The deben was an ancient Egyptian weight unit.
62-496: Deben may refer to: Deben (unit) , a weight unit used in ancient Egypt River Deben , a river in Suffolk, England John Gummer , Baron Deben Deben, a variant spelling of Dibeng , Northern Cape, South Africa See also [ edit ] Debden (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
124-495: A common practice among Egyptologists was to "divorce Egypt from its proper northeast African context, instead framing it as fundamentally part of a Near Eastern or "Mediterranean" economic, social and political sphere, hardly African at all or at best a crossroad between the Near East, the eastern Mediterranean and Africa, which carries with it the implication that it is ultimately not really part of Africa". He explicitly criticised
186-581: A fallen obelisk near the main entrance. Previously unknown to researchers, Naert was a wife of Teti , the first king of the sixth dynasty. In February 2021, archaeologists from the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities announced the discovery of a Ptolemaic period temple, a Roman fort, an early Coptic church and an inscription written in hieratic script at an archaeological site called Shiha Fort in Aswan . According to Mostafa Waziri ,
248-401: A larger chamber with painted reliefs depicting the tomb owner seated at an offerings table", reported Megahed. Some paintings maintained their brightness over a long time in the tomb. Mainly made of white limestone bricks, the tomb had a tunnel entrance generally typical for pyramids. Archaeologists say that there might be a connection between Khuwy and pharaoh because the mausoleum was found near
310-674: A sarcophagus below. According to the Al-Ahram , in January 2019, archaeologists headed by Mostafa Waziri revealed a collection of 20 tombs dated back to the Second Intermediate Period in Kom Al-Khelgan. The burials contained the remains of animals, amulets, and scarabs carved from faience, round and oval pots with handholds, flint knives, broken and burned pottery. All burials included skulls and skeletons in
372-521: A scientific approach, notably by Claude Sicard , Benoît de Maillet , Frederic Louis Norden and Richard Pococke . In the early 17th century, John Greaves measured the pyramids, having inspected the broken Obelisk of Domitian in Rome, then intended for Lord Arundel 's collection in London. He went on to publish the illustrated Pyramidographia in 1646. The Jesuit scientist-priest Athanasius Kircher
434-422: A shroud, a blanket, and a pot of honey. Deben appeared in the computer game Pharaoh as its currency (in the form of gold ). Egyptologist Egyptology (from Egypt and Greek -λογία , -logia ; Arabic : علم المصريات ) is the scientific study of ancient Egypt . The topics studied include ancient Egyptian history , language , literature , religion , architecture and art from
496-621: A tradesman named Tjit. On 13 April 2019, an expedition led by a member of the Czech Institute of Egyptology, Mohamed Megahed, discovered a 4,000-year-old tomb near Egypt's Saqqara Necropolis in Saqqara . Archaeologists confirmed that the tomb belonged to an influential person named Khuwy, who lived in Egypt during the 5th Dynasty . "The L-shaped Khuwy tomb starts with a small corridor heading downwards into an antechamber and from there
558-542: Is from the Early Dynastic Period . It was found at the site of Buto in Nile Delta . The weighing stone was uncovered in an archaeological context from Second Dynasty , in the so-called "labyrinth" building, it bears the inscription of the "friendly is the heart of Horus, director" (of the installation) "Hemsemenib". The inscribed value is of 3 deben, representing a unit of 29 grams (1.0 oz), likely
620-531: The 12th Dynasty were found besides the skeletal remains of cats. In mid-December 2018, the Egyptian government announced the discovery at Saqqara of a previously unknown 4,400-year-old tomb, containing paintings and more than fifty sculptures. It belongs to Wahtye , a high-ranking priest who served under King Neferirkare Kakai during the Fifth Dynasty. The tomb also contains four shafts that lead to
682-621: The Book of the Dead . Archaeologists led by Zahi Hawass also found the funerary temple of Naert and warehouses made of bricks in Saqqara. In January 2021, Egyptian-Dominican researchers led by Kathleen Martinez have announced the discovery of 2,000-year-old ancient tombs with golden tongues dating to the Greek and Roman periods at Taposiris Magna . The team also unearthed gold leaf amulets in
