed a desire to meet his Doon cousins but

6136-488: The West, a project begun by Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang Rinpoche in 1978. Samding Dorje Phagmo From the founding of Drikung Thil Monastery in 1179 to the present day, the Drikung Kagyü lineage has been led by a succession of spiritual heads ("throne-holders"). One of the two current heads of the lineage, Drikung Kyabgön Chetsang Rinpoche, Könchok Tenzin Kunzang Thinley Lhundrup (b. 1946), the 37th Drikungpa resides at Drikung Kagyü Institute at Dehra Dun, India. The other head of

6240-404: The city as its winter capital. Part of the Garhwal region , and housing the headquarters of its Divisional Commissioner, Dehradun is one of the " Counter Magnets " of the National Capital Region (NCR) being developed as an alternative centre of growth to help ease the migration and population explosion in the Delhi metropolitan area and to establish a smart city in the Himalayas. Dehradun

6344-399: The city's ecology , aesthetics, microclimate and built environment . The climate of Dehradun is humid subtropical (Cwa). The city is in Doon Valley and temperature variations due to difference in elevation are considerable. In the hilly regions, the summer is pleasant. But in the Doon, the heat is in rare cases, intense and summer temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) for

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6448-404: The city, and has an efficiency of 10%. The city of Dehradun generates 350 metric tons (350,000 kg; 390 short tons) of waste per day. The landfill or dumping site has since shifted from the dumping ground on Sahastradhara road in 2017 to one centralised solid waste processing plant in Dehradun, Shishambara on the outskirts of the city which has the capacity of 600 MP per day. Only 69 of

6552-424: The city. The healthcare facilities in Dehradun consist of private and public hospitals, formal and informal service providers as well as secondary and tertiary healthcare with single clinic doctors. In spite of having special status under the National Health Mission , the city is facing a healthcare crisis due to the shortage of medical manpower in the state and financial constraints. Hospitals and medical centres in

6656-493: The city. Since Dehradun has many central Government offices, there are as many as 12 Kendriya Vidyalayas also in the city. After completing their secondary education, students typically enrol in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated with the Directorate of higher education, the ICSE , or the CBSE . The colleges are each affiliated with a university or institution based either in Uttarakhand or elsewhere in India. In recent times, Dehradun has evolved as

6760-425: The days of British Raj , the official name of the town was Dehra . In due time the word Dehra was linked to Dun, and thus the city was named Dehradun. In the Skanda Purana , Dun is mentioned as a part of the region called Kedarkhand, the abode of Shiva . According to Hindu mythology, in ancient India during the Mahabharata epic era, Dronacharya , the great teacher of Kauravas and Pandavas , lived here, hence

6864-849: The district is headed by Deputy inspector general of police (DIG) Garhwal. The city's nodal police officer is the superintendent of police (SP City) who reports to the senior superintendent of police (SSP) who also holds the post of DIG . Dehradun falls under the Lucknow zone of the Chief Bureau of Investigation (CBI), which is part of the central government. Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACB) Dehradun, has jurisdiction over 13 districts in Uttarakhand. Dehradun city receives potable water from two primary sources- surface water and groundwater to meet its supply needs. The sources of water were mainly from Kaulu khet Spring, Maussifall, Bindal River, Bijapur canal and more than 100 tubewells. It suffers from lack of sufficient ground water recharge and depleting ground water tables. The water supply of Dehradun

6968-491: The early Drukpa teacher, Phajo Drugom Zhigpo (b. 12th century) and finally with Ngawang Namgyal (1594–1651). In 1640 the remaining followers of the Lhapa Kagyü were expelled from Bhutan together with the Nenyingpa followers as both had sided with the attacking Tsangpa forces against the Drukpa during their three invasions of Bhutan and continued to refuse to acknowledge the authority of the Shabdrung. The unique doctrines of Drikung Kagyü as taught by its founder, Jigten Sumgön

