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78-512: Yao's ancestral name is Yi Qi ( 伊祁 ) or Qi ( 祁 ), clan name is Taotang ( 陶唐 ), given name is Fangxun ( 放勳 ), as the second son to Emperor Ku and Qingdu ( 慶都 ). He is also known as Tang Yao ( 唐堯 ). Yao's mother has been worshipped as the goddess Yao-mu (堯母). According to the legend, Yao became the ruler at 20 and died at 99 when he passed his throne to Shun the Great , to whom he had given his two daughters in marriage. According to

156-410: A ko threat . Because Black has the advantage of playing the first move, the idea of awarding White some compensation came into being during the 20th century. This is called komi , which gives white a 5.5-point compensation under Japanese rules, 6.5-point under Korean rules, and 15/4 stones, or 7.5-point under Chinese rules (number of points varies by rule set). Under handicap play, White receives only

234-414: A 0.5-point komi, to break a possible tie ( jigo ). Two general types of scoring procedures are used, and players determine which to use before play. Both procedures almost always give the same winner. Both procedures are counted after both players have passed consecutively, the stones that are still on the board but unable to avoid capture, called dead stones, are removed. Given that the number of stones

312-419: A 19×19 grid of lines, containing 361 points. Beginners often play on smaller 9×9 or 13×13 boards, and archaeological evidence shows that the game was played in earlier centuries on a board with a 17×17 grid. Boards with a 19×19 grid had become standard, however, by the time the game reached Korea in the 5th century CE and Japan in the 7th century CE. Go was considered one of the four essential arts of

390-447: A black stone. Such a point is often called a false eye . There is an exception to the requirement that a group must have two eyes to be alive, a situation called seki (or mutual life ). Where different colored groups are adjacent and share liberties, the situation may reach a position when neither player wants to move first because doing so would allow the opponent to capture; in such situations therefore both players' stones remain on

468-404: A circled point, because doing so would allow the opponent to capture their group on the next move. The outer groups in this example, both black and white, are alive. Seki can result from an attempt by one player to invade and kill a nearly settled group of the other player. Tactics deal with immediate fighting between stones, capturing and saving stones, life, death and other issues localized to

546-571: A grandchild of Yellow Emperor . In the Bamboo Annals , one of the earliest sources, it is mentioned that when Emperor Zhuanxu died, a descendant of Shennong named Shuqi(術器) organized a rebellion, but was destroyed by a descendant of Huangdi, Ku (of the Gaoxin lineage) the Prince of Xin; Ku then ascended to the throne. It also states that Ku "was born with double rows of teeth, and had

624-399: A group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory. Players usually start near the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board. Established corner opening sequences are called joseki and are often studied independently. However, in the mid-game, stone groups must also reach in towards the large central area of

702-490: A handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength. There are different rulesets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions and the method of scoring at the end. Basic strategic aspects include the following: The strategy involved can become very abstract and complex. High-level players spend years improving their understanding of strategy, and

780-490: A move is not suicide because the Black stones are removed first. In the "Examples of eyes" diagram, all the circled points are eyes. The two black groups in the upper corners are alive, as both have at least two eyes. The groups in the lower corners are dead, as both have only one eye. The group in the lower left may seem to have two eyes, but the surrounded empty point marked a is not actually an eye. White can play there and take

858-416: A novice may play many hundreds of games against opponents before being able to win regularly. Strategy deals with global influence, the interaction between distant stones, keeping the whole board in mind during local fights, and other issues that involve the overall game. It is therefore possible to allow a tactical loss when it confers a strategic advantage. Novices often start by randomly placing stones on

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936-432: A player has on the board is directly related to the number of prisoners their opponent has taken, the resulting net score, that is, the difference between Black's and White's scores is identical under both rulesets (unless the players have passed different numbers of times during the course of the game). Thus, the net result given by the two scoring systems rarely differs by more than a point. While not actually mentioned in

1014-454: A situation in which the ko rule applies Players are not allowed to make a move that returns the game to the immediately prior position. This rule, called the ko rule , prevents unending repetition (a stalemate). As shown in the example pictured: White had a stone where the red circle was, and Black has just captured it by playing a stone at 1 (so the White stone has been removed). However, it

1092-566: A son ( Houji , Xie , Zhi , and Yao , respectively) Ku had a diviner foretell for him which of the sons was destined to rule the empire, and he received the answer that all four would. Another source mentions a lady with whom he had eight sons, each one born after she had dreamed of swallowing the sun ; although her name is uncertain, she was said to be from Zoutu. Shiji also recorded the lineage names of Zhi's mother as Juzi ( 娵訾氏 ) and Yao's mother as Chenfeng ( 陳鋒氏 ). According to some traditions, each of these four sons inherited Ku's empire or

1170-491: A specific part of the board. Larger issues which encompass the territory of the entire board and planning stone-group connections are referred to as Strategy and are covered in the Strategy section above. There are several tactical constructs aimed at capturing stones. These are among the first things a player learns after understanding the rules. Recognizing the possibility that stones can be captured using these techniques

