65-610: The Dutch Navy Museum is a naval museum in Den Helder , Netherlands . The museum is dedicated to the history of the Koninklijke Marine ( Royal Netherlands Navy ). The most important ships the museum owns are: Naval museum A maritime museum (sometimes nautical museum ) is a museum specializing in the display of objects relating to ships and travel on large bodies of water. A subcategory of maritime museums are naval museums , which focus on navies and
130-576: A blue glass cup with a trailed decoration, similar to the recent find from the Prittlewell tomb in Essex. There were two gilt-bronze discs with animal interlace ornament , a bronze brooch, a silver buckle, and a gold-coated stud from a buckle. Four objects had a special kinship with the Mound 1 finds: the tip of a sword blade showed elaborate pattern welding; silver-gilt drinking horn-mounts (struck from
195-546: A gallows once stood on Mound 5, in a prominent position near to a significant river-crossing point, and that the graves contained the bodies of criminals, possibly executed from the 8th and 9th centuries onwards. In 2000, a Suffolk County Council team excavated the site intended for the National Trust 's new visitor centre , north of Tranmer House , at a point where the ridge of the Deben valley veers westwards to form
260-405: A promontory . When the topsoil was removed, early Anglo-Saxon burials were discovered in one corner, with some possessing high-status objects. The area had first attracted attention with the discovery of part of a 6th-century bronze vessel, of eastern Mediterranean origin, that had probably formed part of a furnished burial. The outer surface of the so-called "Bromeswell bucket" was decorated with
325-464: A Syrian- or Nubian -style frieze , depicting naked warriors in combat with leaping lions, and had an inscription in Greek that translated as "Use this in good health, Master Count, for many happy years." In an area near to a former rose garden, a group of moderate-sized burial mounds was identified. They had long since been levelled, but their position was shown by circular ditches that each enclosed
390-683: A bank of the tidal estuary of the River Deben . On the opposite bank the harbour town of Woodbridge stands 7 miles (11 km) from the North Sea and below the lowest convenient fording place. It formed a path of entry into East Anglia during the Sub Roman Britain period that followed the end of Roman imperial rule in the 5th century. South of Woodbridge, there are 6th-century burial grounds at Rushmere , Little Bealings , and Tuddenham St Martin and circling Brightwell Heath,
455-409: A busy trading and transportation network. A number of settlements grew up along the river, most of which would have been small farmsteads, although it seems likely that there was a larger administrative centre as well, where the local aristocracy held court. Archaeologists have speculated that such a centre may have existed at Rendlesham, Melton , Bromeswell or at Sutton Hoo. It has been suggested that
520-403: A close association with maritime museums; not only does the museum have items that help the modeller achieve better accuracy, but the museum provides a display space for models larger than will comfortably fit in a modeller's home, and of the museum is happy to take a ship model as a donation. Museums will also commission models. There are thousands of maritime museums in the world. Many belong to
585-545: A continuum from pre-Christian royal accumulation of precious objects from diverse cultural sources, through to the art of gospel books, shrines and liturgical or dynastic objects. On the head's left side was placed a "crested" and masked helmet wrapped in cloths. With its panels of tinned bronze and assembled mounts, the decoration is directly comparable to that found on helmets from the Vendel and Valsgärde burial sites in eastern Sweden. The Sutton Hoo helmet differs from
650-442: A cup, and an ivory box. Mound 7 also contained gaming-pieces, as well as an iron-bound bucket, a sword-belt fitting and a drinking vessel, together with the remains of horse, cattle, red deer , sheep, and pig that had been burnt with the deceased on a pyre . Mound 6 contained cremated animals, gaming-pieces, a sword-belt fitting, and a comb. The Mound 18 grave was very damaged, but of similar kind. Two cremations were found during
715-413: A dress-fastener, and the hinges of a casket, all made of silver, and also a fragment of embroidered cloth. This important grave, damaged by looters, was probably the source of the many iron ship- rivets found at Sutton Hoo in 1860. In 1938, when the mound was excavated, iron rivets were found, which enabled the Mound 2 grave to be interpreted as a small boat. Carver's re-investigation revealed that there