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#1732775692189744-463: The Greco-Roman period between 332 BC and 395 AD. While the findings assumed belonging to a mother and a child were well preserved, others had suffered major destruction. Beside the mummies, artefacts including painted funerary masks, vases of bitumen used in mummification, pottery and wooden figurines were revealed. Thanks to the hieroglyphics on the tomb, it was detected that the tomb belongs to
806-543: The Middle Kingdom were discovered at Lisht , using gold deben, and copper deben. At the Second Intermediate Period site of Tell el-Dab'a were found sets of sphendonoid weighing stones confirming the use of shekel weighing system, both "Syrian" (9-9.5 g) and "Mesopotamian" (c. 8.1-8.5 g). Here presumably stems the changed weighing system of the New Kingdom, with a completely different deben unit. From
868-483: The New Kingdom one deben was equal to about 90 g (3.2 oz; 2.9 ozt) to 95 grams (3.4 oz; 3.1 ozt). It was divided into ten kidet (alt. kit , kite or qedet ) of c. 9.0 grams (0.32 oz; 0.29 ozt) to 9.5 grams (0.34 oz; 0.31 ozt), or into what is referred to by Egyptologists as 'pieces', one twelfth of a deben weighing 7.6 g (0.27 oz; 0.24 ozt). It
930-675: The Prague 's Charles University led by Miroslav Bárta discovered the robbed tomb of an ancient Egyptian military official named Wahibre-mery-Neith and a scarab in Giza 's Abusir necropolis 12 km southeast of the Pyramids of Giza . He commanded battalions of non-local soldiers and likely lived in the late 26th and early 27th dynasties, around 500 BC, according to the Egyptian Antiquities Ministry . The tomb's main well
992-552: The "ancient Egyptians belonged, that is, not to any specific Egyptian region or Near Eastern heritage but to that wide community of peoples who lived between the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, shared a common "Saharan-Sudanese culture", and drew their reinforcements from the same great source, even though, as time went by, they also absorbed a number of wanderers from the Near East". In 2018, Stuart Tyson Smith argued that
1054-670: The 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the 4th century AD. The earliest explorers of ancient Egypt were the ancient Egyptians themselves. Inspired by a dream he had, Thutmose IV led an excavation of the Great Sphinx of Giza and inscribed a description of the dream on the Dream Stele . Less than two centuries later, Prince Khaemweset , fourth son of Ramesses II , would gain fame for identifying and restoring historic buildings, tombs and temples, including pyramids; and has subsequently been described as
1116-666: The 72nd chapter of the Egyptian Book of Dead said Marslav Barta. In August 2022, archaeologists from the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw announced the discovery of a 4,500-year-old temple dedicated to the Egyptian sun god Ra . The recently discovered sun temple was made from mud bricks and was about 60 meters long by 20 m wide. According to Massimiliano Nuzzolo, co-director of the excavation, storage rooms and other rooms may have been served for cultic purposes and
1178-501: The African background of Egyptian culture, partly in response to world history's aim to replace dominant western-centered narratives with others than focused more on the contributions of other regions, including Africa. At the same time, primarily African diaspora communities wanted the continent's ancient history to be approached outside a Eurocentric context, and insisted, for example, on the use of ancient Egyptian term kemet instead of
1240-641: The Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of the head of the bust of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius at the Temple of Kom Ombo in Aswan during work to protect the site from groundwater. In April 2018, the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of the shrine of god Osiris - Ptah Neb, dating back to the 25th dynasty in the Temple of Karnak in Luxor. According to archaeologist Essam Nagy,
1302-654: The Egyptian style. The Romans also carried out restoration work in Egypt. Throughout the Middle Ages , travelers on pilgrimages to the Holy Land would occasionally detour to visit sites in Egypt. Destinations would include Cairo and its environs, where the Holy Family was thought to have fled, and the great Pyramids, which were thought to be Joseph's Granaries , built by the Hebrew patriarch to store grain during
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#17327756921891364-548: The Egyptian-German team of archaeologists unearthed an eight-meter 3,000-year-old statue that included a head and a torso thought to depict Pharaoh Ramses II . According to Khaled El-Enany, the Egyptian Antiquities Minister, the statue was more likely thought to be King Psammetich I . Excavators also revealed an 80 cm-long part of a limestone statue of Pharaoh Seti II while excavating