7072-411: The early part of the 20th Century and are palaces are a miniature replica of the palatial structures owned by the kings in Afghanistan. The Bala Hissar Palace has now been turned into Mussoorie's Wynberg Allen School . Doon-based heritage enthusiast Ghanshyam told the Times of India, "The police station at Karanpur used to be the royal guard room of Yakoob way back in 1879. The electrical office located at

7176-404: The epic Mahabharata, is believed to have been born and resided in Dehradun. Evidence such as ancient temples and idols have been found in the areas surrounding Dehradun which have been linked to the mythology of Ramayana and Mahabharata. These relics and ruins are believed to be around 2000 years old. Furthermore, the location, the local traditions and the literature reflect this region's links with

7280-462: The events of Mahabharata and Ramayana. Even after the battle of Mahabharata, the Pandavas had an influence on this region as the rulers of Hastinapura with the descendants of Subahu ruled the region as subsidiaries. Likewise, Rishikesh is mentioned in the pages of history when Vishnu answered the prayers of the saints, slaughtered the demons and handed the land to the saints. The adjoining place called Chakrata has its historical impression during

7384-405: The foot of hills; a valley" The town was established when Baba Ram Rai , the son of the seventh Sikh Guru, Guru Har Rai built a gurudwara or temple in the area in the 17th century. Ram Rai was sent by his father as an emissary to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi. Aurangzeb objected to a verse in the Sikh scripture ( Asa ki Var ) that stated, "the clay from a Musalman(Muslim)'s grave

7488-533: The founder of the Jonang school who systematized the shentong teachings . The Karmapas continue to be the heads of the Karma Kagyu order today and remain very influential figures. According to Reginald Ray: Although in the diaspora the sixteenth Karmapa was considered the “head” of the Kagyu lineage, in Tibet the situation was more decentralized. In spite of the titular role of the Karmapa, even in exile

7592-565: The future development of Kagyu in Tibet. Marpa's four most outstanding students were known as the "Four Great Pillars" ( Wylie : ka chen bzhi ): Other important students of Marpa include: Jamgon Kongtrul (1813–1899) collected the initiations and sadhanas of surviving transmissions of Marpa's teachings together in the collection known as the Kagyu Ngak Dzö ( Tibetan : བཀའ་བརྒྱུད་སྔགས་མཛོད་ , Wylie : bka' brgyud sngags mdzod , "Treasury of Kagyu Tantras"). Gampopa (1079–1153), who

7696-480: The government schools, which are run directly by the Uttarakhand Board of School Education and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government . The language of instruction in schools is either English or Hindi. Uttarakhand Board of School Education is responsible for administering courses of instructions, textbooks, and to conduct examinations for secondary school students of the state. The board

7800-404: The governor of Uttarakhand). Most government establishments and institutions are housed in the city. Dehradun city falls in Garhwal division of Uttarakhand which is headed by the divisional commissioner of Dehradun, who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of high seniority. The district magistrate and collector of Dehradun report to the divisional commissioner as well. The DM

7904-606: The independence movement, Rash Behari Bose , who was one of the key organisers of the Ghadar conspiracy and, later, the Indian National Army was based in Dehradun in his early days before he was forced to move to Japan in 1915 to continue the freedom struggle. Post-independence Dehradun and other parts of Garhwal and Kumaon were merged with United Provinces which was later renamed the state of Uttar Pradesh . In 2000, Uttarakhand state (earlier called Uttaranchal)

8008-654: The main branch: The Barom Kagyu was founded by Gampopa's disciple Barompa Darma Wangchuk ( Wylie : ' ba' rom pa dar ma dbang phyug , 1127–1199–1200), who established the Nak River Barom Riwoche Monastery ( Wylie : nag chu 'ba' rom ri bo che ) in 1160. This school was popular in the Principality of Nangchen in Kham (modern Nangqên County , Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture , southern Qinghai) where it has survived in one or two pockets to

8112-534: The majority of Dehradun's population; Muslims compose a large minority. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, Hinduism is majority religion in Dehradun city with 82.53% followers. Islam is the second most practised religion in the city with approximately 11.75% following it. Sikhism by 3.5%, Christianity is followed by 1.06%, Jainism by 0.63%, and Buddhism by 0.29%. Around 0.01% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.24% stated 'No Particular Religion'. Dehradun's literacy rate at 89.32%

