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33-614: Emperor Severus may refer to these Roman emperors: Marcus Didius [Severus] Julianus Augustus (133/137–193), Roman emperor in the Year of the Five Emperors (193) Lucius Septimius [Severus] Eusebes Pertinax Augustus (145–211), founding emperor (193–211) of the Severan dynasty Marcus Aurelius [Severus] Antoninus Augustus (“ Caracalla ”) (188–217), second emperor (198–217) of

66-662: A Roman History ( Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἱστορία , Rhōmaïkḕ Historía ) in 80 books in Greek , later translated into Latin as the Historia Romana . On the matter of its composition, he writes the following: "I spent ten years in collecting all the achievements of the Romans from the beginning down to the death of Severus [211 AD], and twelve years more in composing my work. As for subsequent events, they also shall be recorded, down to whatever point it shall be permitted me". The books cover

99-487: A suffect consul in approximately the year 205. Dio was also proconsul in Africa and Pannonia . Severus Alexander held Dio in the highest esteem and reappointed him to the position of consul in 229. Following his second consulship, while in his later years, Dio returned to his native Bithynia, where he eventually died. Dio was either the grandfather or great-grandfather of Cassius Dio , consul in 291. Dio published

132-607: A Byzantine monk of the 11th century, and Zonaras , a Byzantine chronicler of the 12th century. Lucius Cassius Dio was the son of Cassius Apronianus , a Roman senator and member of the Cassia gens , who was born and raised at Nicaea in Bithynia . Byzantine tradition maintains that Dio's mother was the daughter or sister of the Greek orator and philosopher, Dio Chrysostom ; however, this relationship has been disputed. Although Dio

165-533: A campaign against the Chatti , governed Dalmatia and Germania Inferior . He was then made prefect, charged with distributing money to the poor of Italy . Modern historians generally consider this a demotion for political reasons, as Commodus , the Roman Emperor at the time, feared Julianus' growing power. It was around this time that he was charged with having conspired against the life of Commodus, but

198-566: A period of approximately 1,400 years, beginning with the tales from Roman mythology of the arrival of the legendary Aeneas in Italy ( c.  1200 BC ) and the founding of Rome by his descendant Romulus (753 BC); as well as the historic events of the republican and imperial eras through 229 AD. The work is one of only three written Roman sources that document the British revolt of 60–61 AD led by Boudica . Until

231-457: A prominent family in Mediolanum , modern-day Milan , and his mother was a North African woman of Roman descent, from a family of consular rank. His brothers were Didius Proculus and Didius Nummius Albinus. His date of birth was 29 January, the year was 133 according to Cassius Dio and 137 by the less reliable Historia Augusta . Didius Julianus was raised by Domitia Calvilla , mother of

264-428: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Didius Julianus Marcus Didius Julianus ( / ˈ d ɪ d i ə s / ; 29 January 133 – 2 June 193) was Roman emperor from March to June 193, during the Year of the Five Emperors . Julianus had a promising political career, governing several provinces, including Dalmatia and Germania Inferior , and defeated

297-549: The Chauci and Chatti , two invading Germanic tribes. He was even appointed to the consulship in 175 along with Pertinax as a reward, before being demoted by Commodus . After this demotion, his early, promising political career languished. Julianus ascended the throne after buying it from the Praetorian Guard , who had assassinated his predecessor Pertinax. A civil war ensued in which three rival generals laid claim to

330-526: The 12th-century epitome of Joannes Zonaras who used Dio's Roman History as a main source. Scholarship on this part of Dio's work is scarce but the importance of the Early Republic and Regal period to Dio's overall work has recently been underlined. Books 22 through 35, which are only sparsely covered by fragments, were already lost by the times of Zonaras. The books that follow, Books 36 through 54, are all nearly complete; they cover

363-504: The Praetorian Guard received pardons from Severus in exchange for surrendering the actual murderers of Pertinax. After seizing the ringleaders and killing them, the soldiers reported what they had done to Marcus Silius Messala , the consul, who summoned the senate to inform them of the proceedings. The Senate passed a motion proclaiming Severus emperor, awarded divine honours to Pertinax, and sentenced Julianus to death. Julianus