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#1732787821362780-590: A few fragments of pottery and a discarded fibula , have been found. As the peoples of Western Europe were encouraged by the Empire to maximise the use of land for growing crops, the area around Sutton Hoo suffered degradation and soil loss. It was eventually abandoned and became overgrown. After the withdrawal of the Romans from southern Britain after 410, Germanic tribes such as the Angles and Saxons began to settle in
845-476: A fragment from a burial at Caenby , Lincolnshire, until the 2009 discovery of the Staffordshire hoard , which contained many. The helmet rusted in the grave and was shattered into hundreds of tiny fragments when the chamber roof collapsed. These fragments were catalogued and organised so they could be reassembled. To the head's right was placed inverted a nested set of ten silver bowls, probably made in
910-401: A long removable chained pin. The surfaces display panels of interlocking stepped garnets and chequer millefiori insets, surrounded by interlaced ornament of Germanic Style II ribbon animals. The half-round clasp ends contain garnet-work of interlocking wild boars with filigree surrounds. On the underside of the mounts are lugs for attachment to a stiff leather cuirass . The function of
975-472: A pin and a chatelaine . The most impressive of the burials without a chamber is that of a young man who was buried with his horse , in Mound 17. The horse would have been sacrificed for the funeral, in a ritual sufficiently standardised to indicate a lack of sentimental attachment to it. Two undisturbed grave-hollows existed side by side under the mound. The man's oak coffin contained his pattern welded sword on his right and his sword-belt, wrapped around
1040-542: A primary component in the formation of the East Anglian kingdom. In the early 7th century, Gipeswic (modern Ipswich ) began its growth as a centre for foreign trade, Botolph 's monastery at Iken was founded by royal grant in 654, and Bede identified Rendlesham as the site of Æthelwold's royal dwelling. There is evidence that Sutton Hoo was occupied during the Neolithic period, c. 3000 BC, when woodland in
1105-540: A reconstruction of the ship burial chamber. The site is in the care of the National Trust ; most of these objects are now held by the British Museum . Sutton Hoo derives its name from Old English . Sut combined with tun means the "southern farmstead" or "settlement" and hoo refers to a hill "shaped like a heel spur". Hoo was recorded in the Domesday Book as Hoi / Hou . Sutton Hoo lies along
1170-639: A right-handed owner. The unorthodox sword placement on the right side of the body supports this theory, as other Anglo Saxon burials placed the sword on the left side of the body. David M. Wilson has remarked that the metal artworks found in the Sutton Hoo graves were "work of the highest quality, not only in English but in European terms". Sutton Hoo is a cornerstone of the study of art in Britain in
1235-501: A ring of upright posts, up to 30 centimetres (12 in) in diameter, with one pair suggesting an entrance to the south-east. In the central hearth , a faience bead had been dropped. The farmers who dwelt in this house used decorated Beaker-style pottery, cultivated barley , oats , and wheat, and collected hazelnuts . They dug ditches that marked the surrounding grassland into sections, indicating land ownership. The acidic sandy soil eventually became leached and infertile, and it
1300-503: A shield of normal size. The shield bore an ornamented boss-stud and two fine metal mounts, ornamented with a predatory bird and a dragon-like creature. The ship-burial discovered under Mound 1 in 1939 contained one of the most magnificent archaeological finds in England for its size and completeness, far-reaching connections, the quality and beauty of its contents, and for the profound interest it generated. Although practically none of
1365-420: A small deposit indicating the presence of a single burial, probably of unurned human ashes. One burial lay in an irregular oval pit that contained two vessels, a stamped black earthenware urn of late 6th-century type, and a well-preserved large bronze hanging bowl , with openwork hook escutcheons and a related circular mount at the centre. In another burial, a man had been laid next to his spear and covered with
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#17327878213621430-574: A wealth of Anglo-Saxon artifacts was discovered. The site is important in establishing the history of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of East Anglia as well as illuminating the Anglo-Saxons during a period which lacks historical documentation. The site was first excavated by Basil Brown , a self-taught archaeologist, under the auspices of the landowner Edith Pretty , but when its importance became apparent, national experts took over. The artefacts
