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56-684: Dunaújváros is located in the Transdanubian part of the Great Hungarian Plain (called Mezőföld), 70 kilometres (43 miles) south of Budapest on the Danube , Highway 6, Motorways M6 , M8 and the electrified Budapest- Pusztaszabolcs -Dunaújváros- Paks railway. The city replaced the village of Dunapentele ("Pantaleon up on the Danube"), named after Saint Pantaleon . The construction of this new industrial city started in 1949 and

112-509: A structural functionalism , but the ideological function resulted in classicist decorations, like columns, tympanums and arcades, because of which the informal name of the style became 'Stalin's Baroque' . In 1956, the construction was hindered by an earthquake and a flood, and in October by the start of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . During the revolution the city used its historical name Dunapentele again. The Rákóczi radio station, which

168-410: A blank wall (514a–b). The people watch shadows projected on the wall by things passing in front of a fire behind them and begin to ascribe forms to these shadows, using language to identify their world (514c–515a). According to the allegory, the shadows are as close as the prisoners get to viewing reality, until one of them finds his way into the outside world where he sees the actual objects that produced

224-486: A city with county rights (along with Hódmezővásárhely , which is in a similar situation). The ISD DUNAFERR (formerly: Dunai Vasmű) factory complex is still is an important enterprise in the Hungarian steel industry, and a major employer (as of 2020, it has 4,500 employees) in the area. Today, Dunaújváros is home to many new infrastructures ( Pentele Bridge , direct M6-M8 highway link between Budapest and Dunaújváros),

280-503: A consequence of Stalin's death (1953) and the Hungarian Revolution (1956). In 1990 it became a city with county rights—as one of the then four, (now five) cities in the country that have this status but are not county capitals—in accordance with a new law that granted this status to all cities with a population over 50,000. Even though the population of Dunaújváros has been under 50,000 since 2008, it has kept its status as

336-419: A meaning with moral or political significance. Authors have used allegory throughout history in all forms of art to illustrate or convey complex ideas and concepts in ways that are comprehensible or striking to its viewers, readers, or listeners. Writers and speakers typically use allegories to convey (semi-) hidden or complex meanings through symbolic figures, actions, imagery, or events, which together create

392-625: A new royal capital at Buda , next to the Danube . The region's rich medieval heritage is seen everywhere from the little village churches to the old castles, monasteries and town houses. In the Ottoman era (16th-17th centuries), the eastern and southern part of Transdanubia came under Turkish rule. The ever changing border ran along the Transdanubian Mountains and the southern shore of the Lake Balaton. The dangerous border

448-666: A plot-driven fantasy narrative in an extended fable with talking animals and broadly sketched characters, intended to discuss the politics of the time. Yet, George MacDonald emphasized in 1893 that "A fairy tale is not an allegory." J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings is another example of a well-known work mistakenly perceived as allegorical, as the author himself once stated, "...I cordially dislike allegory in all its manifestations, and always have done so since I grew old and wary enough to detect its presence. I much prefer history – true or feigned – with its varied applicability to

504-562: Is Pintér Tamás ( Jobbik ). The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections , is made up of 15 members (1 Mayor, 10 Individual constituencies MEPs and 4 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances: The most popular sport is ice hockey , and the city is home to the Steel Bulls (which plays at the Ice Hockey Stadium of Dunaújváros ). The second most popular sport in

560-578: Is a NUTS territorial unit in the European Union, consisting of Central Transdanubia , Western Transdanubia and Southern Transdanubia (see NUTS:HU ). Pest county and Budapest belong to the region of Central Hungary . It has an area of 37,000 km and a population of around 3.1 million. The territory of the region is 38,000 km , and it comprises almost half of the whole territory of Hungary. In terms of historical geography it also comprised major part of northern Pannonia , and thus

616-626: Is a traditional region of Hungary . It is also referred to as Hungarian Pannonia , or Pannonian Hungary. The borders of Transdanubia are the Danube River (north and east), the Drava and Mura rivers (south), and the foothills of the Alps roughly along the border between Hungary and Austria (west). Transdanubia comprises the counties of Győr-Moson-Sopron , Komárom-Esztergom , Fejér , Veszprém , Vas , Zala , Somogy , Tolna , Baranya and

