63-579: EBU R 128 is a recommendation for loudness normalisation and maximum level of audio signals. It is primarily followed during audio mixing of television and radio programmes and adopted by broadcasters to measure and control programme loudness. It was first issued by the European Broadcasting Union in August 2010 and most recently revised in August 2020. R 128 employs an international standard for measuring audio loudness, stated in
126-399: A digital audio workstation . Two principal types of audio normalization exist. Peak normalization adjusts the recording based on the highest signal level present in the recording. Loudness normalization adjusts the recording based on perceived loudness . Normalization differs from dynamic range compression , which applies varying levels of gain over a recording to fit the level within
189-747: A $ 1 billion termination fee per their merger agreement. On June 17, 2024, the US Federal Trade Commission together with the US Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against Adobe for its subscription business model practice, citing hidden termination fees and the company pushing customers towards more expensive plans. In June 2024, after facing backlash for its changes to the terms of service , Adobe updated them to explicitly pledge it will not use customer data to train its AI models. Adobe's currently supported roster of software, online services and file formats comprises
252-410: A combination of the words production and loudness . The group first developed evaluation and measurement methods to guide the development of appropriate measurement instruments in the industry. It drafted a technical document to enable broadcasters and programme producers to change their sound processing to the new recommendation, while another technical document dealt with the procedures to follow in
315-542: A definitive agreement to acquire Frame.io, a leading cloud-based video collaboration platform. The transaction is valued at $ 1.275 billion and closed during the fourth quarter of Adobe's 2021 fiscal year. Adobe announced a $ 20 billion acquisition of Figma , an Adobe XD competitor, in September 2022, its largest to date. Regulatory scrutiny from the US and European Union began shortly after due to concerns that Adobe, already
378-543: A definitive agreement to acquire privately held Efficient Frontier. In December 2012, Adobe opened a new 280,000-square-foot (26,000 m ) corporate campus in Lehi, Utah . In 2013, Adobe endured a major security breach. Vast portions of the source code for the company's software were stolen and posted online and over 150 million records of Adobe's customers were made readily available for download. In 2012, about 40 million sets of payment card information were compromised by
441-445: A faster-than-real-time analysis; programmes produced before the recommendation are likely to be lowered in volume to match the target level. Ebumeter is open source software that provides level metering according to EBU R 128 and libebur128 an open source library that implements it. The recommendation encourages the use of a wider dynamic range in production but does not restrict the use of dynamic range compression. In essence, it ties
504-406: A hack at Adobe. A class-action lawsuit alleging that the company suppressed employee compensation was filed against Adobe , and three other Silicon Valley –based companies in a California federal district court in 2013. In May 2014, it was revealed the four companies, Adobe, Apple , Google, and Intel had reached an agreement with the plaintiffs, 64,000 employees of the four companies, to pay
567-504: A long-term timeframe. This would allow normalising the loudness of different programs and programme contents appropriately. To find practical solutions for the switch from peak normalisation to loudness normalisation, the EBU Production Management Committee formed an international working group comprising sound engineers from various radio stations and broadcasting institutes. Its name, PLoud, derived from
630-428: A major player in the design software market with XD, would have too much control if it also owned Figma. At the time of the announcement to acquire Figma, Adobe's share over the creative software market and design-software market was almost a monopoly. In December 2023, the two companies called off their merger, citing the regulatory challenges as a sign to both that the deal was not likely to be approved. Adobe paid Figma
693-448: A minimum and maximum range. Normalization adjusts the gain by a constant value across the entire recording. One type of normalization is peak normalization, wherein the gain is changed to bring the highest PCM sample value or analog signal peak to a given level – usually 0 dBFS , the loudest level allowed in a digital system. Since it searches only for the highest level, peak normalization alone does not account for
