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120-714: The Nasdaq Composite ( ticker symbol ^IXIC ) is a stock market index that includes almost all stocks listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange . Along with the Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 , it is one of the three most-followed stock market indices in the United States. The composition of the NASDAQ Composite is heavily weighted towards companies in the information technology sector. The Nasdaq-100 , which includes 100 of

240-479: A ₩ 11.7 trillion ($ 9.8 billion) fiscal stimulus program. Also on 3 March, due to the Bank of Mexico declining to cut its overnight rate further, Mexican Finance Minister Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez announced a fiscal stimulus program to accelerate government spending . The Federal Open Market Committee lowered the federal funds rate target by 50 basis points with Federal Reserve Chair Powell stating that

360-635: A $ 120 billion fiscal stimulus programs on 2 December, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced additional government spending, while Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced additional stimulus as well. As the hashtag #BlackMonday trended on Twitter, news organizations such as the Associated Press , The Economist , and Yahoo Finance UK adopted the term on the day it occurred. While The Guardian initially referred to it as "Crash Monday", they also later referred to it as "The Black Monday of 2020" to distinguish it from

480-546: A $ 4.5 billion fiscal stimulus program. On 19 February, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed mostly up, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average finished up and the NASDAQ Composite and the S&;P 500 finished at record highs. Oil prices rose by another 2%, while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.56% and 2.00% respectively. The People's Bank of China and

600-612: A $ 50 billion emergency credit-line program to assist low-income and emerging market countries with policy responses to the epidemic, and the Central Bank of Brazil announced that it would auction up to $ 1 billion in foreign exchange swaps . On 5 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets continued rising while European stock markets closed down. The S&P 500, the NASDAQ Composite, and Dow Jones Industrial Average all fell by more than 3%. Oil futures rose following reports of OPEC agreeing to production cuts with Russia, while

720-585: A $ 742 million fiscal stimulus program. On 26 February, stock markets worldwide finish with mixed records, while oil prices fell for the fourth session in a row while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell 1.30% and 1.80% respectively. The Bank of Korea declined to cut its overnight rate. On 27 February, due to mounting worries about the COVID-19 pandemic, stock markets in Asia-Pacific and Europe saw 3–5% declines, with

840-519: A 'sharp deterioration' of manufacturing activity. Global growth was believed to have peaked in 2017, when the world's total industrial sector output began to start a sustained decline in early 2018. The IMF blamed 'heightened trade and geopolitical tensions' as the main reason for the slowdown, citing Brexit and the China – United States trade war as primary reasons for slowdown in 2019, while other economists blamed liquidity issues. The crash caused

960-731: A 1,300-point drop based on the coronavirus and fall in the oil price described above, triggering a trading curb , or circuit breaker, that caused the futures market to suspend trading for 15 minutes. Over the previous weekend, on 8 March, the TA-35 and TA-125 Indices of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange fell by 4.5% and 4.7% respectively, entering bear markets from their 19 February peaks. The United States' Dow Jones Industrial Average lost more than 2000 points, described by The News International as "the biggest ever fall in intraday trading." The Dow Jones Industrial Average hit

1080-558: A C$ 10 billion business credit-line. The Bank of Canada announced an additional 50 basis point cut to its overnight rate. The People's Bank of China announced that it would reduce its reserve requirement by 50 to 100 basis points from the current 12.5%, releasing $ 79 billion into the money supply. The Bank of Japan announced ¥200 billion (or $ 1.9 billion) of open market purchases of government bonds. The Bank of Canada announced C$ 7.5 billion of open market purchases. The Brazilian Finance Ministry announced that it

1200-539: A Level-1 trading curb was triggered on major US stock markets due to increased selling, leading to a 15-minute halt on trading. Level-1 circuit breaker is triggered with a fall of 7% on the S&P 500. The trading halt occurred after the markets reached a drop of 7.2 percent within 15 minutes. The crash temporarily recovered after the Federal Reserve Bank of New York offered at least $ 1.5 trillion worth of short-term loans to banks for 12–13 March, but

1320-836: A circuit breaker. On Monday 16 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed down, with the S&;P/ASX 200 setting a one-day record fall of 9.7%, collapsing 30% from the peak that was reached on 20 February, and the OMX Copenhagen 25 , the OMX Tallinn , and OMX Vilnius on the Nasdaq Nordic exchanges all fell below 20 percent from their most recent peaks on 19 February in Copenhagen and on 21 February in Tallinn and Vilnius. The Dow Jones Industrial Average,

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1440-479: A collapse of the corporate debt bubble , sparking and worsening a recession . The Central Bank of Russia announced that it would suspend foreign exchange market purchases in domestic markets for 30 days, while the Central Bank of Brazil auctioned an additional $ 3.465 billion the foreign exchange market in two separate transactions and the Bank of Mexico increased its foreign exchange auctions program from $ 20 billion to $ 30 billion. After announcing

1560-586: A discount (of $ 6–8 a barrel) to customers in Asia, the US, and Europe, following the breakdown of negotiations as Russia resisted calls to cut production. The biggest discounts targeted Russian oil customers in northwestern Europe. Prior to the announcement, the price of oil had gone down by more than 30% since the start of the year, and upon Saudi Arabia's announcement it dropped a further 30 percent, though later recovered somewhat. Brent Crude , used to price two-thirds of