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672-418: Is a figurative approach, relying on a set of concepts associated with key terms in order to create an allegorical decoding of the text." Allegory has an ability to freeze the temporality of a story, while infusing it with a spiritual context. Mediaeval thinking accepted allegory as having a reality underlying any rhetorical or fictional uses. The allegory was as true as the facts of surface appearances. Thus,

728-509: Is complex, since it demands we observe the distinction between two often conflated uses of the Greek verb "allēgoreīn," which can mean both "to speak allegorically" and "to interpret allegorically." In the case of "interpreting allegorically," Theagenes appears to be our earliest example. Presumably in response to proto-philosophical moral critiques of Homer (e.g., Xenophanes fr. 11 Diels-Kranz ), Theagenes proposed symbolic interpretations whereby

784-403: Is one of the newest cities in the country. It was built in the 1950s during the industrialization of the country under Socialist rule, as a new city next to an already existing village, Dunapentele . Dunapentele was not built on until the 1950s. The construction started on the Danube 's right bank. The area has been inhabited since ancient times. When Western Hungary was a Roman province under

840-755: The Age of Migrations it was occupied by the Huns , Ostrogoths , Lombards , Gepids , Avars , Franks and the Slavic peoples . In 900 Pannonia was occupied by the Magyars and after 1000 became part of the Kingdom of Hungary . Transdanubia has been one of the most important regions of Hungary since the 11th century. Esztergom has been the ecclesiastical capital of the country since 1001 until today, and Stephen I of Hungary established his royal seat at Székesfehérvár , later

896-593: The People's Republic of Hungary (1949–1989), new industrial cities were built at Tatabánya , Dunaújváros , Ajka and Komló , and new industries and factories were established, for example Hungary's only atomic power plant at Paks . In Pécs , uranium was mined and big industrial suburbs were built. One of the most famous plant of Socialist Hungary, the Ikarus Bus was established in Székesfehérvár . After

952-465: The 12th-century works of Hugh of St Victor and Edward Topsell 's Historie of Foure-footed Beastes (London, 1607, 1653) and its replacement in the study of nature with methods of categorisation and mathematics by such figures as naturalist John Ray and the astronomer Galileo is thought to mark the beginnings of early modern science. Since meaningful stories are nearly always applicable to larger issues, allegories may be read into many stories which

1008-565: The 1950s, public transport was organized, with buses carrying 24,000 passengers each day. During the 1950s many cultural and sports facilities were built, the Endre Ságvári Primary School being the largest school in Central Europe in the 1960s. The official and obligatory architectural style and art movement of the communist system was socialist realism . Per definition the style's meaning was communist, its form

1064-776: The European-like developments were continuous. Here the 17th century was the period of the Catholic Counter-Reformation , the fights for national independence from the Habsburgs and the formation of a new, powerful Catholic aristocracy. In 1686 the allied Habsburg, Polish and Bavarian army reconquered Buda and terminated the Ottoman rule. In the 18th century the region was slowly rebuilt, and many new settlers (Magyars, Germans, Poles, Slovaks, and Croatians) arrived. Famous baroque castles were built to show

1120-639: The Gods of the Iliad actually stood for physical elements. So, Hephestus represents Fire, for instance (for which see fr. A2 in Diels-Kranz ). Some scholars, however, argue that Pherecydes cosmogonic writings anticipated Theagenes allegorical work, illustrated especially by his early placement of Time (Chronos) in his genealogy of the gods, which is thought to be a reinterpretation of the titan Kronos, from more traditional genealogies. In classical literature two of

1176-550: The Hungarian- Yugoslavian relations worsened, and this new site was chosen, farther away from the Yugoslav border. The city was designed to have 25,000 residents. The construction of the city began on May 2, 1950, near Dunapentele. Within one year more than 1,000 housing units were built and construction on the factory complex began. The city officially took the name of Joseph Stalin on April 4, 1952; its name

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1232-554: The Papal Bull Unam Sanctam (1302) presents themes of the unity of Christendom with the pope as its head in which the allegorical details of the metaphors are adduced as facts on which is based a demonstration with the vocabulary of logic: " Therefore of this one and only Church there is one body and one head—not two heads as if it were a monster... If, then, the Greeks or others say that they were not committed to