1426-720: The European Institute for Underwater Archaeology (IEASM), directed by Franck Goddio, in cooperation with the Egyptian Ministry for Antiquities discovered the ancient sunken city of Thonis-Heracleion in today's Abu Qir Bay. The statues of a colossal King and Queen are on display at the Grand Egyptian Museum . Other discovered artefacts are exhibited at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina and Alexandria National Museum (ANM) . The excavations are documented through several publications In March 2017,
1488-582: The European Institute for Underwater Archaeology announced the discovery of 2,000-year-old three sunken shipwrecks dated back to the Roman Era in Alexandria 's Abu Qir Bay . The sunken cargo included a royal head of crystal perhaps belong to the commander of the Roman armies of "Antonio", three gold coins from the era of Emperor Octavius Augustus, large wooden planks and pottery vessels. In April 2018,
1550-565: The European one". In 2022, Andrea Manzo argued that early Egyptologists had situated the origins of dynastic Egypt within a "broad Hamitic horizon that characterised several regions of Africa" and that these views had continued to dominate in the second half of the twentieth century. Manzo stated more recent studies had "pointed out the relevance of African elements to the rise of Egyptian culture, following earlier suggestions on Egyptian kingship and religion by Henri Frankfort " which countered
1612-489: The Islamic world. Abdul Latif al-Baghdadi , a teacher at Cairo 's Al-Azhar University in the 13th century, wrote detailed descriptions of ancient Egyptian monuments . Similarly, the 15th-century Egyptian historian al-Maqrizi wrote detailed accounts of Egyptian antiquities. European exploration and travel writings of ancient Egypt commenced in the 13th century, with only occasional detours into what could be considered
1674-565: The Nile Valley populations had been "marred by a confusion of race, language, and culture and by an accompanying racism". British Africanist Basil Davidson wrote in 1995 that a number of unsatisfactory labels are often attached—such as "Bushmen", "Negro", or "Negroid"—to indigenous, African populations. He was also critical of the Hamitic hypothesis and other categorisations of "North African stocks" as "white". Davidson further added that
1736-547: The Predynastic Period and 37 rectangular-shaped tombs were from Second Intermediate Period . Rest of them dated back to the Naqada III period. The tombs also contained the remains of adults and a baby (buried in a jar), a group of ovens, stoves, remnants of mud-brick foundations, funerary equipment, cylindrical, pear-shaped vessels and a bowl with geometric designs. In September 2021, archaeologists announce
1798-573: The Saite-Persian period in a partly damaged wooden coffin in Saqqara. The last time a similar mask was found was in 1939. The eyes were covered with obsidian , calcite , and black hued gemstone possibly onyx . "The finding of this mask could be called a sensation. Very few masks of precious metal have been preserved to the present day, because the tombs of most Ancient Egyptian dignitaries were looted in ancient times." said Hussein. In July 2018, archaeologists led by Zeinab Hashish announced
1860-501: The ancient necropolis of Saqqara containing a collection of scarab and cat mummies dating back to the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties. Three of the tombs were used for cats, some dating back more than 6,000 years, while one of four other sarcophagi was unsealed. With the remains of cat mummies were unearthed gilded and 100 wooden statues of cats and one in bronze dedicated to the cat goddess Bastet . In addition, funerary items dating back to
1922-470: The bending position and were not very well-preserved. In April 2019, archaeologists discovered 35 mummified remains of Egyptians in a tomb in Aswan . Italian archaeologist Patrizia Piacentini, professor of Egyptology at the University of Milan , and Khaled El-Enany, the Egyptian minister of antiquities reported that the tomb where the remains of ancient men, women and children were found, dates back to
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1984-425: The corresponding Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered by Jean-François Champollion , marking the beginning of modern Egyptology. With increasing knowledge of Egyptian writing, the study of ancient Egypt was able to proceed with greater academic rigour. Champollion, Thomas Young and Ippolito Rosellini were some of the first Egyptologists of wide acclaim. The German Karl Richard Lepsius was an early participant in