1680-456: A drop in S&P 500 futures of more than 200 points in less than an hour. Bank Indonesia announced open market purchases of Rp 4 trillion (or $ 276.53 million) in government bonds, while Bank Indonesia Governor Perry Warjiyo stated that Bank Indonesia's open market purchases of government bonds had climbed to Rp130 trillion on the year and Rp110 trillion since the end of January. Despite declining to cut its deposit rate,

1800-512: A mass sell-off in Asia-Pacific stock markets as well as European ones. Over the preceding weekend, Bank of Japan Governor Haruhiko Kuroda stated that the Bank of Japan would "strive to stabilise markets and offer sufficient liquidity via market operations and asset purchases ", and the Bank of Japan subsequently announced that it would repurchase up to ¥ 500 billion ($ 4.6 billion) worth of government bonds . On Monday 2 March, European and Asia-Pacific stock markets mostly ended

1920-403: A number of trading "circuit breakers" to curb panicked selling. Oil firms Chevron and ExxonMobil fell about 15%. The NASDAQ Composite , also in the United States, lost over 620 points. The S&P 500 fell by 7.6%. Oil prices fell 22%, and the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell below 0.40% and 1.02% respectively. Canada's S&P/TSX Composite Index finished

2040-558: A particular trade in this case, and another identifier, typically the three- or four-letter exchange code (such as the Market Identifier Code ), will have to be specified in addition to the ISIN. While usually a stock ticker identifies a security that can be traded, stock market indices are also sometimes assigned a symbol, even though they can generally not be traded. Symbols for indices are usually distinguished by adding

2160-463: A record-low 3.75% and sold $ 830 million in foreign exchange spots , while the Reserve Bank of Australia cut its official cash rate to 0.25%. The Reserve Bank of India announced that it would conduct $ 1.35 billion in open market purchases of government bonds, the Bank of Korea announced that it would conduct a ₩1 trillion ($ 793.5 million) repo auction the following day, and

2280-588: A reliable recession predictor. The yield curve on U.S. Treasuries would not invert again until 30 January 2020 when the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern , four weeks after local health commission officials in Wuhan , China announced the first 27 COVID-19 cases as a viral pneumonia strain outbreak on 1 January . The curve did not return to normal until 3 March when

2400-494: A repo auction of ₽ 500 billion (or $ 7 billion) and increased its foreign exchange swap operation limit to up to $ 5 billion. while Bank Indonesia conducted open market purchases of government bonds and Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced tax-related stimulus. Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced A$ 2.4 billion in government spending for pandemic countermeasures. On 11 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed down (with

2520-413: A security at trading and settlement. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange (if any) on which it trades; it is, therefore, not a replacement for the ticker symbol. For instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide and is priced in five foreign currencies; it has the same ISIN on each (DE0007100000), though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify

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2640-579: A short-lived bear market , and in April 2020 global stock markets re-entered a bull market, though U.S. market indices did not return to January 2020 levels until November 2020. The crash signaled the beginning of the COVID-19 recession . The 2020 stock market crash followed a decade of economic prosperity and sustained global growth after recovery from the Great Recession . Global unemployment

2760-418: A simple means of clear communication in the workplace. Many Asian countries use numerical or alphanumerical ticker symbols of only digits and Roman letters to facilitate international trade. 2020 stock market crash On 20 February 2020, stock markets across the world suddenly crashed after growing instability due to the COVID-19 pandemic . It ended on 7 April 2020. Beginning on 13 May 2019,

2880-682: A stock trades; however, in July 2007, the SEC approved a rule change allowing companies moving from the New York Stock Exchange to the Nasdaq to retain their three-letter symbols; DirecTV was one of the first companies to make this move. When first implemented, the rule change did not apply to companies with one or two-letter symbols, but subsequently any stock was able to move from the NYSE to

3000-657: A symbol in front of the name, such as a circumflex (or 'caret') ^ or a dot. For example, Reuters lists the Nasdaq Composite index under the symbol .IXIC . In Australia the Australian Securities Exchange uses the following conventions: Three character base symbol with the first and third character being alphanumeric and the second alphabetic. ETFs and ETMFs can be either 3 or 4 characters. Exchange-traded warrants and exchange-traded options are six characters. ETOs can have numbers in

3120-414: A third fiscal stimulus package of up to $ 1 trillion that includes cash payments to households under $ 75,000 in adjusted gross income (with $ 1,200 per individual, $ 2,400 for couples, and $ 500 per child) and $ 208 billion for industries severely distressed by the pandemic. On Friday, 20 March 2020, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed mostly up, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average,

3240-836: A total of £645 billion, while the Danmarks Nationalbank raised its deposit rate by 15 basis points to −0.60%. The Central Bank of the Republic of China cut its bank rate by 25 basis points to 1.125%. After cutting its repo rate by 25 basis points on 16 January, the South African Reserve Bank announced that it would cut its repo rate by an additional 100 basis points to 5.25%. Bank Indonesia also cut its repo rate by 25 basis points to 4.50%. Chilean President Sebastián Piñera announced an $ 11.7 billion fiscal stimulus package. U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell introduced legislation for

3360-420: A €25 billion (or $ 28 billion) fiscal stimulus. On 11 March, US president Donald Trump gave a public address. In the speech, the president announced a temporary 30-day travel ban on all European goods and passengers from Europe in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Trump's initial statements were later corrected: the ban affected people who were not US citizens and who in the past two weeks had visited

