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64-480: Dumbarton Bridge may refer to: Dumbarton Bridge (California) Dumbarton Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Old Dumbarton Bridge , built in 1765 in Dumbarton , Scotland Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dumbarton Bridge . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

128-508: A battalion of South Vietnamese infantry to attack a Viet Cong base, Halberstam was forbidden from doing any direct reporting; he was simply told to report the operation as a victory. Halberstam was enraged by this media control, as he expressed in a letter to Frederick Nolting , the Ambassador to South Vietnam. Halberstam wrote about the media blackout: "The reason given is security. This is, of course, stupid, naive and indeed insulting to

192-528: A controversial non-fiction subject: "Think about three or four moments that you believe to be the most important during your time frame. Then think about what the leadership did about it. It doesn't have to be complicated. What happened, and what did the leaders do about it? That's your book." Pulitzer Prize-winning Korean War correspondent Marguerite Higgins was pro-Diệm and frequently clashed with Halberstam and his colleagues. She claimed they had ulterior motives, saying "reporters here would like to see us lose

256-746: A feud with journalists Marguerite Higgins and Joseph Alsop , and TIME Magazine publisher Henry Luce , who all championed the Diem regime. All three had been members of the " China Lobby ", who had been, in the 1930s and 1940s, passionately committed to supporting the Kuomintang regime and believed that the only reason the Kuomintang lost the Chinese Civil War in 1949 was because a few American officials and journalists had chosen to "betray" Chiang Kai-shek , who otherwise would have defeated

320-523: A five-mile gap. Although the present situation has resulted in severe traffic problems on the bridge itself and in Menlo Park and East Palo Alto, Caltrans has been unable to upgrade the relevant portion of Highway 84 to freeway standards for several decades, due to opposition from the cities of Menlo Park, Atherton and Palo Alto . Freeway opponents fear that upgrading Highway 84 will encourage more people to live in southern Alameda County (where housing

384-794: A rebellious streak and as editor of the Harvard Crimson engaged in a competition to see which columnist could most offend readers. Halberstam's journalism career began at the Daily Times Leader in West Point , Mississippi , the smallest daily newspaper in Mississippi. He covered the beginnings of the Civil Rights Movement for The Tennessean in Nashville . John Lewis later stated that Halberstam

448-429: Is $ 7. During peak traffic hours, carpool vehicles carrying three or more people, clean air vehicles, or motorcycles may pay a discounted toll of $ 3.50 if they have FasTrak and use the designated carpool lane. Drivers must pay within 48 hours after crossing the bridge or they will be sent a toll violation invoice. No additional fees will be added to the toll violation if it is paid within 21 days. Prior to 1969, tolls on

512-734: Is more affordable) and commute to jobs in the mid-Peninsula area (where businesses wish to be located in order to be close to Silicon Valley ), thus increasing traffic in their neighborhoods to the south and west of U.S. 101 and even along State Routes 85 and 237. Bus service across the bridge is provided by the Dumbarton Express , run by a consortium of local transit agencies ( SamTrans , AC Transit , VTA and others) which connects to BART at Union City and Caltrain at Palo Alto and California Avenue. AC Transit also runs Transbay buses U ( Fremont BART and Amtrak to Stanford ) and DA (Ardenwood to Oracle and Facebook headquarters) across

576-574: The 1964 World Series between the New York Yankees and St. Louis Cardinals ; Playing for Keeps , an ambitious book on Michael Jordan in 1999 ; The Teammates: A Portrait of a Friendship , focusing on the relationships among several members of the Boston Red Sox in the 1940s; and The Education of a Coach , about New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick . Much of his sportswriting, particularly his baseball books, focuses on

640-770: The Palo Alto Baylands Nature Preserve . An accessible portion of the San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge lies immediately north of the western bridge terminus, where the Ravenswood trail runs. On both sides of the east end of the bridge are large salt ponds and levee trails belonging to the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge . The headquarters and visitor center for