1495-493: Is made in three parts. The plate is a long ovoid of a meandering but symmetrical outline with densely interwoven and interpenetrating ribbon animals rendered in chip-carving on the front. The gold surfaces are punched to receive niello detail. The plate is hollow and has a hinged back, forming a secret chamber, possibly for a relic . Both the tongue-plate and hoop are solid, ornamented, and expertly engineered. Each shoulder-clasp consists of two matching curved halves, hinged upon
1560-595: Is operating a museum harbour , most notably in Germany and the Netherlands but elsewhere too, that offers mooring to privately owned historical vessels, which can be watched but not boarded. The preservation of ships in museums ensures that ancient and historic vessels are preserved for posterity in optimum conditions and are available for academic study and for public education and interest. Remains of ancient and historic ships and boats can be seen in museums around
1625-519: The Eastern Empire during the sixth century. Beneath them were two silver spoons, possibly of Byzantine origin, of a type bearing names of the Apostles . One spoon is marked in original nielloed Greek lettering with the name of PAULOS, "Paul". The other, matching spoon had been modified using lettering conventions of a Frankish coin-die cutter, to read SAULOS, "Saul". One theory suggests that
1690-628: The International Congress of Maritime Museums , which coordinates members' efforts to acquire, preserve, and display their material. There is a risk that too many maritime museums might dilute the experience for the public, while a poorly managed museum might put other municipalities off from the idea of hosting such a museum. At 80 acres (32 ha) the Chatham Historic Dockyard in Kent, UK can lay claim to being
1755-402: The 1960s exploration to define the extent of Mound 5, together with two inhumations and a pit with a skull and fragments of decorative foil . In level areas between the mounds, Carver found three furnished inhumations. One small mound held a child's remains, along with his buckle and miniature spear. A man's grave included two belt buckles and a knife, and that of a woman contained a leather bag,
1820-620: The 6th–9th centuries. George Henderson has described the ship treasures as "the first proven hothouse for the incubation of the Insular style ". The gold and garnet fittings show the creative fusion of earlier techniques and motifs by a master goldsmith . Insular art drew upon Irish, Pictish , Anglo-Saxon, native British and Mediterranean artistic sources: the 7th-century Book of Durrow owes as much to Pictish sculpture, British millefiori and enamelwork and Anglo-Saxon cloisonné metalwork as it does to Irish art. The Sutton Hoo treasures represent
1885-465: The British Museum, has narrowed the date of the burial to 610 to 635. This makes Sigeberht, who died in 637, less likely. Rædwald is still the favourite, although Eorpwald also fits the timescale as he died 627–28. Closer inspection of the sword hilt suggests that the occupant was left-handed , as the hilt's malleable gold pieces are worn down on the opposite side than would be expected with
1950-542: The Snape cemetery, where the ship-burial and furnished graves were added to a graveyard of buried pots containing cremated ashes. Martin Carver believes that the cremation burials at Sutton Hoo were "among the earliest" in the cemetery. Two were excavated in 1938. Under Mound 3 were the ashes of a man and a horse placed on a wooden trough or dugout bier , a Frankish iron-headed throwing-axe , and imported objects from
2015-406: The Snape cemetery: Other examples have been inferred from records of the discovery of horse furniture at Eye and Mildenhall . Although the grave under Mound 14 had been destroyed almost completely by robbing, apparently during a heavy rainstorm, it had contained exceptionally high-quality goods belonging to a woman. These included a chatelaine, a kidney-shaped purse-lid, a bowl, several buckles,
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2080-492: The Sutton Hoo finds. Scholars believe Rædwald, king of the East Angles , is the most likely person to have been buried in the ship. During the 1960s and 1980s, the wider area was explored by archaeologists and other burials were revealed. Another burial ground is situated on a second hill-spur about 500 m (1,600 ft) upstream of the first. It was discovered and partially explored in 2000, during preliminary work for
2145-688: The Swedish examples in having an iron skull of a single vaulted shell and has a full face mask, a solid neck guard and deep cheekpieces. These features have been used to suggest an English origin for the helmet's basic structure; the deep cheekpieces have parallels in the Coppergate helmet , found in York . Although outwardly very like the Swedish examples, the Sutton Hoo helmet is a product of better craftsmanship. Helmets are extremely rare finds. No other such figural plaques were known in England, apart from