2046-628: The crumbling temple was decorated with palm leaf carvings and an incomplete sandstone panel that described a Roman emperor. According to researcher Abdel Badie, generally, the church with about 2.1 meters width contained oven that were used to bake pottery, four rooms, a long hall, stairs, and stone tiles. In April 2021, Egyptian archeologists announced the discovery of 110 burial tombs at the Koum el-Khulgan archeological site in Dakahlia Governorate . 68 oval-shaped tombs of them dated back to
2108-427: The discovery of a 2,000-year-old 30-ton black granite sarcophagus in Alexandria . It contained three damaged skeletons in red-brown sewage water. According to archaeologist Mostafa Waziri , the skeletons looked like a family burial with a middle-aged woman and two men. Researchers also revealed a small gold artifact and three thin sheets of gold. In September 2018, a sandstone sphinx statue was discovered at
2170-867: The discovery of at least 59 sealed sarcophagi with mummies more than 2,600 years old in Saqqara . Archaeologists also revealed the 20 statues of Ptah-Soker and a carved 35-centimeter tall bronze statue of god Nefertem . On 19 October 2020, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities announced the discovery of more than 2,500 years of colorful, sealed sarcophagi in Saqqara . The archaeological team unearthed gilded, wooden statues and more than 80 coffins. In November 2020, archaeologists unearthed more than 100 delicately painted wooden coffins and 40 funeral statues. The sealed, wooden coffins, some containing mummies, date as far back as 2,500 years. Other artifacts discovered include funeral masks, canopic jars and amulets. According to Khaled el-Anany, tourism and antiquities minister,
2232-513: The discovery of ritualistic tools used in religious rituals at the ancient site of Tel al-Fara in the Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate . Remains included a limestone pillar depicting goddess Hathor , some incense burners with the head of the god Horus . Hossam Ghanim, said: " The mission also discovered a huge building of polished limestone from the inside, representing a well for holy water used in daily rituals ". In May 2022,
2294-476: The discovery of the nearly 4,300-year-old tomb of an ancient Egyptian high-ranked person who handled royal, sealed documents of pharaoh was announced at Saqqara , Egypt. According to University of Warsaw 's Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology , the elaborately decorated tomb belonged to a man named Mehtjetju who served as a priest and an inspector of the royal property. Kamil O. Kuraszkiewicz, expedition director stated that Mehtjetju most likely lived at about
2356-522: The earliest copper deben. Based on this evidence, it was argued recently that copper and gold deben were used since Early Dynastic Period in ancient Egypt. Set of balance beams and weighing stones from 10 to 100 units, likely deben, was painted on the wall of the tomb of Third Dynasty official Hesy-Ra at Saqqara . Stone weights from the Old Kingdom have been found, weighing about 13.6 g (0.48 oz; 0.44 ozt), giving presumed value of
2418-464: The first Egyptologist. Some of the first historical accounts of Egypt were given by Herodotus , Strabo , Diodorus Siculus and the largely lost work of Manetho , an Egyptian priest, during the reign of Ptolemy I and Ptolemy II in the 3rd century BC. The Ptolemies were very interested in the work of the ancient Egyptians, and many of the Egyptian monuments, including the pyramids, were restored by them. The Ptolemies also built many new temples in
2480-493: The form of tongues placed for speaking with God Osiris afterlife. The mummies were depicted in different forms: one of them was wearing a crown , decorated with horns, and the cobra snake at the forehead and the other was depicted with gilded decorations representing the wide necklace. A team of archaeologists led by Zahi Hawass also found the funerary temple of Naert or Narat and warehouses made of bricks in Saqqara . Researchers also revealed that Narat's name engraved on
2542-550: The gold deben, e.g. the weighing stone of king Userkaf . The same unit was used for the jasper weighing stone of the First Intermediate Period king Nebkaure Khety . From the Middle Kingdom date deben weight units used for particular metals, referred to as copper deben and gold deben, the former being about twice as heavy (27 g (0.95 oz; 0.87 ozt)) as the latter. Such weights from