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#1732787248234756-442: A negative perception about subscription creative software than a positive view. The original pricing plan for Creative Cloud was $ 75 per month for the entire suite of software, though Adobe discounted the monthly cost to $ 50 for users willing to commit to at least one year of continuous subscription for Creative Cloud, and down to $ 30 per month for former CS users with the one year commitment. By 2013, Adobe decided that CS6 would be
819-435: A proprietary format called Type 1 , worked on by Bill Paxton after he left Stanford. Apple subsequently developed a competing standard, TrueType , which provided full scalability and precise control of the pixel pattern created by the font's outlines, and licensed it to Microsoft . Starting in the mid-1980s, Adobe entered the consumer software market, starting with Adobe Illustrator , a vector -based drawing program for
882-484: A security flaw was later discovered in Photoshop CS5, Adobe sparked outrage by saying it would leave the flaw unpatched, so anyone who wanted to use the software securely would have to pay for an upgrade. Following a fierce backlash Adobe decided to provide the software patch. Adobe has been criticized for pushing unwanted software including third-party browser toolbars and free virus scanners, usually as part of
945-561: A stock content marketplace founded in 2005 by Thibaud Elziere, Oleg Tscheltzoff, and Patrick Chassany which operated in 23 countries. It was run as a stand-alone website until 2019, but has since been integrated into Adobe Stock. A family of content, development, and customer relationship management products, with what Adobe calls the "next generation" of its Sensei artificial intelligence and machine learning framework, introduced in March 2019. Since 2000, Fortune has recognized Adobe as one of
1008-482: A stylized "A" and was designed by graphic designer Marva Warnock, John Warnock's wife. Steve Jobs attempted to buy the company for $ 5 million in 1982, but Warnock and Geschke refused. Their investors urged them to work something out with Jobs, so they agreed to sell him shares worth 19 percent of the company. Jobs paid a five-times multiple of their company's valuation at the time, plus a five-year license fee for PostScript, in advance. The purchase and advance made Adobe
1071-871: A suite of software for digital marketing management. As of 2022, Adobe has more than 26,000 employees worldwide. Adobe also has major development operations in the United States in Newton , New York City , Arden Hills , Lehi , Seattle , Austin and San Francisco . It also has major development operations in Noida and Bangalore in India. The company has long been the dominant tech firm in design and creative software, despite attracting criticism for its policies and practices particularly around Adobe Creative Cloud's switch to subscription only pricing and its early termination fees for its most promoted Creative Cloud plan,
1134-481: A sum of $ 324.5 million to settle the suit. 2011 saw the company first introduce Adobe Creative Cloud , a $ 600/year subscription plan to its creative software as opposed to a one-time perpetual license payment which could often top $ 2000 for creative professionals. The initial launch of Creative Cloud alongside Creative Suite 5 users came at the same time that Adobe ran into controversy from users of Adobe's creative software, with users of Adobe software stating that
1197-685: Is an American computer software company based in San Jose, California . It offers a wide range of programs from web design tools, photo manipulation and vector creation, through to video/audio editing, mobile app development, print layout and animation software. It has historically specialized in software for the creation and publication of a wide range of content, including graphics, photography, illustration, animation, multimedia/video, motion pictures, and print. Its flagship products include Adobe Photoshop image editing software; Adobe Illustrator vector-based illustration software; Adobe Acrobat Reader and
1260-416: Is based on a measure of loudness, wherein the gain is changed to bring the average loudness to a target level. This average may be approximate, such as a simple measurement of average power (e.g. RMS ), or more accurate, such as a measure that addresses human perception e.g. that defined by EBU R128 and offered by ReplayGain , Sound Check and GoldWave . For example, YouTube 's preferred loudness level
1323-545: Is known as the loudness war . The resulting inconsistencies and changes in loudness, especially between programmes and commercials, became a frequent cause of complaints from viewers and listeners. To help address these problems, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) developed new algorithms to measure audio programme loudness in a manner similar to how the human ear perceives sounds and studied new methods to measure loudness over