2210-681: The actual uniform worn by Horatio Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar . The largest in the United States of America is 19 acres (7.7 ha), Mystic Seaport in Mystic, Connecticut; it preserves not only a number of sailing ships , but also many original seaport buildings, including a ship chandlery , sail loft , ropewalk , and so forth. A recent activity of maritime museums is to build replicas of ships, since there are few survivors that have not already been restored and put on display. Another
2275-525: The archaeologists found in the burial chamber include: a suite of metalwork dress fittings in gold and gems, a ceremonial helmet, a shield and sword, a lyre , and silver plate from the Eastern Roman Empire . The ship burial has prompted comparisons with the world of Beowulf . The Old English poem is partly set in Götaland in southern Sweden, which has archaeological parallels to some of
2340-650: The area was cleared by agriculturalists. They dug small pits that contained flint -tempered earthenware pots. Several pits were near to hollows where large trees had been uprooted: the Neolithic farmers may have associated the hollows with the pots. During the Bronze Age, when agricultural communities living in Britain were adopting the newly introduced technology of metalworking, timber-framed roundhouses were built at Sutton Hoo, with wattle and daub walling and thatched roofs. The best surviving example contained
2405-518: The authority that the gold was intended to convey, the community involvement required to conduct the ritual at a cemetery reserved for an elite, the close proximity of Sutton Hoo to Rendlesham and the probable date horizons. As of 2019, the refurbished museum on the site states that the body is Rædwald while the British Museum just says a "King of East Anglia". Analysis of the Merovingian coins by Gareth Williams, Curator of Early Medieval Coinage at
2470-433: The beam amidships with an inboard depth of 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) over the keel line. From the keel board, the hull was constructed clinker-fashion with nine planks on either side, fastened with rivets. Twenty-six wooden ribs strengthened the form. Repairs were visible: this had been a seagoing vessel of excellent craftsmanship, but there was no descending keel. The decking, benches and mast were removed. In
2535-415: The blade, which had a bronze buckle with garnet cloisonné cellwork, two pyramidal strapmounts and a scabbard -buckle. By the man's head were a firesteel and a leather pouch, containing rough garnets and a piece of millefiori glass. Around the coffin were two spears, a shield, a small cauldron and a bronze bowl, a pot, an iron-bound bucket and some animal ribs. In the north-west corner of his grave
2600-408: The body have been identified as regalia , pointing to its being that of a king. Most of the suggestions for the occupant are East Anglian kings because of the proximity of the royal vill of Rendlesham. Since 1940, when H.M. Chadwick first ventured that the ship-burial was probably the grave of Rædwald , scholarly opinion divided between Rædwald and his son (or step-son) Sigeberht . The man who
2665-420: The body was the sword harness and belt, fitted with a suite of gold mounts and strap-distributors of extremely intricate garnet cellwork ornament. Together with the sword harness and scabbard mounts, the gold and garnet objects found in the upper body space, which form a co-ordinated ensemble, are among the true wonders of Sutton Hoo. Their artistic and technical quality is exceptional. The "great" gold buckle
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2730-447: The burial mounds used by wealthier families were later appropriated as sites for early churches. In such cases, the mounds would have been destroyed before the churches were constructed. The Sutton Hoo grave field contained about twenty barrows ; it was reserved for people who were buried individually with objects that indicated that they had exceptional wealth or prestige. It was used in this way from around 575 to 625 and contrasts with
2795-435: The construction of a new tourist visitor centre. The tops of the mounds had been obliterated by agricultural activity. The cemeteries are located close to the River Deben estuary and other archaeological sites. They appear as a group of approximately 20 earthen mounds that rise slightly above the horizon of the hill-spur when viewed from the opposite bank. The visitor centre contains original artefacts, replicas of finds and
2860-458: The eastern Mediterranean , including the lid of a bronze ewer , part of a miniature carved plaque depicting a winged Victory , and fragments of decorated bone from a casket . Under Mound 4 was the cremated remains of a man and a woman, with a horse and perhaps also a dog, as well as fragments of bone gaming-pieces. In Mounds 5, 6, and 7, Carver found cremations deposited in bronze bowls. In Mound 5 were found gaming-pieces, small iron shears,