3480-463: Is "T"; accordingly, the company is referred to simply as "Telephone" on Wall Street (the T symbol is so well known that when SBC purchased the company, it took the AT&;T name, capitalizing on its history and keeping the desired single letter symbol). Some examples of US Stock symbols include: Formerly, a glance at a U.S. stock symbol and its appended codes would allow an investor to determine where

3600-629: Is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the company name where possible. For example, US-based computer company stock Apple Inc. traded on the NASDAQ exchange has the symbol AAPL, while the motor company Ford's stock that is traded on the New York Stock Exchange has the single-letter ticker F. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes; for example, Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on

3720-566: Is the International Securities Identifying Number (ISIN). An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO 6166 . Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds , commercial paper , stocks , and warrants . The ISIN code is a 12-character alpha-numerical code that does not contain information characterizing financial instruments, but serves for uniform identification of

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3840-486: The 1987 crash of the same name . The Associated Press also quoted an analyst of the Australian finance company OFX as saying, "A blend of shocks have sent the markets into a frenzy on what may only be described as 'Black Monday' ... A combination of a Russia vs. Saudi Arabia oil price war, a crash in equities, and escalations in coronavirus woes have created a killer cocktail to worsen last week's hangover." On

3960-633: The 1987 stock market crash . Following Black Monday three days earlier, Black Thursday was attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic and a lack of investor confidence in US President Donald Trump after he declared a 30-day travel ban against the Schengen Area . Additionally, the European Central Bank , under the lead of Christine Lagarde , decided to not cut interest rates despite market expectations, leading to

4080-556: The Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA. In Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non- Latin scripts . For example, the bank HSBC 's stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005. Symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil , Exxon used a phonetic spelling of

4200-742: The Brazil Stock Exchange fell by 8.5% to 27% on the year, while the S&P/TSX Composite Index on the Toronto Stock Exchange also fell to more than 20 percent below its most recent peak on 20 February. The Bank of England announced that it would cut its bank rate by 25 basis points, while Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak announced £ 30 billion in government spending with £12 billion specifically directed at pandemic countermeasures. The Federal Reserve announced that it would increase

4320-553: The British economy (which saw stagnation and car manufacturing declines in the 4th quarter of 2019) was being impacted by the outbreak because it relies heavily on tourism revenues and international manufacturing supply lines. Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell stated that the outbreak was posing "evolving risks to economic activity" and that the Federal Reserve would use monetary policy to "act as appropriate to support

4440-570: The Central Bank of Brazil announced it would cut its reserve requirement on 16 March from 31% to 25%, which is expected to release R$ 135 billion (or $ 29 billion) into the money supply . On 21 February, stock markets worldwide closed down on the day (with the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 closing down on the week), while oil prices fell and yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.45% and 1.89% respectively (with

4560-455: The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey cut their repo rates by 10 and 50 basis points respectively, while the Central Bank of Argentina cut its bank rate by 400 basis points. On 20 February, stock markets worldwide closed mostly down, while oil prices fell by 1% and yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.51% and 1.96% respectively. Bank Indonesia cut its overnight rate by 25 basis points, while

4680-554: The European Central Bank was monitoring the outbreak, it was not yet causing a long-term impact on inflation and thus did not yet require a monetary policy response. On 28 February, stock markets worldwide reported their largest single-week declines since the financial crisis of 2007–2008 , while oil futures saw their largest single week decline since 2009 and the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to new record lows at 1.12% and 1.30% respectively. Outgoing Bank of England Governor Mark Carney stated that

4800-583: The FTSE MIB fell over 5%. There was a large fall in the price of oil and a large increase in the price of gold , to a 7-year high. Yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.36% and 1.81% respectively. On 25 February, stock markets worldwide closed down, while oil prices fell to their lowest level in more than a year and the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to new record lows of 1.31% and 1.80% respectively. Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced

4920-597: The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) lowered the federal funds rate target by 50 basis points . In noting decisions by the FOMC to cut the federal funds rate by 25 basis points three times between 31 July and 30 October 2019, on 25 February 2020, former U.S. Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs Nathan Sheets suggested that the attention of the Federal Reserve to

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5040-589: The Molson Coors Brewing Company , uses a similarly beer-related symbol, "TAP". Likewise, Southwest Airlines pays tribute to its headquarters at Love Field in Dallas through its "LUV" symbol. Cedar Fair Entertainment Company , which operates large amusement parks in the United States, uses "FUN" as its symbol. Harley-Davidson uses "HOG", an abbreviation for the corporate-sponsored Harley Owners Group . Yamana Gold uses "AUY", because on

5160-556: The NASDAQ-100 , the S&P 500 , and the Dow Jones Industrial Average posting their sharpest falls since 2008 (and the Dow falling 1,191 points, its largest one-day drop since the financial crisis of 2007–2008 ). Oil prices sank to their lowest level in over a year, while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.28% and 1.77% respectively. European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde indicated that while

5280-623: The National Bank of Poland announced that it would conduct open market purchases of government bonds to support fiscal stimulus implemented by the Polish government. The New York Stock Exchange announced that it would temporarily close its trading floor and move to all-electronic trading beginning on 23 March when two traders tested positive for COVID-19 at screenings set up by the NYSE. On 19 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed down while European stock markets closed 3% up, while

5400-534: The Reserve Bank of Australia and the Central Bank of Malaysia announced overnight rate cuts of 25 basis points (which brought the Australian rate to its lowest level in history), Bank Indonesia announced it would cut its reserve requirement from 8 to 4 percent starting on 16 March, while the People's Bank of China declined to conduct open market operations. South Korean Finance Minister Hong Nam-ki announced