704-697: The Quagmire theory ). Halberstam next wrote about President John F. Kennedy 's foreign-policy decisions on the Vietnam War in The Best and the Brightest . In 1972 Halberstam went to work on his next book, The Powers That Be , published in 1979 and featuring profiles of media titans like William S. Paley of CBS , Henry Luce of Time magazine, and Phil Graham of The Washington Post . In 1980 his brother, cardiologist Michael J. Halberstam ,

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768-698: The Republic of the Congo to report on the Congo Crisis . Although initially eager to cover the events in the country, over time he grew jaded over the demanding working conditions and the difficulty in handling Congolese officials' lack of truthfulness. In July 1962 he quickly accepted an opportunity to move to Vietnam to report on the Vietnam War for The New York Times . Halberstam arrived in Vietnam in

832-520: The brutal raids on Buddhist temples , which the American authorities had initially believed, but that the Special Forces , loyal to Diệm's brother and strategist Nhu , had done so to frame the army generals. He was also involved in a scuffle with Nhu's secret police after they punched fellow journalist Peter Arnett while the news men were covering a Buddhist protest. Seeing Arnett lying on

896-419: The 1960s, including the novel The Noblest Roman , The Making of a Quagmire and The Unfinished Odyssey of Robert Kennedy , he wrote three books in the 1970s, four books in the 1980s, and six books in the 1990s including his 1998 The Children which chronicled the 1959–1962 Nashville Student Movement . He wrote four more books in the 2000s, and was working on at least two others at the time of his death. In

960-527: The Bay are of pre-stressed lightweight concrete girders supporting a lightweight concrete deck. The center spans are twin steel trapezoidal girders which also support a lightweight concrete deck. The center span of the original bridge was demolished in a controlled explosion in September 1984. The bridge is part of State Route 84 , and is directly connected to Interstate 880 by a freeway segment north of

1024-717: The Communists. Reporters like Theodore White , who saw and exposed Chiang's corruption and indifference to China's peasants, were – to the China Lobby – defeatists and traitors. (White's insistence on covering the Chiang regime as he saw it would eventually destroy his relationship with Luce, who had been his patron and a close friend.) The China Lobby tended to approve of Diem for the same reasons that they approved of Chiang, seeing both as pro-Western, modernizing Christian leaders who made their respective nations into copies of

1088-473: The Dumbarton Bridge were collected in both directions. When it opened, the original 1927 span had a toll of $ 0.40 per car plus $ 0.05 per passenger. In 1959, tolls were set to $ 0.35 per car. It was raised to $ 0.70 in 1969, then $ 0.75 in 1976. The toll per car remained at $ 0.75 when the replacement bridge opened in the 1980s. The basic toll (for automobiles) on the seven state-owned bridges, including

1152-410: The Dumbarton Bridge, was raised to $ 1 by Regional Measure 1, approved by Bay Area voters in 1988. A $ 1 seismic retrofit surcharge was added in 1998 by the state legislature, originally for eight years, but since then extended to December 2037 (AB1171, October 2001). On March 2, 2004, voters approved Regional Measure 2, raising the toll by another dollar to a total of $ 3. An additional dollar was added to

1216-598: The Fremont end. There is no freeway connection between U.S. 101 and the southwest end of the Dumbarton Bridge. Motorists must traverse one of three at-grade routes to connect from the Bayshore Freeway to the bridge. These are (from northwest to southeast): The Willow Road and University Avenue junctions with Bayfront Expressway are at-grade intersections controlled by traffic lights; there are two additional controlled intersections at Chilco Road and Marsh Road, and

1280-697: The Marsh Road interchange on U.S. 101 is a parclo . The result is that Bayfront Expressway is frequently congested, and when not congested is often the site of high-speed car crashes. In 2007, author David Halberstam was killed in one such crash at the Willow Road intersection. Access to I-280 is available via State Route 84 to Woodside Road (as signed) or other arterial routes. There are no cross-Peninsula freeway connections between State Routes 92 and 84. In addition, there are no direct cross-Peninsula arterial routes between State Route 84 and Page Mill Road,