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2604-449: The investigations of Egypt—mapping, excavating and recording several sites. English Egyptologist Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) introduced archaeological techniques of field preservation, recording, and excavation to the field. Many highly educated amateurs also travelled to Egypt, including women such as Harriet Martineau and Florence Nightingale . Both of these left accounts of their travels, which revealed learned familiarity with all of
2666-521: The items date back to the Ptolemaic dynasty . One of the coffins was opened and a mummy was scanned with an X-ray, determining it was most likely a man about the age of 40. In January 2021, the Tourism and Antiquities Ministry announced the discovery of more than 50 wooden sarcophagi in 52 burial shafts which date back to the New Kingdom period and a 13 ft-long papyrus that contains texts from
2728-499: The latest European Egyptology. Howard Carter 's 1922 discovery of the tomb of 18th Dynasty King Tutankhamun brought a greater understanding of Egyptian relics and wide acclaim to the field. In the modern era, the Ministry of State for Antiquities controls excavation permits for Egyptologists to conduct their work. The field can now use geophysical methods and other applications of modern sensing techniques. In June 2000,
2790-415: The material remains from the area contained clay pots, the lower part of a sitting statue and part of a stone panel showing an offering table filled with a sheep and a goose which were the symbols of the god Amun. In July 2018, German-Egyptian researchers' team head by Ramadan Badry Hussein of the University of Tübingen reported the discovery of an extremely rare gilded burial mask that probably dates from
2852-513: The name of Ptolemy IV. In May 2020, Egyptian-Spanish archaeological mission head by Esther Ponce uncovered a unique cemetery dating back to the 26th Dynasty (so-called the El-Sawi era) at the site of ancient Oxyrhynchus . Archaeologists found tombstones, bronze coins, small crosses, and clay seals inside eight Roman-era tombs with domed and unmarked roofs. On 3 October 2020, Khalid el-Anany, Egypt's tourism and antiquities minister announced
2914-548: The other hand, it is documented that debens served to compare values. On the well-known Juridical stela from the reign of the Sixteenth Dynasty king Nebiryraw I , debt of 60 gold deben (consisting in fact of gold, copper, grain, and clothes as listed on the stela) was worth the governorship of el-Kab . In the 19th Dynasty , a slave girl priced four deben and one kite of silver was paid for with various goods: 6 bronze vessels, 10 deben of copper, 15 linen garments,
2976-582: The publication of Mémoires sur l'Égypte in 1800 and the more comprehensive Description de l'Egypte between 1809 and 1829. These recorded Egyptian flora, fauna, and history—making numerous ancient Egyptian source materials available to Europeans for the first time. The British captured Egypt from the French and gained the Rosetta Stone in 1801, the Greek script of which was translated by 1803. In 1822,
3038-465: The pyramid of Egyptian Pharaoh Djedkare Isesi , who ruled during that time. In July 2019, ancient granite columns and a smaller Greek temple, treasure-laden ships, along with bronze coins from the reign of Ptolemy II , pottery dating back to the third and fourth centuries BC were found at the sunken city of Heracleion . The investigations were conducted by Egyptian and European divers led by underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio . They also uncovered
3100-489: The role of colonial racism in shaping the attitudes of early Egyptologists, and criticised the continued over-representation of North American and European perspectives in the field. Cheikh Anta Diop in his work, "The African Origin of Civilization" argued that the prevailing views in Egyptology were driven by biased scholarship and colonial attitudes. Similarly, Bruce Trigger wrote that early modern scholarship on
3162-663: The ruins of the city's main temple off of Egypt's north coast. In September 2019, archaeologists announced the discovery of a 2,200-year-old temple believed to belong to the Ptolemy IV Philosopher of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Kom Shakau village of Tama township. Researchers also revealed limestone walls carved with inscriptions of Hapi, the Nile god, and inscriptions with fragments of text featuring
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#17327756921893224-534: The same time, at some point during the reigns of the first three rulers of the Sixth Dynasty : Teti , Userkare and Pepy I . In June 2022, archaeologists from The Cairo Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of an alabaster bust of Alexander the Great as well as molds and other materials for creating amulets for warriors and for statues of Alexander the Great. In July 2022, archaeologists from