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#17327872482341386-997: Is measured through two gating functions : absolute and relative. The detection gate, specified in ITU-R BS.1770-4, considers silence the portions of audio in which the signal falls below the absolute threshold of −70 LUFS ; similarly, the relative gate also drops incoming loudness data if the average level falls 10 LU below the current integrated loudness value. Measurement is not gated in momentary and short-term loudness metering. EBU R 128 and EBU Mode have been implemented by several software developers, audio technology companies and content distributors, including Adobe , Apple , Dolby , iZotope , Magix , PreSonus , Sonible , Sony , Steinberg , TC Electronic , Toyo , Orban and Waves . Real-time metering plug-ins aid engineers in their mixing decisions and in delivering R 128 -compliant programmes, while broadcasters and content distributors can check and normalise whole programmes by performing
1449-422: Is permitted. When practical limitations prevent achieving this accuracy (specifically, less predictable materials such as live mixed programmes), a wider tolerance of ±1 LU is permitted. Furthermore, the whole programme must not exceed the peak level of −1 dBTP . To ensure loudness meters developed by different manufacturers provide the same reading, EBU Tech 3341 defines EBU Mode which describes how to perform
1512-403: Is −14 LUFS , so if an audio program is analyzed to be −10 LUFS, YouTube will lower the loudness by 4 dB to bring it to the preferred level. Loudness normalization combats varying loudness when listening to multiple songs in a sequence. Before loudness normalization, one song in a playlist might be quieter than the rest, so the listener would have to turn a volume knob up to adjust
1575-713: The Adobe Experience Cloud , a software suite which increased business. These included e-commerce services provider Magento Commerce from private equity firm Permira for $ 1.68 billion in June 2018, Marketo for $ 4.75 billion in 2018, Allegorithmic in 2019 for just under $ 160 million, and Workfront in December 2020 for $ 1.5 billion. 2021 additionally saw Adobe add payment services to its e-commerce platforms in an attempt to compete with Shopify , accepting both credit cards and PayPal . In July 2020, as
1638-533: The Apple Macintosh . Illustrator, which grew out of the firm's in-house font-development software, helped popularize PostScript-enabled laser printers. By the mid-1990s, Adobe would either develop or acquire Photoshop from John and Thomas Knoll , FrameMaker from Frame Technology Corporation, and After Effects and PageMaker from Aldus , as well as develop Adobe Premiere , later known as Premiere Pro, in-house, initially releasing it in 1991. Around
1701-727: The Electronic Frontier Foundation with regard to its handling of government data requests in 2017. In 2022, Adobe was listed as one of the Best Places to Work for Disability Inclusion by the Disability Equality Index (DEI). Adobe has been criticized for its pricing practices, with retail prices being up to twice as much in non-US countries. After Adobe revealed the pricing for the Creative Suite 3 Master Collection, which
1764-467: The Flash update process, and for pushing a third-party scareware program designed to scare users into paying for unneeded system repairs. On October 3, 2013, the company initially revealed that 2.9 million customers' sensitive and personal data was stolen in a security breach which included encrypted credit card information. Adobe later admitted that 38 million active users have been affected and
1827-583: The ITU-R BS.1770 recommendation and using the loudness measures LU (loudness units) and LUFS (loudness units referenced to full scale ), specifically created with this purpose. The EBU Tech 3341 document further clarified loudness metering implementation and practices in 2016. Before the adoption of R 128 , normalisation was based on the peak level of audio signals, which led to considerable loudness discrepancies between programmes and between broadcast channels. The same peak level does not necessarily produce
1890-478: The Portable Document Format (PDF); and a host of tools primarily for audio-visual content creation, editing and publishing. Adobe offered a bundled solution of its products named Adobe Creative Suite , which evolved into a subscription software as a service (SaaS) offering named Adobe Creative Cloud . The company also expanded into digital marketing software and in 2021 was considered one of
1953-460: The 100 Best Companies to Work For. In 2021, Adobe was ranked 16th. Glassdoor recognized Adobe as a Best Place to Work. In October 2021, Fast Company included Adobe on their Brands That Matter list. In October 2008, Adobe Systems Canada Inc. was named one of " Canada's Top 100 Employers " by Mediacorp Canada Inc. and was featured in Maclean's newsmagazine. Adobe received a five-star rating from
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2016-474: The 2010s, Internet streaming services have implemented loudness-based normalisation, even though each platform uses different methods and target levels: for example, YouTube and Tidal use downward normalisation only (turn down louder content to match the target level, but do not turn up quieter content). Spotify uses ITU-R BS.1770 to measure loudness and normalizes to a selectable target level of −11, −14 or −19 LUFS . Apple Music activates loudness normalisation when