1344-735: The United States. In the same way the China Lobby portrayed Chiang as China's Christian savior because of his conversion to Methodism, and as someone who would presumably convert the rest of the Chinese to Christianity, they saw the Catholic Diem as Vietnam's Christian savior who likewise would convert the Vietnamese to Christianity. Both Higgins and Luce had been born in China to Protestant missionary parents and were very attracted to

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1408-534: The bridge. The free Stanford Marguerite Shuttle also runs buses AE-F and EB across the bridge. When the current bridge was planned in the 1970s, Caltrans conducted extensive environmental research on the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Principal concerns of the public were air pollution and noise pollution impacts, particularly in some residential areas of Menlo Park and East Palo Alto . Studies were conducted to produce contour maps of projected sound levels and carbon monoxide concentrations throughout

1472-604: The bridges. Caltrans administers the "second dollar" seismic surcharge, and receives some of the MTC-administered funds to perform other maintenance work on the bridges. The Bay Area Toll Authority is made up of appointed officials put in place by various city and county governments, and is not subject to direct voter oversight. Due to further funding shortages for seismic retrofit projects, the Bay Area Toll Authority again raised tolls on all seven of

1536-649: The country where she was a big star, adored by millions. In the spring of 1967, Halberstam traveled with Martin Luther King Jr. from New York City to Cleveland and then to Berkeley, California for a Harper's article, "The Second Coming of Martin Luther King". While at the Times , he gathered material for his book The Making of a Quagmire: America and Vietnam during the Kennedy Era (which developed

1600-690: The defeat of government troops at the first major battle of the Vietnam War known as the Battle of Ap Bac . President John F. Kennedy tried to get The New York Times to replace Halberstam with a more compliant journalist. The Times refused. During the Buddhist crisis in 1963, Halberstam and Neil Sheehan debunked the claim by the Diệm regime that the Army of the Republic of Vietnam regular forces had perpetrated

1664-468: The east end of the bridge, named in 1876 after Dumbarton, Scotland . Built originally to provide a shortcut for traffic originating in San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, the bridge served industrial and residential areas on both sides. The earlier bridge opened on January 17, 1927, and was the first vehicular bridge to cross San Francisco Bay. A portion of this old drawbridge remains as a fishing pier on

1728-467: The east side of the Bay. The original bridge was built with private capital and then purchased by the state for $ 2.5 million in 1951. Its age, and the two-lane undivided roadway and lift-span, led to a replacement bridge being built to the north. This bridge opened in October 1982 as a four-lane, high-level structure. The structure was re-striped to accommodate six lanes on October 18, 1989, in response to

1792-608: The end of the Cold War , the United States was likely to fall behind economically to other countries such as Japan and Germany. Later in his career, Halberstam turned to sports, publishing The Breaks of the Game , an inside look at Bill Walton and the 1979–80 Portland Trail Blazers basketball team; Summer of '49 , on the baseball pennant race battle between the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox ; October 1964 , on

1856-483: The ground being punched and kicked by policemen, Halberstam ran to his rescue, shouting in fury: "Go back, get back you sons of bitches or I'll beat the shit out of you!" As Halberstam spoke in English, the policemen did not understand him, but as he was much taller than the diminutive Vietnamese, the sight of him running at them, red-faced and furious, was enough to cause them to run away. Halberstam's reporting led to

1920-513: The idea of one day converting all of the Chinese to Christianity; Chiang's defeat in 1949 had caused them much bitterness. For many members of the China Lobby, South Vietnam was a sort of consolation prize for the " loss of China " in 1949. Halberstam's criticism of Diem sounded very similar to American journalists' criticism of Chiang in the 1940s, and it threatened the possibility of “losing” South Vietnam. This led to their furious attacks on Halberstam.   Before going to South Vietnam, Higgins

1984-489: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumbarton_Bridge&oldid=932802956 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Dumbarton Bridge (California) The bridge has never been officially named, but its commonly used name comes from Dumbarton Point near

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2048-504: The losing New York Giants in the 1958 game, and was titled The Glory Game , published by HarperCollins in October 2008 with an introduction dedicated to Halberstam. Howard Bryant in the Acknowledgments section of Juicing the Game , his 2005 book about steroids in baseball, said of Halberstam's assistance: "He provided me with a succinct road map and the proper mind-set." Bryant went on to quote Halberstam on how to tackle