5520-520: The S&P/ASX 200 on the Australian Securities Exchange falling to more than 20% below its 52-week high), while the NASDAQ Composite and the S&P 500 both fell by 5% and the Dow Jones Industrial Average by 6% (with the Dow also falling to more than 20% below its most recent record high set on 19 February). Oil prices fell by 4%, while the yield on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 0.82% and 1.33% respectively. The Índice Bovespa of

5640-883: The Straits Times Index fell 6.03%. In China, the CSI 300 Index lost 3%. In Hong Kong, the Hang Seng index sank 4.2%. In Pakistan, the PSX saw the largest ever intra-day plunge in the country's history, losing 2,302 points or 6.0%. The market closed with the KSE 100 index down 3.1%. In India, the BSE SENSEX closed 1,942 points lower at 35,635 while the NSE Nifty 50 was down by 538 points to 10,451. The Washington Post posited that coronavirus-related turmoil could spark

5760-578: The Union Pacific Railroad Company . Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market. A stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape , and to make it easy to recognize by traders and investors. The allocation of symbols and formatting conventions

5880-466: The United States , modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poor's (S&P) to bring a national standard to investing. Previously, a single company could have many ticker symbols as they varied between the dozens of individual stock markets. The term ticker refers to the noise made by the ticker tape machines once widely used by stock exchanges. The S&P system

6000-450: The finance ministers and central bank executives of the G7 countries released a joint statement to "reaffirm our commitment to use all appropriate policy tools" to address the socioeconomic impact of the outbreak including " fiscal measures where appropriate" with the central banks continuing to "fulfill their mandates, thus supporting price stability and economic growth." On the same day,

6120-440: The periodic table of elements , "Au" is the symbol for gold . Sotheby's , an auction house, previously used the symbol "BID". Petco uses the symbol "WOOF". While most symbols come from the company's name, sometimes it happens the other way around. Tricon Global , owner of KFC , Pizza Hut and Taco Bell , adopted the symbol "YUM" to represent its corporate mission when the company was spun out of PepsiCo in 1997. In 2002,

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6240-531: The yield curve on U.S. Treasury securities inverted , and remained so until 11 October 2019, when it reverted to normal . Through 2019, while some economists (including Campbell Harvey and former New York Federal Reserve economist Arturo Estrella), argued that a recession in the following year was likely, other economists (including the managing director of Wells Fargo Securities Michael Schumacher and San Francisco Federal Reserve President Mary C. Daly ) argued that inverted yield curves may no longer be

6360-497: The $ 100 billion appropriations and pandemic countermeasures bill passed by the U.S. House of Representatives the previous Friday to pass the U.S. Senate that day, which it did by a vote of 90 to 8 and President Donald Trump signed the bill into law. The European Central Bank announced that it would purchase up to €750 billion ($ 820 billion) of government and corporate bonds and commercial paper . The Central Bank of Brazil cut its overnight rate by 50 basis points to

6480-541: The 26-member Schengen Area , but did not include trade goods and cargo and excluded the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland . These countries were added to the ban 3 days later. Trump did not consult with the European Union before imposing the travel ban. Carmen Reinicke of Business Insider wrote that Trump's address to the nation "failed to calm investors' concerns about the economic fallout from

6600-404: The 30-year finish being an all-time low). On Monday, 24 February 2020, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and FTSE 100 dropped more than 3% as the coronavirus outbreak spread worsened substantially outside China over the weekend. This follows benchmark indices falling sharply in continental Europe after steep declines across Asia. The DAX , CAC 40 and IBEX 35 each fell by about 4% and

6720-707: The 70,000 mark before closing above it. The NIFTY 50 on the National Stock Exchange of India fell 7.89% to more than 20% below its most recent peak, while the BSE SENSEX on the Bombay Stock Exchange fell 2,919 (or 8.18%) to 32,778. The benchmark stock market index on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange fell by 9.3%. The MERVAL on the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange fell 9.5% to 19.5% on

6840-410: The COVID-19 pandemic. President Trump reacted to the crash by defending his travel ban and predicting that the stock market would eventually recover with central bank intervention. On 13 March, European stock markets closed mostly up while Asia-Pacific stock markets mostly closed down (except for the S&P/ASX 200 which rose by 4.4%), while the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ Composite, and

6960-618: The Canadian federal government's C$ 82 billion ($ 56.7 billion) fiscal stimulus package he announced the previous week. New Zealand Finance Minister Grant Robertson also announced a NZ $ 12.1 billion fiscal stimulus program. The National Bank of Poland announced that it would cut its reference rate by 50 basis points to 1%, its lombard rate by 100 basis points to 1.5%, its bank rate by 70 basis points to 1.05%, and cut its reserve requirement from 3.5% to 0.5%. On 18 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed down, while

7080-474: The Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 also all closed up. Oil prices rose by 23%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.06% and 1.68% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal). The Federal Reserve announced $ 450 billion in foreign exchange swap lines to the central banks of Australia, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, Singapore , Sweden , Denmark , Norway and New Zealand, with

7200-553: The European Central Bank increased its asset purchases by €120 billion (or $ 135 billion), while the Federal Reserve announced $ 1.5 trillion in open market purchases. Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced a A$ 17.6 billion fiscal stimulus package. The Reserve Bank of India announced that it would conduct a six-month $ 2 billion currency swap for U.S. dollars , while