1288-626: The Promised Land. Also allegorical is Ezekiel 16 and 17, wherein the capture of that same vine by the mighty Eagle represents Israel's exile to Babylon. Allegorical interpretation of the Bible was a common early Christian practice and continues. For example, the recently re-discovered Fourth Commentary on the Gospels by Fortunatianus of Aquileia has a comment by its English translator: "The principal characteristic of Fortunatianus' exegesis

1344-452: The assembly", which originates from ἀγορά ( agora ), "assembly". Northrop Frye discussed what he termed a "continuum of allegory", a spectrum that ranges from what he termed the "naive allegory" of the likes of The Faerie Queene , to the more private allegories of modern paradox literature . In this perspective, the characters in a "naive" allegory are not fully three-dimensional, for each aspect of their individual personalities and of

1400-429: The author may not have recognized. This is allegoresis, or the act of reading a story as an allegory. Examples of allegory in popular culture that may or may not have been intended include the works of Bertolt Brecht , and even some works of science fiction and fantasy, such as The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis . The story of the apple falling onto Isaac Newton 's head is another famous allegory. It simplified

1456-590: The automobile industry with the establishment of the Suzuki , Audi and Opel factories. On the other hand, some rural regions remained impoverished, especially in Southern Transdanubia and along the River Drave . Allegory As a literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent

1512-702: The beginnings of the 18th century. The boundaries of these counties, established by Stephen I of Hungary , remained unchanged for almost 900 years until 1920. Transdanubia has been populated since the Stone Age . Between 10 BCE and 434 CE, it was part of the Roman Empire . With some present-day Austrian and Croatian territories, it comprised the Province of Pannonia , a romanised, Latin-speaking border region with important Roman towns ( Scarbantia , Aquincum , Sopianae , Gorsium , Savaria ) and rural villas. In

1568-519: The best-known allegories are the Cave in Plato's The Republic (Book VII) and the story of the stomach and its members in the speech of Menenius Agrippa ( Livy ii. 32). Among the best-known examples of allegory, Plato 's Allegory of the Cave , forms a part of his larger work The Republic . In this allegory, Plato describes a group of people who have lived chained in a cave all of their lives, facing

1624-655: The book would not have ended with the Ring being destroyed but rather with an arms race in which various powers would try to obtain such a Ring for themselves. Then Tolkien went on to outline an alternative plot for "Lord of The Rings", as it would have been written had such an allegory been intended, and which would have made the book into a dystopia . While all this does not mean Tolkien's works may not be treated as having allegorical themes, especially when reinterpreted through postmodern sensibilities, it at least suggests that none were conscious in his writings. This further reinforces

1680-616: The care of Peter and his successors, they necessarily confess that they are not of the sheep of Christ." This text also demonstrates the frequent use of allegory in religious texts during the Mediaeval Period, following the tradition and example of the Bible. In the late 15th century, the enigmatic Hypnerotomachia , with its elaborate woodcut illustrations, shows the influence of themed pageants and masques on contemporary allegorical representation, as humanist dialectic conveyed them. The denial of medieval allegory as found in

1736-444: The considerable memento of communism. Many of the half-century-old buildings have received the protection of historic monuments, and the town is in the focus of growing touristic interest. In 2001 Dunaújváros had 55,309 residents (92.5% Hungarian , 0.6% Romani , 0.6% German , 6.3% other). Religions: 38.9% Roman Catholic , 8.3% Calvinist , 2% Lutheran , 37.8% Atheist , 0.2% other, 12.8% no answer. The current mayor of Dunaújváros

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1792-529: The coronation town of the kings. Transdanubia was also the cradle of the Hungarian higher education. The first college was established in Veszprém, and the first university was established in Pécs in 1367. Other important medieval cities were Veszprém , Pécs , Győr and Sopron . After the devastating Mongol invasion (see Mongol invasion of Europe ) new castles were built, and King Béla IV of Hungary established

1848-405: The events that befall them embodies some moral quality or other abstraction; the author has selected the allegory first, and the details merely flesh it out. The origins of allegory can be traced at least back to Homer in his "quasi-allegorical" use of personifications of, e.g., Terror (Deimos) and Fear (Phobos) at Il. 115 f. The title of "first allegorist", however, is usually awarded to whoever

1904-399: The fall of socialism, northern Transdanubia was more successful at adapting to the new economic situation than other parts of Hungary (except Budapest ) and most of the foreign investment came here to help the radical economic renewal. In the 1990s, Székesfehérvár was counted as probably the economically most successful Hungarian town. Esztergom , Győr and Szentgotthárd became centers of