2112-470: The middle of 1962. A tall and well built man, he conveyed much self-confidence and initially the American embassy approved of him. However, Halberstam was openly hostile to any hint of deception, and he soon came into conflict with American officials. When the chief American officer in South Vietnam, General Paul D. Harkins , launched an operation with 45 helicopters flown by American pilots landing

2176-413: The official, optimistic view of the war as inaccurate – and therefore fundamentally dishonest: "Among lower- and middle-ranking American and Vietnamese officials, there was the working level view," he wrote in his book, The Powers That Be . "It was a view shared by the American reporters. They could see what was really going on, and they refused, in their reporting, to fake it.... The American government

2240-457: The patriotism and intelligence of every American newspaperman, and every American newspaper represented here." Halberstam argued that the operation could not have been the victory that Harkins had claimed as the Viet Cong must have heard the helicopters coming and accordingly retreated as guerrillas normally do when faced with superior force, leading him to write: "You can bet the V.C. knew what

2304-599: The personalities of the players and the times they lived in as much as on the games themselves. In particular, Halberstam depicted the 1949 Yankees and Red Sox as symbols of a nobler era, when blue-collar athletes modestly strove to succeed and enter the middle class rather than making millions and defying their owners and talking back to the press. In 1997, Halberstam received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College . After publishing four books in

2368-760: The rail bridge for the commuter rail service, but in October 2008 the Metropolitan Transportation Commission transferred $ 91 million from this project to the BART Warm Springs extension in Fremont. Between the Dumbarton Bridge and the Dumbarton Rail Bridge is the Bay crossing of the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct . The aqueduct rises above ground in Newark at the east side of the Bay, falls below

2432-593: The rail bridge has been unused since 1982 and its western approach collapsed in a fire in 1998. When the bridge was in use, boaters would signal the operator, who would start a diesel engine and rotate the bridge to the open position on a large gear. The bridge is now left in the open position as shown. There are plans for a new rail bridge and rehabilitation of the rail line to serve a commuter rail service to connect Union City, Fremont , and Newark to various Peninsula destinations. A successful March 2004 regional transportation ballot measure included funding to rehabilitate

2496-558: The real reason for refusing Halberstam permission to enter North Vietnam was the belief by the North Vietnamese that he might be an American spy. Halberstam received the George Polk Award for Foreign Reporting in 1963 for his reporting for The New York Times , including his eyewitness account of the self-immolation of Vietnamese Buddhist monk, Thích Quảng Đức . Halberstam left Vietnam in 1964, at age 30, and

2560-534: The refuge is on a hill south of the bridge approach. North of the east end of the bridge is Coyote Hills Regional Park , with its network of trails running over tall hills. North of that is the Alameda Creek Regional Trail from the Bay to Niles Canyon . East of Coyote Hills is Ardenwood Historic Farm , a restored working farm that preserves and displays turn-of-the-century farming methods Tolls are only collected from westbound traffic at

2624-490: The son of Blanche (nee Levy) and Charles A. Halberstam, schoolteacher and Army surgeon. His family was Jewish . He was raised in Winsted, Connecticut , where he was a classmate of Ralph Nader . Halberstam moved to Yonkers, New York , and graduated from Roosevelt High School in 1951. In 1955, he graduated from Harvard College with an A.B. degree after serving as managing editor of The Harvard Crimson . Halberstam had

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2688-511: The state-owned bridges in July 2010. The toll rate for autos on the Dumbarton Bridge was thus increased to $ 5. In June 2018, Bay Area voters approved Regional Measure 3 to further raise the tolls on all seven of the state-owned bridges to fund $ 4.5 billion worth of transportation improvements in the area. Under the passed measure, the toll rate for autos on the Dumbarton Bridge was increased to $ 6 on January 1, 2019, and to $ 7 on January 1, 2022, and