7320-981: The Exchequer Rishi Sunak announced a £330 billion government-backed business loan guarantee program. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey announced that it would cut its repo rate by 100 basis points from 10.75% to 9.75%, while providing the Turkish lira repo auctions at 150 basis points lower than its benchmark repo rate. The Bank of Israel announced that it would cut its bank rate by 15 basis points to 0.10%. The Bank of Japan conducted ¥120 billion in open market purchases of exchange-traded funds. Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez and French President Emmanuel Macron announced €200 billion and €45 billion ($ 220 billion and $ 50 billion) fiscal stimulus programs respectively, while Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau released

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7440-518: The NASDAQ Composite and the S&P 500 both fell by 5%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average by more than 6% and below 20,000 points for the first time since February 2017 (with the trading curb activated for the fourth time within the course of a week). Oil prices fell by 24% to an 18-year low, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 1.23% and 1.68% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal). U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated that he expected

7560-443: The NASDAQ Composite and the S&P 500 finished more than 6% up and the Dow Jones Industrial Average finished more than 5% up. Oil prices fell by 6%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 1.04% and 1.62% respectively. The Federal Reserve announced that it would reestablish its Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF) with up to $ 1 trillion for short-term corporate bonds , while Chancellor of

7680-586: The NASDAQ Composite rose by 3.8%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average reversed the previous day's loss by rising by 1,173 points (or 4.5%). However, oil futures fell and the yield on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities finished at 0.99% and 1.64% respectively. The Bank of Canada and the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority announced 50 basis point cuts to their overnight and repo rates respectively, International Monetary Fund managing director Kristalina Georgieva announced

7800-401: The NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all closed down 4% (with the Dow eclipsing its one-week decline from 24 to 28 February 2020 to finish at its largest one-week decline since the financial crisis of 2007–2008 ). Oil prices fell by 11%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.93% and 1.52% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal for at least

7920-409: The NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all fell by 12–13%, with the Dow eclipsing the one-day drop record set on 12 March and the trading curb being activated at the beginning of trading for the third time (after 9 and 12 March). Oil prices fell by 10%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.76% and 1.38% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal for

8040-489: The Nasdaq Composite, a security's U.S. listing must be exclusively on the Nasdaq stock market unless the security was dually listed on another U.S. market prior to 2004 and has continuously maintained such listing, and must be one of the following security types: Closed-end funds , convertible bonds , exchange-traded funds , preferred stocks , rights, warrants , units and other derivatives are not included in

8160-501: The Nasdaq without changing its symbol. CA Technologies , which traded under the symbol CA before it was acquired in 2018, moved from the NYSE to the Nasdaq in April 2008 and kept its two-letter symbol. Unassigned letters: Unassigned letters: In countries where Arabic script is used, and in East Asia , transliterated Latin script versions of company names may be confusing to an unpracticed Western reader; stock symbols provide

8280-665: The Republic of Turkey lowered its reserve requirement from 8% to 6%. The Bank of Japan announced that it would not cut its bank rate lower from −0.1% but that it would conduct more open market purchases of exchange-traded funds . After cutting its bank rate by 25 basis points on 7 February, the Central Bank of Russia announced that it would keep its bank rate at 6%, while the Bank of Korea announced that it would cut its overnight rate by 50 basis points to 0.75%. The Central Bank of Chile cut its benchmark rate. On 17 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed with mixed finishes, while European stock markets finished more than 2% up, whereas

8400-808: The Reserve Bank of Australia announced A$ 8.8 billion in repurchases of government bonds. The Central Bank of Brazil auctioned $ 1.78 billion foreign exchange spots . Asia-Pacific stock markets closed down with the Nikkei 225 of the Tokyo Stock Exchange , the Hang Seng Index of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , and the IDX Composite of the Indonesia Stock Exchange falling more than 20% below their 52-week highs. European stock markets closed down 11% with

8520-419: The S&P 500 all rose by more than 9% (in their largest rally since 2008). The RTS Index on the Moscow Exchange finished 27% down on the week, the Tadawul All-Share Index on the Saudi Stock Exchange finished 17% percent down, the benchmark index on the Borsa Istanbul finished 15% down, and the Indice de Precios y Cotizaciones on the Mexican Stock Exchange finished 9% down. Though finishing up on

8640-540: The U.S. House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi stated that the U.S. House of Representatives would pass a subsequent appropriations and pandemic countermeasures bill including a sick leave expansion, which President Trump reversed his initial opposition to and endorsed. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the Government of Canada was preparing a fiscal stimulus program, with Canadian Finance Minister Bill Morneau stating that it would include

8760-660: The UK FTSE 100 , German DAX , French CAC 40 , Italian FTSE MIB , Finnish OMX Helsinki 25 , Swedish OMX Stockholm 30 , OMX Nordic 40 , and the Latvian OMX Riga indices all closing more than 20% below their most recent peaks. In the US, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed down an additional 10%, the NASDAQ Composite closed down 9.4%, and the S&P 500 closed down 9.5%. This caused the NASDAQ and S&P 500 to fall to more than 20% below their all time highs, and so

8880-552: The UK's FTSE 100 , which fell 10.87%. The Canadian S&P/TSX Composite Index dropped 12%, its largest one-day drop since 1940. The FTSE MIB Italian index closed with a −16.92% loss, the worst in its history. Germany's DAX fell 12.24% and France's CAC 12.28%. In Brazil, the Ibovespa plummeted 14.78%, after trading in the B3 was halted twice within the intraday ; it also moved below