1960-591: The freedom fight in 1848–49. After the Second World War the new, Communist government started a major industrialisation programme, in support of its rearmament efforts. In 1949 Dunaújváros was chosen as the site of the largest iron and steel works in the country. The focus on steel production had the purpose of arming the socialist territories in fear of a third world war. With a strong steel industry they could quickly stock up on weaponry and machinery. Originally they were to be built close to Mohács , but

2016-404: The freedom fight led by Prince Ferenc II Rákóczi of Transylvania , the place was deserted again. In the 18th century the village began to prosper. In 1830 the village was given the right to hold markets days twice a week. In 1831 there was a cholera epidemic and which caused a small scale peasants revolt. In 1833 Pentele was granted town status (oppidum) by Ferdinand V. The citizens took part in

2072-475: The idea of gravity by depicting a simple way it was supposedly discovered. It also made the scientific revelation well known by condensing the theory into a short tale. While allegoresis may make discovery of allegory in any work, not every resonant work of modern fiction is allegorical, and some are clearly not intended to be viewed this way. According to Henry Littlefield's 1964 article, L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , may be readily understood as

2128-662: The information a fifth-century upper-class male needed to know into an allegory of the wedding of Mercury and Philologia , with the seven liberal arts the young man needed to know as guests. Also, the Neoplatonic philosophy developed a type of allegorical reading of Homer and Plato. Other early allegories are found in the Hebrew Bible , such as the extended metaphor in Psalm 80 of the vine and its impressive spread and growth, representing Israel's conquest and peopling of

2184-577: The middle of Transdanubia lies the biggest freshwater lake of Central Europe, the Lake Balaton . Other importants lakes are the Lake Velence and the Lake Fertő . Historically the counties of Transdanubia were Moson , Győr , Sopron , Vas , Zala , Veszprém , Fejér , Komárom , Esztergom , Somogy , Tolna and Baranya . They comprised the so called Districtus Trans-Danubianus from

2240-578: The moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey. Many allegories use personification of abstract concepts. First attested in English in 1382, the word allegory comes from Latin allegoria , the latinisation of the Greek ἀλληγορία ( allegoría ), "veiled language, figurative", literally "speaking about something else", which in turn comes from ἄλλος ( allos ), "another, different" and ἀγορεύω ( agoreuo ), "to harangue, to speak in

2296-409: The name Pannonia , a military camp and a town called Intercisa stood in this place, at the border of the province. The Hungarians conquered the area in the early 10th century. The village of Pentele , named after the medieval Greek saint, Pantaleon , was founded shortly after. Between 1541 and 1688 the village was under Ottoman rule, and during the 150-year war it was completely destroyed. During

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2352-453: The new South Korean Hankook factory, Europe's biggest tire factory of Hankook , and Hamburger Hungaria , one of the largest containerboard manufacturers in Europe. This and other projects make Dunaújváros a new Hungarian boomtown. Thanks to its formal political and economic importance, the communist urban design , the socialist realist architecture and its unique atmosphere the town is

2408-608: The original village was renamed Sztálinváros (" Stalin City") in 1951. After the Hungarian revolution of 1956 the new government renamed the city the neutral Dunaújváros in 1961, which means "Danube New City" (New City on the Danube). The city is also known by alternative names in other languages: German : Neustadt an der Donau ; Latin : Intercisa ; and Serbian : Пантелија , romanized :  Pantelija . Dunaújváros

2464-413: The part of Pest that lies west of the Danube. (In the early Middle Ages the latter was known as Pilis county .) This article deals with Transdanubia in this geographical meaning. While the northern, eastern and southern borders of the region are clearly marked by the Danube and Drava rivers, the western border was always identical with the political boundary of Hungary, therefore it was affected by

2520-799: The power of the big landowner families, for example the Esterházys in Fertőd and the Festetics in Keszthely . The baroque townscape of the cities survived until today in Győr, Székesfehérvár, Pécs, etc. In the 19th century Trandanubia underwent a capitalist development. Due to its closeness of Austria it became again the richest part of the country, and – at least after the public opinion – more "European" and Western-like than any other region of Hungary or most regions of post-communist Central Europe . Under