2752-614: The temporary closing of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge due to the Loma Prieta earthquake , and the permanent widening of the approaches was completed by July 2003. The cost of the complete replacement project was $ 200 million. The current bridge includes a two-way bicycle and separate pedestrian path on the south-facing side. A 340 ft (104 m) center span provides 85 ft (26 m) of vertical clearance for shipping. The approach spans on both sides of

2816-457: The toll plaza on the east side of the bay. All-electronic tolling has been in effect since 2020, and drivers may either pay using the FasTrak electronic toll collection device, using the license plate tolling program, or via a one time payment online. Effective January 1, 2022 – December 31, 2024  ( 2022-01-01  – 2024-12-31 ) , the toll rate for passenger cars

2880-505: The toll rate will increase again to $ 8 on January 1, 2025. In September 2019, the MTC approved a $ 4 million plan to eliminate toll takers and convert all seven of the state-owned bridges to all-electronic tolling , citing that 80 percent of drivers are now using Fastrak and the change would improve traffic flow. On March 20, 2020, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic , all-electronic tolling

2944-493: The toll starting January 1, 2007, to cover cost overruns concerning the replacement of the eastern span. The Metropolitan Transportation Commission , a regional transportation agency, in its capacity as the Bay Area Toll Authority , administers RM1 and RM2 funds, a significant portion of which are allocated to public transit capital improvements and operating subsidies in the transportation corridors served by

3008-672: The wake of the September 11 attacks , Halberstam wrote the book Firehouse about the lives of the men from Engine 40, Ladder 35 of the New York City Fire Department . The last book Halberstam completed, The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War , was published posthumously in September 2007. Halberstam died in a traffic collision on April 23, 2007, in Menlo Park, California , at the age of 73. He

3072-520: The war to prove they're right." In the Vietnam conflict, Halberstam's reporting for The New York Times led many, including Times editors, to believe that Buddhists were a majority of the Vietnamese population and that the Diệm administration was therefore a minority suppressing a majority. In fact, only 30% of Vietnamese were practicing Buddhists at the time. "The myth of the gravity of the Buddhist crisis

3136-405: The water's surface at a pump station in Fremont, re-emerges in the middle of the Bay and then continues above water until it reaches the west side of the Bay at Menlo Park. A scene of the 1971 movie Harold and Maude was filmed at the original toll plaza and showed Maude speeding and disobeying a police officer. David Halberstam David Halberstam (April 10, 1934 – April 23, 2007)

3200-463: The western approaches, for each alternative connection scheme. The area around the bridge is an important ecological area, hosting many species of birds, fish and mammals. The endangered species California clapper rail is known to be present in the western bridge terminus area. Near the bridge on the Peninsula are Menlo Park's Bayfront Park, East Palo Alto's Ravenswood Open Space Preserve, and

3264-537: Was a 12-year marriage to one of the most popular young actresses of that time, Elżbieta Czyżewska , on June 13, 1965. Initially well received by the communist regime, two years later he was expelled from the country as persona non grata for publishing an article in The New York Times criticizing the Polish government. Czyżewska followed him, becoming an outcast herself; that decision disrupted her career in

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3328-431: Was also a point of contention." Halberstam's reporting made the crisis seem much more mainstream than it was. Historian Mark Moyar claimed that Halberstam, along with fellow journalists Neil Sheehan and Stanley Karnow , helped to bring about the 1963 South Vietnamese coup against President Diệm by sending negative information on Diệm to the U.S. government in news articles and in private, all because they decided Diệm

3392-468: Was an American writer, journalist, and historian, known for his work on the Vietnam War , politics, history, the Civil Rights Movement , business, media, American culture, Korean War , and later, sports journalism . He won a Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1964. Halberstam was killed in a car crash in 2007 while doing research for a book. Halberstam was born in New York City ,

3456-787: Was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting that year. He is interviewed in the 1968 documentary film on the Vietnam War, titled In the Year of the Pig . In the mid-1960s, Halberstam covered the Civil Rights Movement for The New York Times . He was sent on assignment to Poland, where he soon became "an attraction from behind the Iron Curtain" to the artistic boheme in Warsaw. The result of that fascination