9000-438: The central bank "saw a risk to the outlook for the economy and chose to act" and that "the magnitude and persistence of the overall effect [of the outbreak] on the U.S. economy remain highly uncertain". At the close of trading on 3 March, European and Asia-Pacific stock markets had mostly risen, but the S&P 500, the NASDAQ Composite, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average all fell (with the Dow reversing more than two-thirds of

9120-411: The company "XON" as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was "XOM". Symbols are sometimes reused. In the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since March of 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously been used by Vivendi which had delisted and given up the symbol. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and

9240-453: The company changed its name to match its symbol, adopting the name Yum! Brands . Symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Before the 1999 merger with Mobil , Exxon used a phonetic spelling of the company "XON" as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was "XOM". After Hewlett-Packard merged with Compaq , the new firm took on the ticker symbol "HPQ". (The former symbols were HWP and CPQ.) AT&T 's ticker symbol

9360-422: The coronavirus outbreak". According to Ben Levisohn, writer for Barron's , "Dow futures were up around 300 points before the president's address began. And then the president started talking—and futures started falling." Black Thursday was a global stock market crash on 12 March 2020, as part of the greater 2020 stock market crash. US stock markets suffered from the greatest single-day percentage fall since

9480-462: The day off by more than 10%. Brazil's IBOVESPA gave up 12%, erasing over 15 months of gains for the index. Australia's ASX 200 lost 7.3% – its biggest daily drop since 2008, though it rebounded later in the day. London's FTSE 100 lost 7.7%, suffering its worst drop since the financial crisis of 2007–2008 . BP and Shell Oil experienced intraday price drops of nearly 20% The FTSE MIB , CAC 40 , and DAX tanked as well, with Italy affected

9600-563: The day, oil prices posted their largest single-week decline since 2008, while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to over 1% and 1.6% respectively (and their yield curve remained normal). The Índice Bovespa of the Brazil Stock Exchange closed 13% up. U.S. President Donald Trump declared the COVID-19 pandemic to be a national public health emergency thus releasing $ 50 billion in government spending directed to pandemic countermeasures. Speaker of

9720-424: The declines activated a trading curb at the New York Stock Exchange for the second time that week. Oil prices dropped by 8%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities increased to 0.86% and 1.45% (and their yield curve finished normal ). The US's Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 suffered from the greatest single-day percentage fall since the 1987 stock market crash , as did

9840-512: The economy" but that "The fundamentals of the U.S. economy remain strong." Outgoing Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad announced a RM 20 billion fiscal stimulus package. Ultimately, from 24 to 28 February, stock markets globally plummeted several percentage points, while on Wall Street the indices were down at least 10%. It was the fastest correction in market history from all-time high, taking merely six days to enter into correction territory. The sudden drop in late February

9960-487: The exchange or country of listing needs to be known. On many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker. Although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks, and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes. The most prevalent of these

10080-423: The first time. In 2022, the index plunged through the beginning of the year with it reaching an intraday low on June 16 at 10,565.14. It closed the first half of the year down 29.74%, the worst first half of the year in its history. Sources: Ticker symbol The first ticker symbol was used in 1867, following the invention of the ticker tape machine by Edward Calahan . It was used to identify shares of

10200-482: The following day of trading, US stocks recouped some of the losses which happened on Monday, rising by more than 4%. This was attributed to a potential fiscal stimulus, such as a potential 0% payroll tax, being proposed by US President Donald Trump . On Wednesday, however, stocks fell once more, and resulted in the DJIA entering a bear market (i.e. 20% drop from the most recent peak) for the first time in 11 years, ending

10320-407: The index closed above 5,000 for the first time since March 9, 2000. On April 23, 2015, the index set a new record closing high for the first time in 15 years, though it was still just short of the all-time intraday high set in 2000. On January 2, 2018, the index crossed 7,000 intraday. By December 24, 2018, the index had plunged to its yearly low at 6,192. In 2019, the index rose 35.2%, closing for

10440-415: The index gained nearly 200 points, more than 11%. On March 9, 2009, the index reached a six-year intra-day low of 1,265.52. The index closed 2012 at 3,019.51. On November 26, 2013, the index closed above 4,000 for the first time since September 7, 2000. Although it still stood almost 20% below its all-time highs, the index set a new record annual close of 4,176.59 on December 31, 2013. On March 2, 2015,

10560-427: The index peaked at 5,132.52, but fell 78% from its peak by October 2002. The index declined to half its value within a year, and finally hit the bottom of the bear market trend on October 10, 2002, with an intra-day low of 1,108.49. It remained down at least 50% until May 2007. The index closed above 2,800 on October 9, 2007, and reached an intra-day level of 2,861.51 on October 31, 2007, the highest point reached on

10680-434: The index since January 24, 2001, before falling in the United States bear market of 2007–2009 . By February 6, 2008, the index was trading below 2,300. On September 15, 2008, bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers led to a 3.6% drop in the index, its worst single-session percentage decline since March 24, 2003. On September 29, 2008, the index fell nearly 200 points or 9.14% to fall beneath 2,000. Conversely, on October 13, 2008,

10800-419: The index. If at any time a component security no longer meets the required criteria, the security is removed from the index. The index was launched in 1971, with a starting value of 100. On July 17, 1995, the index closed above 1,000 for the first time. Between 1995 and 2000, the peak of the dot-com bubble , the Nasdaq Composite stock market index rose 400%. It reached a price–earnings ratio of 200, dwarfing