2079-553: The 2010s, arguably put an end to the loudness war. Starting in 2012, European countries integrated EBU R 128 to their audiovisual legislation and television stations in Europe adopted it on all distribution channels. Sky UK adopted R 128 in 2013. R 128 is applicable also to radio programmes and is gradually being introduced in European radio broadcasts: for example, German public broadcaster BR changed its radio programmes at
2142-520: The PDF as a proprietary file format from its introduction until 2008, when the PDF became an ISO international standard under ISO number ISO 32000-1:2008 , though the PDF file format was free for viewers since its introduction. With its acquisition of Aldus, in addition to gaining PageMaker and After Effects, Adobe gained control over the TIFF file format for images. The 2000s saw various developments for
2205-413: The United States presidential elections approached, the software giant imposed a ban on the political ads features on its digital advertising sales platform. On November 9, 2020, Adobe announced it would spend US$ 1.5 billion to acquire Workfront , a provider of marketing collaboration software. The acquisition was completed in early December 2020. On August 19, 2021, Adobe announced it had entered into
2268-563: The apparent loudness of the content. As such, peak normalization is generally used to change the volume in such a way to ensure optimal use of available dynamic range during the mastering stage of a digital recording . When combined with compression/limiting, however, peak normalization becomes a feature that can provide a loudness advantage over non–peak-normalized material. This feature of digital recording systems, compression and limiting followed by peak normalization, enables contemporary trends in program loudness. Another type of normalization
2331-893: The company and Nvidia announced their association to upgrade their AI and profound learning innovations. They planned to streamline Adobe Sensei AI and machine learning structure for Nvidia GPUs . Adobe and Nvidia had cooperated for 10 years on GPU quickening. This incorporates Sensei-powered features, e.g. auto lip-sync in Adobe Character Animator CC and face-aware editing in Photoshop CC, and also cloud-based AI/ML items and features, for example, picture investigation for Adobe Stock and Lightroom CC and auto-labeling in Adobe Experience Supervisor. Adobe further spent its time from 2018 to 2023 acquiring more companies to boost both Creative Cloud and
2394-428: The company introduced the first version of Adobe Creative Suite , bundling its creative software into a single package. The first version of Creative Suite introduced InDesign (the successor to PageMaker), Illustrator, Photoshop, ImageReady and InCopy, with the 2005 second edition of Creative Suite including an updated version of Adobe Acrobat, Premiere Pro, GoLive, the file manager Adobe Bridge , and Adobe Dreamweaver ,
2457-413: The company. Its first notable acquisition in the decade was in 2002, when Adobe acquired Canadian company Accelio, also known as JetForm . In May 2003, Adobe purchased audio editing and multitrack recording software Cool Edit Pro from Syntrillium Software for $ 16.5 million, as well as a large loop library called "Loopology". Adobe then renamed Cool Edit Pro to Adobe Audition . It was in 2003 that
2520-745: The development and sales of its older HTML /web development software, GoLive , in favor of Dreamweaver . Adobe offered a discount on Dreamweaver for GoLive users and supports those who still use GoLive with online tutorials and migration assistance. On June 1, Adobe launched Acrobat.com , a series of web applications geared for collaborative work. Creative Suite 4, which includes Design, Web, Production Premium, and Master Collection came out in October 2008 in six configurations at prices from about US$ 1,700 to $ 2,500 or by individual application. The Windows version of Photoshop includes 64-bit processing. On December 3, 2008, Adobe laid off 600 of its employees (8% of
2583-439: The end of 2015. Since R 128 implementation is not binding, some television stations have imposed additional conditions on programme production. For example, Austrian public broadcaster ORF has a limit of −3 dBTP for data-reduced formats; Franco-German TV network ARTE has published guidelines for LRA; various broadcasters impose maximum momentary and short-term loudness values for short reports, such as commercials. Through
EBU R 128 - Misplaced Pages Continue
2646-531: The first company in the history of Silicon Valley to become profitable in its first year. Warnock and Geschke considered various business options including a copy-service business and a turnkey system for office printing. Then they chose to focus on developing specialized printing software and created the Adobe PostScript page description language. PostScript was the first international standard for computer printing as it included algorithms describing
2709-525: The following (as of October 2022 ): Remove Portable Document Format (PDF), PDF's predecessor PostScript , ActionScript , Shockwave Flash ( SWF ), Flash Video (FLV), and Filmstrip (.flm) Adobe Color, Photoshop Express , Acrobat.com , Behance and Adobe Express. Adobe Media Encoder A microstock agency that presently provides over 57 million high-resolution, royalty-free images and videos available to license (via subscription or credit purchase methods). In 2015, Adobe acquired Fotolia ,