8216-478: The matter: "In some later 'Brug pa texts the written form 'Dkar brgyud' indeed appears, because Mar pa , Mi la , Gling ras, and others wore only white cotton cloth. Nevertheless, it is fine if [they] are all called Bka' brgyud." At Thu'u kwan's suggestion, then, we will side with convention and use the term "Bka' brgyud." One source indicates: [T]he term "Kagyu" derives from the Tibetan phrase meaning "Lineage of

8320-478: The meeting could not take place as the family members were away. Ashraf Ghani , former President of Afghanistan has mentioned that his grandmother grew up in Dehra Dun. "I speak of Tagore because I was raised on Tagore by my grandmother who lived in Dehradun...," Dr Ghani said while talking about India's vision and the remarkable transformation. Dehradun is also being selected to be the second "home" ground of

8424-628: The models of Muslim architecture. The huge pond in the front measuring 230 by 80 feet (70 m × 24 m) had dried up for want of water over the years. People had been dumping rubbish; it has been renovated and revived. Dehradun was invaded by Mahmud of Ghazni during his campaigns into India followed by Timur in 1368, Rohilla chief Najib ad-Dawlah in 1757 and Ghulam Qadir in 1785. In 1804 battles of Khurbura at Dehradun fought between Garhwal king Pradyuman shah and Gorakhali forces led by General Amar Singh thapa.in which king Pradyuman shah died then this area came under control of Gorakha. In 1806

8528-470: The monastic life as appropriate only for people of limited capacities." Gampopa on the other hand, founded Daklha Gampo Monastery ( Dwags lha sgam po ) and thus allowed the Kagyu teachings to have established training centers and study curricula in a structured monastic setting which was well suited to the preservation of tradition. Most of the major Kagyu lineages in existence today can be traced through Gampopa. Following Gampopa's teachings, there evolved

8632-469: The municipality covers an area of 196.48 km (75.86 sq mi) and administers a population of 803,983. In 2017, with the inclusion of 72 adjoining villages in the DMC limits, the number of wards increased from 60 to 100. As of 2020, the corporation consists of 100 wards and the elected head is the mayor who presides over a deputy mayor and 99 other corporators representing the wards. The mayor

8736-475: The name of "Dronanagari" (lit. city of Drona ). The history of the city of Uttarakhand , Dehradun (nicknamed "Doon Valley") is linked to the story of Ramayana and Mahabharata . It is believed that after the battle between Ravana and Rama, Rama and his brother Lakshmana visited this site. Also, known as 'Dronanagari' on the name of Dronacharya , legendary Royal guru to the Kauravas and Pandavas in

8840-555: The names of parts of the modern city. Dehradun itself derives its name from the historical fact that Baba Ram Rai , the eldest son of the Seventh Sikh Guru Har Rai, set up his "Dera" (camp) in "dun" (valley) in 1676. This 'Dera Dun' later on became Dehradun. The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb was highly impressed by the miraculous powers of charismatic Ram Rai. He asked the contemporary Maharaja of Garhwal, Fateh Shah to extend all possible help to Ram Rai. Initially,

8944-568: The other Dagpo Kagyu lineages have been absorbed into one of these three independent schools. Historically, there were twelve main sub schools of the Dagpo Kagyu derived from Gampopa and his disciples. Four primary branches stemmed from direct disciples of Gampopa and his nephew; and eight secondary branches derived from Gampopa's disciple Phagmo Drupa. Several of these Kagyu traditions in turn developed their own branches or sub-schools. The terminology "primary and secondary" (early/later) for

9048-611: The palace of Dost Mohammad. The famous Dehradooni Basmati was brought along by him from Kunar Province in Afghanistan and it continues to be counted as a delicacy of the valley. Forty years later, after the Second Anglo-Afghan War , his grandson, Mohammad Yaqub Khan , was sent to exile to India in 1879. Just like his grandfather, he chose Doon valley as his abode. Yakoob became the first Afghan to formally settle in Dehradun. The present Mangla Devi Inter College