2925-492: The fore and aft sections along the gunwales , there were oar-rests shaped like the Old English letter "thorn" , indicating that there may have been positions for forty oarsmen. The central chamber had timber walls at either end and a roof, which was probably pitched. The heavy oak vessel had been hauled from the river up the hill and lowered into a prepared trench, so only the tops of the stem and stern posts rose above
2990-481: The kingdom of the East Angles have been found, most notably at Spong Hill and Snape , where a large number of cremations and inhumations were found. Many of the graves were accompanied by grave goods , which included combs, tweezers and brooches , as well as weapons. Sacrificed animals had been placed in the graves. At the time when the Sutton Hoo cemetery was in use, the River Deben would have formed part of
3055-538: The land into small enclosures now known as Celtic fields . The use of narrow trenches implies grape cultivation, whilst in other places, small pockets of dark soil indicate that big cabbages may have been grown. This cultivation continued into the Romano-British period , from 43 to around 410. Life for the Britons remained unaffected by the arrival of the Romans. Several artefacts from the period, including
3120-409: The land surface. After the addition of the body and the artefacts, an oval mound was constructed, which covered the ship and rose above the horizon at the riverward side of the cemetery. The view to the river is now obscured by Top Hat Wood, but the mound would have been a visible symbol of power to those using the waterway. This appears to have been the final occasion upon which the Sutton Hoo cemetery
3185-601: The largest maritime museum in the world, incorporating numerous dockyard buildings, including a 1/4 mile long ropewalk, spinning rooms, covered slips, dry docks, smithery, sail loft, rigging house, mould loft, church, as well as three historic warships, it is the best preserved dockyard from the Age of Sail. However, the UK's National Maritime Museum in Greenwich is also a contender, with many items of great historical significance, such as
3250-547: The military use of the sea. The great prize of a maritime museum is a historic ship (or a replica) made accessible as a museum ship , but as these are large and require a considerable budget to maintain, many museums preserve smaller or more fragile ships or partial ships within the museum buildings . Most museums exhibit interesting pieces of ships (such as a figurehead or cannon ), ship models , and miscellaneous small items associated with ships and shipping, like cutlery , uniforms , and so forth. Ship modellers often have
3315-433: The original timber survived, the form of the ship was perfectly preserved. Stains in the sand had replaced the wood but had preserved many construction details. Nearly all of the iron planking rivets were in their original places. It was possible to survey the original ship, which was found to be 27 metres (89 ft) long, pointed at either end with tall rising stem and stern posts and widening to 4.4 metres (14 ft) in
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#17327878213623380-406: The same dies as those in Mound 1); and the similarity of two fragments of dragon-like mounts or plaques. Although the rituals were not identical, the association of the contents of the grave shows a connection between the two burials. The cemetery contained remains of people who died violently, in some cases by hanging and decapitation. Often the bones have not survived, but the flesh had stained
3445-400: The sandy soil: the soil was laminated as digging progressed, so that the emaciated figures of the dead were revealed. Casts were taken of several of these. The identification and discussion of these burials was led by Carver. Two main groups were excavated, with one arranged around Mound 5 and the other situated beyond the barrow cemetery limits in the field to the east. It is thought that
3510-571: The site of mounds that date from the Bronze Age . There are cemeteries of a similar date at Rendlesham and Ufford . A ship-burial at Snape is the only one in England that can be compared to the example at Sutton Hoo. The territory between the Orwell and the watersheds of the Alde and Deben rivers may have been an early centre of royal power, originally centred upon Rendlesham or Sutton Hoo, and
3575-488: The southeastern part of the island. East Anglia is regarded by many scholars as a region in which this settlement was particularly early and dense; the area's name derives from that of the Angles. Over time, the remnants of the pre-existing Brittonic population adopted the culture of the newcomers. During this period, southern Britain became divided up into a number of small independent kingdoms. Several pagan cemeteries from