10920-500: The inversion of the yield curve in the U.S. Treasuries market when setting monetary policy may be having the perverse effect of making inverted yield curves less predictive of recessions. During 2019, the IMF reported that the world economy was going through a 'synchronized slowdown', which entered into its slowest pace since the Great Recession . Weakness was exhibited in the consumer market as global markets began to suffer through

11040-635: The lack of factory activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted demand for oil, causing its price to fall. In mid-February, the International Energy Agency forecast that oil demand growth in 2020 would be the smallest since 2011. Chinese demand slump resulted in a meeting of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to discuss a potential cut in production to balance

11160-401: The largest non-financial companies in the Nasdaq Composite, accounts for about 80% of the index weighting of the Nasdaq Composite. The Nasdaq Composite is a capitalization-weighted index ; its price is calculated by taking the sum of the products of closing price and index share of all of the securities in the index. The sum is then divided by a divisor which reduces the order of magnitude of

11280-475: The longest bull market in American stock market history. On 10 March, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all closed 4.9% up, while Asia-Pacific stock markets closed up and European stock markets closed down. Oil prices rose by 10%, while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 0.70% and 1.16% respectively. The Central Bank of Russia announced

11400-660: The loss in demand. The cartel initially made a tentative agreement to cut oil production by 1.5 million barrels per day following a meeting in Vienna on 5 March 2020, which would bring production levels to the lowest since the Iraq War . After OPEC and Russia failed to agree on oil production cuts on 6 March and Saudi Arabia and Russia both announced increases in oil production on 7 March , oil prices fell by 25 percent. On 8 March, Saudi Arabia unexpectedly announced that it would increase production of crude oil and sell it at

11520-420: The market quickly resumed its decline soon after. The Dow fell 2,353 points, losing all of its gains from its lowest point in 2018. The drop surpassed Black Monday, which occurred just a few days before, to be the greatest single-day point drop ever. Together with the drops of 1,191 and 1,465 points on 27 February and 11 March, the four largest Dow daily losses up to Black Thursday were all linked to

11640-478: The most as the COVID-19 pandemic in the country continues. They fell 11.2%, 8.4%, and 7.9% respectively. The STOXX Europe 600 fell to more than 20% below its peak earlier in the year. In a number of Asian markets—Japan, Singapore, the Philippines, and Indonesia—shares declined over 20% from their most recent peaks, entering bear market territory. In Japan, the Nikkei 225 plummeted 5.1%. In Singapore,

11760-500: The pandemic, such as a global synchronized slowdown in 2019, as exacerbants to the crash, especially given that the market was already vulnerable. Though the crash began on 20 February, selling was intensified during the first half of March to mid-March. During the crash, there were multiple severe daily drops in the global stock market, the largest drop was on 16 March, nicknamed 'Black Monday II' of 12–13% in most global markets. There were two other significant dates of crashes in

11880-713: The peak price–earnings ratio of 80 for the Japanese Nikkei 225 during the Japanese asset price bubble of 1991. In 1999, shares of Qualcomm rose in value by 2,619%, 12 other large-cap stocks each rose over 1,000% in value, and seven additional large-cap stocks each rose over 900% in value. Even though the Nasdaq Composite rose 85.6% and the S&P 500 Index rose 19.5% in 1999, more stocks fell in value than rose in value as investors sold stocks in slower growing companies to invest in Internet stocks. On March 10, 2000,

12000-615: The preceding weekend, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority announced a $ 13 billion credit-line package to small and medium-sized companies, while South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced a fiscal stimulus package. The Federal Reserve announced that it would cut the federal funds rate target to 0%–0.25%, lower reserve requirements to zero, and begin a $ 700 billion quantitative easing program. Dow futures tumbled more than 1,000 points and Standard & Poor's 500 futures dropped 5%, triggering

12120-457: The previous day's gain). Oil futures rose and the yield on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to record lows of 0.91% and 1.60% respectively (with the fall below 1% on the 10-year securities occurring for the first time in history). On 4 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets continued mostly rising (with the KOSPI alone rising by 2%), while the S&P 500 rose by 4.2%,

12240-482: The previous week's consecutive daily losses, while in the United States, the S&P 500 gained 3.9%, the NASDAQ Composite gained 3.7%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average finished 1,126 points up (or 4.4%; its largest one-day gain since 2009). Oil futures saw their largest daily gain of 2020, while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.03% and 1.62% respectively. On 3 March,

12360-562: The result. Index funds that attempt to track the Nasdaq Composite include Fidelity Investments ' FNCMX mutual fund and ONEQ exchange-traded fund . Invesco offers the Nasdaq: QQQ exchange-traded fund , which matches the performance of the Nasdaq-100 , a different index which tracks 100 of the largest non-financial companies in the Nasdaq Composite and is 90% correlated with the Nasdaq Composite. To be eligible for inclusion in

12480-1003: The sixth character. In Canada the Toronto Stock Exchange TSX and the TSXV use the following special codes after the ticker symbol: In the United Kingdom , prior to 1996, stock codes were known as EPICs, named after the London Stock Exchange 's Exchange Price Information Computer (e.g.: "MKS" for Marks and Spencer ). Following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics (TIDM), but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL (Stock Exchange Daily Official List) number or their ISIN ( International Securities Identification Number ). In

12600-449: The sixth trading session of the preceding seven). The Federal Reserve announced that it would expand its asset purchases to include municipal bonds , while the Reserve Bank of Australia announced that it would also purchase A$ 5 billion ($ 2.9 billion) in municipal bonds. Bank Indonesia and the Central Bank of Brazil announced $ 10.1 billion and $ 3 billion of open market purchases of government bonds respectively, while