3286-406: The site. In August 2017, archaeologists from the Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of five mud-brick tombs at Bir esh-Shaghala, dating back nearly 2,000 years. Researchers also revealed worn masks gilded with gold, several large jars and a piece of pottery with unsolved ancient Egyptian writing on it. In November 2017 (25 October 2000), the Egyptian mission in cooperation with
3348-621: The temple of Kom Ombo. The statue, measuring approximately 28 cm (11 in) in width and 38 cm (15 in) in height, likely dates to the Ptolemaic Dynasty . In September 2018, several dozen cache of mummies dating 2,000 years back were found in Saqqara by a team of Polish archaeologists led by Kamil Kuraszkiewicz from the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the University of Warsaw . In November 2018, an Egyptian archaeological mission located seven ancient Egyptian tombs at
3410-511: The title Deben . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deben&oldid=829884592 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Deben (unit) The earliest evidence for deben
3472-529: The traditional view that considered Egypt "more closely linked to the Near East than to the rest of Africa". In 2023, Christopher Ehret outlined that the previous two centuries of Western scholarship had presented Egypt as an "offshoot of earlier Middle Eastern developments". Although, he acknowledged that recent generations of scholars in Egypt and Nubia have been "uncovering extensive new bodies of evidence" which have dispelled older assumptions. However, Ehret continued to argue that these old ideas had influenced
3534-521: The view that ancient Egypt was clearly 'in Africa' it was not so clearly 'of Africa' as reflecting "long-standing Egyptological biases". He concluded that the interrelated cultural features shared between northeast African dynamic and Pharaonic Egypt are not "survivals" or coincidence, but shared traditions with common origins in the deep past". In 2021, Marc Van De Mieroop stated that "It was only recently that traditional scholarship started to acknowledge
3596-501: The walls of the building were all plastered in black and white. The L-shaped entrance portico had two limestone columns and was partly made of white limestone. Dozens of well-preserved beer jars and several well-made and red-lined vessels, seal impressions, including seals of the pharaohs who ruled during the fifth and sixth dynasties were also uncovered. One of the earliest seals might belonged to pharaoh Shepseskare , who ruled Egypt before Nyuserre . Various scholars have highlighted
3658-520: The years of plenty. A number of their accounts ( Itineraria ) have survived and offer insights into conditions in their respective time periods. Medieval Islamic scholars studied and preserved knowledge of Ancient Egypt by translating Ancient Egyptian texts into Arabic. This work helped people to understand ancient Egypt, which is often overlooked because of the focus of Greek and Roman studies. These Arabic scholars were key in preserving and sharing knowledge about Egypt, connecting ancient civilizations to
3720-467: Was about 6 meters deep and it was divided into separate parts by narrow bridges cut into the natural rock. Inside the main well there was a smaller and deeper shaft which contained two sarcophagi one inside the other where Wahibre-mery-Neith was buried. The external sarcophagus was made of white limestone while the internal coffin was made out of basalt rock measures 2.30 meters long and 1.98 meters wide. The inner sarcophagus contained an inscription from
3782-450: Was frequently used to denote value of goods, by comparing their worth to a weight of metal , generally silver or copper. The value of the metal artefacts was expressed by deben, and the weight equalled the value. It has been speculated that pieces of metal weighing a deben were kept in boxes, taken to markets, and were used as a means of exchange. Archaeologists have been unable to find any such standardized pieces of precious metal. On
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#17327756921893844-435: Was perhaps the first to hint at the phonetic importance of Egyptian hieroglyphs, demonstrating Coptic as a vestige of early Egyptian , for which he is considered a founder of Egyptology. Egyptology's modern history begins with the invasion of Egypt by Napoleon Bonaparte in the late 18th century. The Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799. The study of many aspects of ancient Egypt became more scientifically oriented with
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