2772-423: The iTunes Sound Check option is enabled. Loudness normalisation Audio normalization is the application of a constant amount of gain to an audio recording to bring the amplitude to a target level (the norm). Because the same amount of gain is applied across the entire recording, the signal-to-noise ratio and relative dynamics are unchanged. Normalization is one of the functions commonly provided by
2835-527: The last version of Creative Suite software that would be sold through perpetual licensing option, and in May announced that a Creative Cloud subscription would be the only way to get the newest versions of Photoshop, Illustrator, and other Adobe creative software. Reception to the mandatory subscriptions for future Adobe software was mostly negative, despite some positive testimonies on the move from customers and Adobe's attraction of 500,000 Creative Cloud subscribers by
2898-573: The latter of which attracted a joint civil lawsuit from the US Federal Trade Commission and the US Department of Justice in 2024. The company was started in John Warnock's garage. The name of the company, Adobe, comes from Adobe Creek in Los Altos , California, a stream which ran behind Warnock's house. That creek is named because of the type of clay found there (Adobe being a Spanish word for Mudbrick ). Adobe's corporate logo features
2961-585: The latter of which was acquired from a $ 3.4 billion acquisition of Macromedia , most notably . In addition to bringing in Dreamweaver, the $ 3.4 billion Macromedia acquisition, completed as a stock swap , added ColdFusion , Contribute , Captivate , Breeze (rebranded as Adobe Connect ), Director , Fireworks , Flash , FlashPaper , Flex , FreeHand , HomeSite , JRun, Presenter , and Authorware to Adobe's product line. By April 2008, Adobe released Adobe Media Player . On April 27, Adobe discontinued
3024-727: The letter-forms of many languages. Adobe added kanji printer products in 1988. Warnock and Geschke were also able to bolster the credibility of PostScript by connecting with a typesetting manufacturer. They weren't able to work with Compugraphic, but then worked with Linotype to license the Helvetica and Times Roman fonts (through the Linotron 100). By 1987, PostScript had become the industry-standard printer language with more than 400 third-party software programs and licensing agreements with 19 printer companies. Adobe's first products after PostScript were digital fonts which they released in
3087-420: The measurement using the ITU-R BS.1770 recommendation. EBU Mode specifies three distinct methods which analyse loudness over three different timeframes: Real-time meters must provide an update rate of at least 10 Hz for short-term meters and of at least 1 Hz for integrated loudness meters. To prevent silent passages of a programme from misrepresenting the overall loudness measurement, integrated loudness
3150-445: The original perpetual and subscription pricing plans for CS5 would be unaffordable for not only individuals but also businesses, as well as refusing to extend a Creative Suite 6 discount to non-CS5 users. The original announcement of Adobe Creative Cloud was met with a positive reception from CNET journalists as a much more enticing plan, and Creative Cloud was first released in 2012, though a later CNET survey evidenced that more users had
3213-626: The playback volume. Depending on the dynamic range of the content and the target level, loudness normalization can result in peaks that exceed the recording medium's limits, causing clipping. Software offering loudness normalization typically provides the option of dynamic range compression to prevent clipping when this happens. In this situation, signal-to-noise ratio and relative dynamics are altered. Standardised normalized loudness levels vary by territory and application. Adobe Inc. Adobe Inc. ( / ə ˈ d oʊ b i / ə-DOH-bee ), formerly Adobe Systems Incorporated ,
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#17327872482343276-403: The products having top 10 security vulnerabilities. Observers noted that Adobe was spying on its customers by including spyware in the Creative Suite 3 software and quietly sending user data to a firm named Omniture . When users became aware, Adobe explained what the suspicious software did and admitted that they: "could and should do a better job taking security concerns into account". When
3339-600: The rise of HTML5 . In July 2010, Adobe bought Day Software integrating their line of CQ Products: WCM, DAM, SOCO, and Mobile In January 2011, Adobe acquired DemDex, Inc. with the intent of adding DemDex's audience-optimization software to its online marketing suite. At Photoshop World 2011, Adobe unveiled a new mobile photo service. Carousel was a new application for iPhone, iPad, and Mac that used Photoshop Lightroom technology to allow users to adjust and fine-tune images on all platforms. Carousel also allowed users to automatically sync, share and browse photos. The service