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396-417: The Praetorian Guard tried to fight back, but were crushed, while modern historians believe that the Praetorian Guard simply abandoned Julianus, deserting en masse . Julianus attempted to negotiate with Severus, offering to share the empire with his rival, but Severus ignored these overtures and pressed forward. As he marched, more and more cities in Italy supported his claim to the throne. The remnants of

429-489: The Praetorian Guard was still undertrained compared to the field legionaries of Severus. Severus first secured the support of Albinus, declaring him Caesar , and then seized Ravenna and its fleet. Severus killed Tullius Crispinus , the Praetorian prefect , who was sent to negotiate with Severus and slow his march on Rome, and won over to his cause the ambassadors sent to turn his troops. Cassius Dio maintained that

462-689: The Roman Empire. In the movie The Fall of The Roman Empire , Julianus is played by Eric Porter and depicted as a scheming henchman of Commodus. At the end of the movie, Julianus and Pescennius Niger , played by Douglas Wilmer , another crony of Commodus, compete against each other in the auction for the throne of Rome. Julianus' accession and short reign are alluded to in the novel The Business by Scottish writer Iain Banks . Cassius Dio Many of his books have survived intact, alongside summaries edited by later authors such as Xiphilinus ,

495-515: The Severan dynasty Marcus Opellius [Severus] Macrinus Augustus (165–218), Roman emperor (217–218), interlude of the Severan dynasty Marcus Aurelius [Severus] Alexander Augustus (208–235), last emperor (222–235) of the Severan dynasty Flavius Valerius [Severus] Augustus (died 307), Western emperor (306–307) Flavius Libius [Severus] Serpentius Augustus (420–465), Western emperor (461–465) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

528-485: The adulterated amount that was present during the reign of Commodus. Because Julianus bought his position rather than acquiring it conventionally through succession or conquest, he was a deeply unpopular emperor. When Julianus appeared in public, he frequently was greeted with groans and shouts of "robber and parricide". Once, a mob even obstructed his progress to the Capitol by pelting him with large stones. When news of

561-540: The currency devaluation was comparatively minor, he restarted the trend of devaluing the Roman currency which had abated under Pertinax 's reign. The trend he started, which would continue under the Severan dynasty on a far larger scale, destroyed confidence in Rome's currency, led to rampant hyperinflation, and caused widespread economic upheaval. Moreover, his blatant purchase of the throne shattered any illusions of normalcy in

594-412: The emperor Marcus Aurelius . With Domitia's help, he was appointed at a very early age to the vigintivirate , the first step towards public distinction. He married a Roman woman named Manlia Scantilla , and sometime around 153, they had a daughter, Didia Clara , their only child. In succession Julianus held the offices of quaestor and aedile , and then, around 162, was named as praetor . He

627-474: The fifth milestone on the Via Labicana . The Senate passed a damnatio memoriae motion to condemn Julianus and his legacy. Severus dismissed the Praetorian Guard and executed the soldiers who had killed Pertinax, the previous emperor. Julianus repelled invasions by the Chatti and the Chauci , both of which helped protect Rome's border provinces. In the long run, the two tribes he repelled were but

660-480: The first century BC, Dio provides only a summary of events; after that period, his accounts become more detailed. Dio's work has often been deprecated as unreliable and lacking any overall political aim. Recently, however, some scholars have re-evaluated his work and have highlighted his complexity and sophisticated political and historical interpretations. The first 21 books have been partially reconstructed based on fragments from other works, as well as

693-511: The gates, and proclaimed him emperor. Threatened by the military, the Senate also declared him emperor. His wife and his daughter both received the title Augusta. Upon his accession, Julianus immediately reversed Pertinax's monetary reforms by devaluing the Roman currency . Pertinax had increased the silver content of the denarius to 87%, whereas Didius Julianus ordered it reduced to 75%, nearly