2576-507: The shadows. He tries to tell the people in the cave of his discovery, but they do not believe him and vehemently resist his efforts to free them so they can see for themselves (516e–518a). This allegory is, on a basic level, about a philosopher who upon finding greater knowledge outside the cave of human understanding, seeks to share it as is his duty, and the foolishness of those who would ignore him because they think themselves educated enough. In Late Antiquity Martianus Capella organized all

2632-784: The term Hungarian Pannonia refers to this region. The terrain is very varied with gentle hills, valleys, basins, mountains and plains. The main geographical formations are the Transdanubian Mountains , the southern half of the Little Alföld , the Alpokalja , the Transdanubian Hills , and the Mezőföld (part of the Great Alföld ). The main rivers are the Danube, Drava, Rába , Zala , and Kapos . In

2688-602: The territorial changes of the 20th century. Before the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 the present-day regions of Burgenland , Prekmurje and Međimurje were integral parts of Transdanubia. The three villages of Rusovce , Jarovce and Čunovo also belonged to Transdanubia before the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947. Transdanubia is essentially a Hungarian geographical concept so these areas ceased to be parts of it when they were annexed by neighbouring countries. Transdanubia

2744-421: The thought and experience of readers. I think that many confuse applicability with allegory, but one resides in the freedom of the reader, and the other in the purposed domination of the author." Tolkien specifically resented the suggestion that the book's One Ring , which gives overwhelming power to those possessing it, was intended as an allegory of nuclear weapons . He noted that, had that been his intention,

2800-774: The town is football . The town has one team playing in the top-level league, the Nemzeti Bajnokság I , the Dunaújváros PASE . However the most well-known team is the defunct Dunaújváros FC which also won the 1999–2000 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season. The women's water polo team of Dunaújvárosi FVE won the 2018 edition of the LEN Trophy . Dunaújváros is twinned with: Transdanubia Transdanubia ( Hungarian : Dunántúl [ˈdunaːntuːl] ; German : Transdanubien , Croatian : Prekodunavlje or Zadunavlje , Slovak : Zadunajsko )

2856-514: Was Sztálinváros 'Stalin City' as a parallel to Stalingrad in the USSR. The metal works (formerly called: Dunai Vasmű, now ISD DUNAFERR ) were opened in 1954. The city had a population of 27,772 at this time; 85% of them lived in nice, comfortable apartments, while about 4,200 people still lived in uncomfortable barracks which originally provided "homes" for the construction workers. In the middle of

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2912-454: Was created by the revolutionaries, broadcast from Dunapentele (in fact from a bus that was constantly moving around in the city so that it couldn't be located.) Even though the citizens of Dunapentele tried to defend their city, the Soviet army occupied the city on November 7, 1956. The city came under martial law and Soviet tanks were stationed throughout the city. After the revolution the city

2968-462: Was guarded by frontier-fortresses ( végvár ), the most important of which were Győr and Nagykanizsa . The Asian-style Ottoman rule and the constant war had devastating effects: dozens of villages were destroyed, the population was decimated and parts of the region became almost totally deserted. The territories belonging to the Royal Hungary (except the border regions) were more lucky, because

3024-437: Was national, and its preferred mode of representation was the allegory . There are several public statues and reliefs in the town, which represent the allegoric union of workers, peasants and intellectuals, surrounded by traditional folk motifs. Thanks to the inspiration of Bauhaus the buildings and monuments of this era (1949–56), like the forge, the cinema, the theatre, the hospital and the city's schools where characterized by

3080-614: Was still the "trademark city" of socialism in Hungary, and was presented as such to foreign visitors. Among the visitors were Yuri Gagarin and the Indonesian president Sukarno . The city also provided a scenic backdrop to popular movies. In 1960, the ten-year-old city already had 31,000 residents who celebrated its anniversary. On November 26, 1961, the city's name was changed to Dunaújváros (Duna|új|város meaning Danube-new-city ; "New City upon Danube ". See also Tiszaújváros ) as

3136-416: Was the earliest to put forth allegorical interpretations of Homer. This approach leads to two possible answers: Theagenes of Rhegium (whom Porphyry calls the "first allegorist," Porph. Quaest. Hom. 1.240.14–241.12 Schrad.) or Pherecydes of Syros, both of whom are presumed to be active in the 6th century B.C.E., though Pherecydes is earlier and as he is often presumed to be the first writer of prose. The debate

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