3402-433: The same loudness , because the use of dynamic range compression and limiting can increase the average level of the programme without increasing its peak level. Starting from the early 1990s through the early 2010s, both the music and the advertising industries urged the continuation of this practice to ensure that music and advertising spots became louder without exceeding the maximum permitted peak level. This phenomenon
3465-561: The same time as the development of Illustrator, Adobe entered the NASDAQ Composite index in August 1986. In 1993, Adobe introduced the Portable Document Format , commonly shortened to the initialism PDF, and its Adobe Acrobat and Reader software. Warnock originally developed the PDF under a code name, "The Camelot Project", using PostScript technology to create a widely available digital document format, able to display text, raster graphics, vector graphics, and fonts. Adobe kept
3528-400: The service's first year. The switch to subscription only also did not deter software piracy of Creative Cloud services; within the first day of the first version of Photoshop exclusively made for Creative Cloud being released, cracked versions of Adobe Photoshop CC 2013 were found on The Pirate Bay , an online website used for distributing pirated software. In March 2018, at Adobe Summit,
3591-443: The signal distribution. To characterise the level and the dynamic range of an audio signal, R 128 introduced new units of measurement: R 128 recommends normalising audio at the target level of −23 LUFS . This measurement is the integrated loudness calculated over the whole duration of the programme and in the entirety of its contents (i.e. without emphasising specific foreground elements, such as voice). A deviation of ±0.5 LU
3654-829: The top global leaders in Customer Experience Management (CXM). Adobe was founded in December 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke , who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC to develop and sell the PostScript page description language . In 1985, Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers, which helped spark the desktop publishing revolution. Adobe later developed animation and multimedia through its acquisition of Macromedia , from which it acquired Macromedia Flash ; video editing and compositing software with Adobe Premiere , later known as Adobe Premiere Pro ; low-code web development with Adobe Muse ; and
3717-420: The use of compression to artistic and aesthetic decisions, rather than the necessity of obtaining a louder mix. With the adoption of normalisation by broadcasters since the introduction of EBU R 128 , reducing dynamic range in production does not render the program louder in broadcast. Widespread adoption of ITU-R BS.1770 and EBU R 128 , combined with the prevailing of streaming over physical media distribution in
3780-488: The worldwide staff) citing the weak economic environment . On September 15, 2009, Adobe Systems announced that it would acquire online marketing and web analytics company Omniture for $ 1.8 billion. The deal was completed on October 23, 2009. Former Omniture products were integrated into the Adobe Marketing Cloud . On November 10, 2009, the company laid off a further 680 employees. Adobe's 2010
3843-605: Was later renamed "Adobe Revel". Later that same year in October, Adobe acquired Nitobi Software, the maker of the mobile application development framework PhoneGap . As part of the acquisition, the source code of PhoneGap was submitted to the Apache Foundation , where it became Apache Cordova . In November 2011, Adobe announced that they would cease development of Flash for mobile devices following version 11.1. Instead, it would focus on HTML5 for mobile devices. In December 2011, Adobe announced that it had entered into
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#17327872482343906-430: Was marked by continuing arguments with Apple over the latter's non-support for Adobe Flash on its iPhone , iPad and other products. Former Apple CEO Steve Jobs claimed that Flash was not reliable or secure enough, while Adobe executives have argued that Apple wishes to maintain control over the iOS platform. In April 2010, Steve Jobs published a post titled Thoughts on Flash where he outlined his thoughts on Flash and
3969-878: Was £1,000 higher for European customers, a petition to protest over "unfair pricing" was published and signed by 10,000 users. In June 2009, Adobe further increased its prices in the UK by 10% in spite of weakening of the pound against the dollar, and UK users were not allowed to buy from the US store. Adobe's Reader and Flash programs were listed on "The 10 most hated programs of all time" article by TechRadar . Hackers have exploited vulnerabilities in Adobe programs, such as Adobe Reader, to gain unauthorized access to computers. Adobe's Flash Player has also been criticized for, among other things, suffering from performance, memory usage and security problems. A report by security researchers from Kaspersky Lab criticized Adobe for producing
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