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726-479: The harbingers of far larger Germanic migrations that would only truly finish in the sixth century AD. From arguably the reign of M. Aurelius, Rome would be constantly subject to incursions from the descendants of these tribes (see Crisis of the Third Century and Migration Period ). As emperor, Didius Julianus was unable to pass any major policy reforms in his short reign other than currency devaluation. While

759-608: The imperial throne. Septimius Severus , commander of the legions in Pannonia and the nearest of the generals to Rome, marched on the capital, gathering support along the way and routing cohorts of the Praetorian Guard Julianus sent to meet him. Abandoned by the Senate and the Praetorian Guard, Julianus was killed by a soldier in the palace and succeeded by Severus. Julianus was born to Quintus Petronius Didius Severus and Aemilia Clara. His father came from

792-459: The jury acquitted him and instead punished his accuser. Afterwards, he governed Bithynia and succeeded Pertinax as the proconsul of North Africa . After the murder of Pertinax on 28 March 193, the Praetorian guard announced that the throne was to be sold to the man who would pay the highest price. Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus , prefect of Rome and Pertinax's father-in-law, who

825-470: The most dangerous foe. Julianus sent senators to persuade Severus' legionaries to abandon him, a new general was nominated to replace him, and a centurion dispatched to take Severus' life. The Praetorian Guard had rarely fought in field battles, so Julianus marched them into the Campus Martius and drilled the guard in the construction of fortifications and field works. Despite this training,

858-463: The period from 65 BC to 12 BC, or from the eastern campaign of Pompey and the death of Mithridates to the death of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa . Book 55 contains a considerable gap, while Books 56 through 60 (which cover the period from 9–54 AD) are complete and contain events from the defeat of Varus in Germany to the death of Claudius . Of the 20 subsequent books in

891-584: The public anger in Rome spread across the Empire, three influential generals, Pescennius Niger in Syria , Septimius Severus in Pannonia , and Clodius Albinus in Britain , each able to muster three legions , rebelled. They refused to accept Julianus' authority as emperor and instead each declared himself emperor. Julianus declared Severus a public enemy because he was the nearest of the three to Rome, making him

924-408: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Severus&oldid=885139341 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

957-419: The series, there remain only fragments and the meager abridgement of John Xiphilinus , a Byzantine monk from the 11th century sponsored by emperor Michael VII Doukas . The abridgment of Xiphilinus, as now extant, commences with Book 35 and continues to the end of Book 80. The last book covers the period from 222 to 229 AD (the first half of the reign of Alexander Severus ). The fragments of

990-484: Was a Roman citizen , he wrote in Greek. Dio always maintained a love for his hometown of Nicaea, calling it "my home", as opposed to his description of his villa in Capua , Italy ("the place where I spend my time whenever I am in Italy"). For the greater part of his life, Dio was a member of the public service . He was a senator under Commodus and governor of Smyrna following the death of Septimius Severus ; he became

1023-424: Was deserted by all except one of the prefects and his son-in-law, Cornelius Repentinus . Julianus was killed in the palace by a soldier on 2 June 193 AD, after a mere 66 days of ruling. According to the contemporary Roman historian Cassius Dio , Julianus' last words were: "But what evil have I done? Whom have I killed?" His body was given to his wife and daughter, who buried it in his great-grandfather's tomb by

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1056-428: Was in the Praetorian camp ostensibly to calm the troops, began making offers for the throne. Meanwhile, Julianus also arrived at the camp, and since his entrance was barred, shouted out offers to the guard. After hours of bidding, Sulpicianus promised 20,000 sesterces to every soldier; Julianus, fearing that Sulpicianus would gain the throne, then offered 25,000. The guards closed with the offer of Julianus, threw open

1089-562: Was nominated to the command of the Legio XXII Primigenia in Mogontiacum (now Mainz ). In 170, he became praefectus of Gallia Belgica and served for five years. After repelling an invasion by the Chauci , a tribe dwelling in the drainage basin of the river Weser , the northwestern coastal area of present-day Germany, he was raised to the consulship in 175 along with Pertinax. He further distinguished himself in

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