3640-578: The spoons (and possibly also the bowls) were a baptismal gift for the buried person. On the right of the "body" lay a set of spears , tips uppermost, including three barbed angons , with their heads thrust through a handle of the bronze bowl. Nearby was a wand with a small mount depicting a wolf . Closer to the body lay the sword with a gold and garnet cloisonné pommel 85 centimetres (33 in) long, its pattern welded blade still within its scabbard, with superlative scabbard-bosses of domed cellwork and pyramidal mounts. Attached to this and lying toward
3705-505: The vessel would have looked like, although the vessel itself no longer exists. The Council of American Maritime Museums serves as network for museum professionals in North America. Sutton Hoo Sutton Hoo is the site of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries dating from the 6th to 7th centuries near Woodbridge, Suffolk , England. Archaeologists have been excavating the area since 1938, when an undisturbed ship burial containing
3770-406: The view that a body had disappeared in the acidic soil. The presence of a platform (or a large coffin) that was about 9 feet (2.7 m) long was indicated. An iron-bound wooden bucket, an iron lamp containing beeswax , and a bottle of north continental manufacture were close by. The objects around the body indicate that it lay with the head at the west end of the wooden structure. Artefacts near
3835-664: The world. Where a ship is in a good state of preservation it can sometimes act as a museum in its own right. Many museum ships , such as HMS Victory are popular tourist attractions. Some ships are too fragile to be exposed outdoors or are incomplete and must be preserved indoors. The remains of the Mary Rose for example are kept in a purpose designed building so that conservation treatment can be applied. In some cases, archaeologists have discovered traces of ships and boats where there are no extant physical remains to be preserved, such as Sutton Hoo , where museum displays can show what
3900-455: Was 2024 and the ship was expected to be functional. Shipwright, Tim Kirk, made this comment to ITV News : "it is really just a big experimental archaeology programme, [but] we're hoping to learn how the ship actually sailed". The plans called for training a crew of at least 80 rowers. As a body was not found, there was early speculation that the ship-burial was a cenotaph , but soil analyses conducted in 1967 found phosphate traces, supporting
3965-403: Was a bridle , mounted with circular gilt bronze plaques with interlace ornamentation. These items are on display at Sutton Hoo. Inhumation graves of this kind are known from both England and Germanic continental Europe, with most dating from the 6th or early 7th century. In about 1820, an example was excavated at Witnesham . There are other examples at Lakenheath in western Suffolk and in
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#17327878213624030-434: Was a rectangular plank -lined chamber, 5 metres (16 ft) long by 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) wide, sunk below the land surface, with the body and grave-goods laid out in it. A small ship had been placed over this in an east–west alignment before a large earth mound was raised. Chemical analysis of the chamber floor has suggested the presence of a body in the south-western corner. The goods found included fragments of
4095-427: Was buried under Mound 1 cannot be identified, but the identification with Rædwald still has widespread scholarly acceptance. From time to time, other identifications are suggested, including his son Eorpwald of East Anglia , who succeeded his father in about 624. Rædwald is the most likely of the candidates because of the high quality of the imported and commissioned materials and the resources needed to assemble them,
4160-667: Was likely that for this reason, the settlement was eventually abandoned, to be replaced in the Middle Bronze Age (1500–1000 BC) by sheep or cattle, which were enclosed by wooden stakes. During the Iron Age , iron replaced copper and bronze as the dominant form of metal used in the British Isles. In the Middle Iron Age (around 500 BC), people living in the Sutton Hoo area began to grow crops again, dividing
4225-521: Was used for its original purpose. Long afterwards, the roof collapsed violently under the weight of the mound, compressing the ship's contents into a seam of earth. Using the imprint of the longship in the sand around its location, archaeologist Angela Care Evans made plans to create a full size replica. Work began in 2021, using oak planks and iron rivets, with help from a charity, the Sutton Hoo Ship's Company. The estimated date of completion
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