9152-632: The power of the Phagmodrupa declined and they were eclipsed by the Rinpungpa ( Wylie : rin spungs pa ) of Tsang, who patronized the Karma Kagyu. The Phagmo Drupa monastery of Dentsa Thel "was completely destroyed during the Cultural Revolution in 1966-1978" The eight secondary lineages ( zung bzhi ya brgyad or chung brgyad ) of the Dagpo Kagyu all trace themselves to disciples of Phagmo Drupa. Some of these secondary schools, notably

9256-515: The present day. An important early master of this school was Tishri Repa Sherab Senge ( Wylie : ' gro mgon ti shri ras pa rab seng ge , 1164–1236). Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche (1920–1996) was a holder of the Barom Kagyu Lineage. The Tshalpa Kagyu was established by Zhang Yudrakpa Tsöndru Drakpa ( Wylie : zhang g.yu brag pa brtson 'gru brags pa , 1123–1193), who founded Tsel Gungtang Monastery ( Wylie : tshal gung thang ). Lama Zhang

9360-471: The region is frequently devastated by landslides, cloudbursts, flash-floods, cold waves and hailstorms. The Doon valley contains the settlements including Raiwala, Rishikesh , Doiwala , Harrawala, Dehradun, Herbertpur , Vikasnagar , Sahaspur, Selaqui, Subhash Nagar and Clement Town. The district houses Rajaji National Park which is home to elephants, Benog Wildlife Sanctuary at Mussoorie & Asan Conservation Reserve ( Asan Barrage ). The Doon Valley has

9464-555: The so-called "Four Major and Eight Minor" lineages of the Dagpo (sometimes rendered "Tagpo" or "Dakpo") Kagyu School. This phrase is descriptive of the generation or order in which the schools were founded, not of their importance. The principle Dagpo Kagyu lineages that exist today as organized schools are the Karma Kagyu , Drikung Kagyu and the Drukpa Lineage . For the most part, the teachings and main esoteric transmissions of

9568-449: The term Dkar brgyud pa be used to refer to the Dwags po Bka' brgyud pa, Shangs pa Bka' brgyud pa and a few minor traditions transmitted by Nā ro pa, Mar pa, Mi la ras pa, or Ras chung pa but did not pass through Sgam po pa. The term Dkar brgyud pa refers to the use of the white cotton meditation garment by all these lineages. This complex is what is normally known, inaccuratly, as the Bka' brgyud pa. Thu'u kwan Blo bzang chos kyi nyi ma sums up

9672-479: The time of King Rasala which also reflect the region's prosperity. It was under control of Garhwal for many centuries. Fateh Shah, a Garhwal king, donated three villages in Dehradun to Sikh guru Ram Rai. Before the name of Dehradun was used, the place is shown on old maps as Gurudwara (a map by Webb, 1808) or Gurudwara (a map by Gerard, 1818). Gerard's map names the place as "Dehra or Gurudwara". Surrounding this original Sikh temple were many small villages that are now

9776-532: The time of Mahabharata. In the seventh century, this area was known as Sudhanagara and was described by the Chinese traveller Huen Tsang . Sudhanagara later came to be recognised as Kalsi . Edicts of Ashoka have been found in the region along the banks of the river Yamuna in Kalsi indicating the wealth and importance of the region in ancient India. In the neighbouring region of Haripur, ruins were discovered from

9880-414: The various surviving Kagyu subschools maintain a high degree of independence and autonomy. Following the death of Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa in 1981, followers came to disagree over the identity of his successor. The disagreement of who holds the current title of Karmapa is an ongoing controversy termed the " Karmapa controversy ". The Karma Kagyu school itself has three sub-schools in addition to

9984-558: Was 80,180 as per figure from Census India report on 2011. There are 50,600 boys and 28,580 are girls. Total numbers of slums in Dehradun city and its Out Growth numbers 32,861 in which population of 158,542 resides. This is around 27.58% of total population of Dehradun city & its outgrowth which is 574,840. Hindi , the official state language, is the primary language in Dehradun. Native regional languages include Garhwali , Jaunsari and Kumaoni . Other major languages are Punjabi , Nepali , Bengali and Tibeto-Burman . Hindus form