12720-513: The stock markets, one being 9 March, nicknamed 'Black Monday I', and on 12 March, nicknamed 'Black Thursday'. To deal with the panic, banks and reserves across the world cut their interest rates, bank rates and cash flow rates, as well as offering unprecedented support to investors and markets. On Monday, 17 February 2020, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed down but European stock markets closed up, while U.S. stock markets were closed in observance of Presidents Day . Oil prices fell, while

12840-694: The swap lines for the Central Bank of Brazil, the Monetary Authority of Singapore, and the Bank of Korea amounting to $ 60 billion each. The Federal Reserve also established an additional lending facility similar to the CPFF for money market mutual funds . The Bank of Japan conducted ¥1.3 trillion ($ 12 billion) in emergency open market purchases of government bonds. The Bank of England announced that it would cut its overnight rate by 15 basis points to 0.1% and would increase its open market purchases of government bonds by £200 billion to

12960-489: The third straight trading session). The CBOE Volatility Index closed at 82.69 on 16 March, the highest ever closing for the index (though there were higher intraday peaks in 2008). Around noon on 16 March, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York announced that it would conduct a $ 500 billion repurchase through the afternoon of that day. Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced an additional Rp22 trillion in tax-related fiscal stimulus. The Central Bank of

13080-487: The top level of its overnight repurchase operations to $ 175 billion. The Bank of Japan announced that it was increasing its annual target of purchases of exchange-traded funds above the current ¥6 trillion (or $ 57 billion). Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced tax relief for the Indonesian manufacturing sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte announced

13200-416: The week). Oil prices fell by 9% (the largest one-day price drop in 11 years), while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to new record lows under 0.71% and 1.22% respectively. U.S. President Donald Trump signed into law an emergency appropriations and pandemic countermeasures bill including $ 8.3 billion in government spending. The reduction in the demand for travel and

13320-409: The week. 12 March was the second time, following 9 March drop, that the 7%-drop circuit breaker was triggered since being implemented in 2013. In Colombia, the peso set an all-time low against the U.S. dollar, when it traded above 4000 pesos for the first time on record. The Mexican peso also set an all-time record low against the U.S. dollar, trading at 22.99 pesos. Soon after trading began,

13440-422: The world's crude oil supplies, experienced the largest drop since the 1991 Gulf War on the night of 8 March. Also, the price of West Texas Intermediate fell to its lowest level since February 2016. Former George W. Bush administration energy policy advisor Bob McNally noted, "This is the first time since 1930 and '31 that a massive negative demand shock has coincided with a supply shock ;" in that case it

13560-587: The year at 8,972.60 points. During the 2020 stock market crash , on March 23, 2020, the index hit a low of 6,860. However, on June 9, 2020, the index traded above 10,000 for the first time. On August 6, 2020, the index reached a new all-time high above 11,000 and managed to close for the year at 12,888 points. In 2021, the index reached the milestones of closing above 13,000 and 14,000 in January and February respectively, and in November it closed above 16,000 for

13680-414: The yield on 10-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.59%. On 18 February, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed up, while European stock markets, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 all closed down. Oil prices rose by more than 2%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.54% and 1.99%. Singaporean Finance Minister Heng Swee Keat announced

13800-459: The yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.91% and 1.54% respectively. The Central Bank of Argentina cut its bank rate by an additional 200 basis points, and after declining to cut its overnight rate on 27 February, the Bank of Korea renewed a currency swap agreement with Bank Indonesia. On 6 March, stock markets worldwide closed down (although the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 closed up on

13920-483: Was at its lowest in history, while quality of life was generally improving across the world. However, in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic , the most impactful pandemic since the Spanish flu , began decimating the economy. Global economic shutdowns occurred due to the pandemic, and panic buying, and supply disruptions exacerbated the market. The International Monetary Fund had pointed to other mitigating factors seen before

14040-469: Was attributed to fears that China could produce a global economic shock, primarily due to quarantines imposed by the state to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, which at the time was classified as an epidemic. Within weeks, stocks fell sufficiently enough to enter bear market territory. Concerning reports of the viruses spread in South Korea , Italy and Iran also prompted fear in investors, mounting to

14160-595: Was cancelling a series of bond auctions for the upcoming week. The Central Bank of Russia announced that it would purchase at auction ₽500 billion (or $ 6.8 billion) in repurchase agreements. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey conducted ₺ 29 billion (or $ 4.6 billion) in open market repurchases of government bonds. Bank Indonesia conducted Rp6 trillion (or $ 405 billion) of open market purchases of government bonds, while Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced Rp120 trillion ($ 8.1 billion) in additional fiscal stimulus. Over

14280-474: Was later standardized by the securities industry and modified as the years passed. Stock symbols for preferred stock have not been standardized. Some companies use a well-known product as their ticker symbol. Belgian brewer AB InBev , the brewer of Budweiser beer, uses "BUD" (symbolizing its premier product in the United States) as its three-letter ticker for American Depository Receipts. Its rival,

14400-749: Was the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act precipitating a collapse in international trade during the Great Depression , coinciding with discovery of the East Texas Oil Field during the Texas oil boom . Fears of the Russian–Saudi Arabian oil price war caused a plunge in U.S. stocks, and have had a particular impact on American producers of shale oil . Prior to opening, the Dow Jones Industrial Average futures market experienced

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