3520-681: Was briefed by Marine General, Victor "Brute" Krulak , about what line she was to take. In her first column from Saigon, Higgins called the younger American journalists like Halberstam and Sheenan, "typewriter strategists" who rarely went into battle, further adding: "Reporters here would like to see us lose the war to prove they're right." In response to editors of The New York Times who told Halberstam to change his coverage to gain Higgins's approval, he wrote back: "If you mention that woman's name to me one more time I will resign, repeat resign, and I mean it, repeat, mean it." More dangerous to Halberstam

3584-437: Was criticism of Alsop owing to his friendship with the Kennedy brothers. In his columns, Alsop, without naming Halberstam explicitly, mentioned a young reporter from The New York Times who was a "defeatist" who never reported the good news from "Vietnam's fighting front." Halberstam ridiculed Alsop's statement about the "fighting front" as reflecting the ignorance of someone who did not understand guerrilla warfare, where there

3648-400: Was en route to an interview with former San Francisco 49ers and New York Giants quarterback Y. A. Tittle for a book about the 1958 championship game between the Giants and the Baltimore Colts, when the journalism student driving Halberstam to the interview illegally turned into oncoming traffic. After Halberstam's death, the book project was taken over by Frank Gifford , who had played for

3712-451: Was fighting less a war than a public relations campaign." Halberstam tried to visit North Vietnam. Halberstam asked Mieczysław Maneli , the Polish Commissioner to the International Control Commission, if he would be able to arrange for him to visit North Vietnam. However, Maneli had to tell him that the message from Premier Phạm Văn Đồng was that "We are not interested in building up the prestige of American journalists". Maneli suspected

3776-432: Was happening. You can bet Hanoi knew what was happening. Only American reporters and American readers were kept ignorant." With the help of military sources like John Paul Vann , an active duty officer in Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), Halberstam, along with colleagues Neil Sheehan of UPI and Malcolm Brown of the AP, challenged the upbeat reporting of the United States mission in South Vietnam. They reported

3840-413: Was no "front" in the sense that Alsop had used the word. In Halberstam's view, Higgins and Alsop weren't doing any reporting on the ground, they were merely flying into Saigon occasionally to interview US officials and transmit those comments to their American readers. In effect, Halberstam wrote, Higgins and Alsop came to Vietnam "not so much to report on the war as to strengthen policy." Halberstam saw

3904-438: Was placed in effect for all seven state-owned toll bridges. The MTC then installed new systems at all seven bridges to make them permanently cashless by the start of 2021. In April 2022, the Bay Area Toll Authority announced plans to remove all remaining unused toll booths and create an open-road tolling system which functions at highway speeds. Just to the south of the car bridge lies the Dumbarton Rail Bridge . Built in 1910,

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3968-469: Was shot and killed during a home invasion by escaped convict and prolific burglar Bernard C. Welch Jr. His only public comment related to his brother's murder came when he and Michael's widow castigated Life magazine, then published monthly, for paying Michael's killer $ 9,000 to pose in jail for color photographs that appeared on inside pages of the February 1981 edition of Life . In 1991 Halberstam wrote The Next Century , in which he argued that, after

4032-467: Was the only journalist in Nashville who would cover the Nashville sit-ins , organized by the Nashville Student Movement which Halberstam focused on in his 1998 book The Children . Halberstam's fiery, rebellious streak first came out when covering the civil rights movement as he protested against the lies of the authorities who portrayed the civil rights protesters as violent and dangerous. In August 1961 , The New York Times dispatched Halberstam to

4096-582: Was unhelpful in the war effort. Moyar claims that much of this information was false or misleading. Moyar argues that Halberstram and Karnow relied too heavily on Pham Ngoc Thao and Pham Xuan An as sources: both men were undercover communist spies assigned to mislead journalists. Newspaper opinion editor Michael Young posits that Halberstam saw Vietnam as a moral tragedy, with America's hubris bringing about its downfall. Young writes that Halberstam reduced everything to human will , turning his subjects into agents of broader historical forces and coming off like

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