10088-506: Was a Kadampa monk, is an influential figure in the history of the Kagyu tradition. He combined the monastic tradition and the stages of the path ( Lamrim ) teachings of the Kadam order with teaching and practice of the Mahāmudrā and the Six Yogas of Naropa he received from Milarepa synthesizing them into one lineage. This monastic tradition came to be known as Dagpo Kagyu —the main lineage of

10192-600: Was a disciple of Gampopa's nephew Dagpo Gomtsul Tsultim Nyingpo ( Wylie : dwags sgom tshul khrims snying po , 1116–1169). The Tshalpa Kagyu tradition continued to function independently until the 15th century when it was absorbed by the Gelug, who still maintain many of its transmissions. All of the former Tshelpa properties became Gelug possessions under the administration of Sera monastery. The Phagmo Drupa Kagyu ( Tibetan : ཕག་མོ་གྲུ་པ་བཀའ་བརྒྱུད , Wylie : phag mo gru pa bka' brgyud ) or Phagdru Kagyu (ཕག་གྲུ་བཀའ་བརྒྱུད)

10296-792: Was created from the northwestern districts of Uttar Pradesh under the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 . Dehradun was made its interim capital. Dehradun's Afghan connection dated back to the First Anglo-Afghan War , after which the Afghan Emir Dost Mohammad Khan was exiled by the British to Dehradun. He stayed in Mussoorie for over 6 years. The Balahissar ward under the Mussoorie municipality has been named after

10400-440: Was founded by Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo ( Tibetan : ཕག་མོ་གྲུ་པ་རྡོ་རྗེ་རྒྱལ་པོ , Wylie : phag mo gru pa rdo rje rgyal po , 1110–1170) who was the elder brother of the famous Nyingma lama Ka Dampa Deshek (1122–1192) founder of Katok Monastery . Before meeting Gampopa , Dorje Gyalpo studied with Sachen Kunga Nyingpo (sa chen kun dga' snying po) (1092–1158) from whom he received lamdre transmission. From 1435 to 1481

10504-583: Was founded by one of Gampopa's main disciples Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama (1110–1193). The figure of Karma Pakshi (1204/6–1283), a student of one of Düsum Khyenpa 's main disciples, was actually the first person recognized as a " Karmapa ", i.e. a reincarnation of Düsum Khyenpa . Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama , was an important figure because he received and preserved Dzogchen teachings from Rigdzin Kumaradza and taught this along with Kagyu Mahamudra. He also influenced Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen ,

10608-429: Was once an extensive canal network in the city, which irrigated many surrounding villages and produced a cooler microclimate in the region. The earliest canal, Rajpur canal, was laid in the 17th century but after Dehradun became the state capital in 2000, most of the heritage canals were covered or demolished to widen the city roads. Environmental groups have campaigned for the revival of the network, citing its benefit for

10712-614: Was once the Kabul Palace where Yakoob spent a few years of his life. The extended family and servants of the King were also relocated to Dehradun. The Afghan royal family maintained a presence in Dehra Dun. It was the birthplace of the second to last King of Afghanistan , Mohammed Nadir Shah . Two quaint palaces – the Kabul Palace in Dehradun and Bala Hissar Palace in Mussoorie – stand testimony to this connection with Afghanistan. They were built by these Afghan rulers in exile in India in

10816-756: Was set up in 2001 and is headquartered in Ramnagar . Dehradun is known as "a town of schools". Notable private educational institutions in Dehradun include The Asian School , Cambrian Hall , Colonel Brown Cambridge School , Convent of Jesus and Mary , The Doon School , Ecole Globale International Girls' School , Marshall School , Rashtriya Indian Military College , SelaQui International School , St Joseph's Academy, Dehradun , St. Thomas' College , Welham Boys School and Welham Girls School , Indian Army Public Schools . Several Indian and international luminaries have attended these schools. In addition to these schools there are many other state board schools located in

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