1248-499: A state of marital harmony together with Yao's two daughters , Shun took on administrative responsibilities as co-emperor. Among these responsibilities, Shun had to deal with the Great Flood and its associated disruptions, especially in light of the fact that Yao's reluctant decision to appoint Gun to handle the problem had failed to fix the situation, despite having been working on it for the previous nine years. Shun took steps over

1326-400: A stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is captured . A player may pass their turn, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends and is then scored . Vertically and horizontally adjacent stones of

1404-403: A stone such that it or its group immediately has no liberties unless doing so immediately deprives an enemy group of its final liberty. In the second case, the enemy group is captured, leaving the new stone with at least one liberty, so the new stone can be placed. This rule is responsible for the all-important difference between one and two eyes: if a group with only one eye is fully surrounded on

1482-433: A time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid, but for beginners or for playing quick games, the smaller board sizes of 13×13 and 9×9 are also popular. The board is empty to begin with. Black plays first unless given a handicap of two or more stones, in which case White plays first. The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on except for those forbidden by the ko and suicide rules (see below). Once played,

1560-666: A way as to construct territories rather than kill. The end of the middlegame and transition to the endgame is marked by a few features. Near the end of a game, play becomes divided into localized fights that do not affect each other, with the exception of ko fights, where before the central area of the board related to all parts of it. No large weak groups are still in serious danger. Moves can reasonably be attributed some definite value, such as 20 points or fewer, rather than simply being necessary to compete. Both players set limited objectives in their plans, in making or destroying territory, capturing or saving stones. These changing aspects of

1638-423: Is adjacent to two or more chains of the same color. A vacant point adjacent to a stone, along one of the grid lines of the board, is called a liberty for that stone. Stones in a chain share their liberties. A chain of stones must have at least one liberty to remain on the board. When a chain is surrounded by opposing stones so that it has no liberties, it is captured and removed from the board. An example of

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1716-587: Is an abstract strategy board game for two players in which the aim is to fence off more territory than the opponent. The game was invented in China more than 2,500 years ago and is believed to be the oldest board game continuously played to the present day. A 2016 survey by the International Go Federation 's 75 member nations found that there are over 46 million people worldwide who know how to play Go, and over 20 million current players,

1794-476: Is far greater than the number of atoms in the observable universe , which is estimated to be on the order of 10 . The name Go is a short form of the Japanese word igo ( 囲碁 ; いご ), which derives from earlier wigo ( ゐご ), in turn from Middle Chinese ɦʉi gi ( 圍棋 , Mandarin : wéiqí , lit.   ' encirclement board game ' or ' board game of surrounding ' ). In English,

1872-421: Is readily apparent that now Black's stone at 1 is immediately threatened by the three surrounding White stones. If White were allowed to play again on the red circle, it would return the situation to the original one, but the ko rule forbids that kind of endless repetition. Thus, White is forced to move elsewhere, or pass. If White wants to recapture Black's stone at 1 , White must attack Black somewhere else on

1950-425: Is surrounded by the opponent on the outside, because each eye constitutes a liberty that must be filled by the opponent as the final step in capture. A formation having two or more eyes is said to be unconditionally alive , so it can evade capture indefinitely, and a group that cannot form two eyes is said to be dead and can be captured. The general strategy is to place stones to fence-off territory, attack

2028-608: The Bamboo Annals , Yao abdicated his throne to Shun in his 73rd year of reign, and continued to live during Shun's reign for another 28 years. It was during the reign of Emperor Yao that the Great Flood began, a flood so vast that no part of Yao's territory was spared, and both the Yellow River and the Yangtze valleys flooded. The alleged nature of the flood is shown in the following quote: Like endless boiling water,

2106-567: The Shiji (Historic Records), Yao assigned astronomic officers to observe celestial phenomena such as the sunrise, sunset, and the rising of the evening stars. This was done in order to make a solar and lunar calendar with 366 days for a year, also providing for the leap month. Some recent archaeological work at Taosi , an ancient site in Shanxi , dating to 2300 BCE – 1900 BCE, may have provided some evidence for this. A sort of an ancient observatory –

2184-549: The Four Mountains (四嶽, Sìyuè ); who, after deliberation, gave Emperor Yao some advice which he did not especially welcome. Upon the insistence of Four Mountains, and over Yao's initial hesitation, the person Yao finally consented to appoint in charge of controlling the flood was Gun , the Prince of Chong, who was a distant relative of Yao's through common descent from the Yellow Emperor. Even after nine years of

2262-631: The King of Qin , upon conquering his neighboring kingdoms and forging them into the first historically known empire of China . It is said in the book of rites that he ruled winter and was in charge of things with large shells and water was the foremost element of the season kidneys were the foremost sacrifice his attending spirit was hsuan ming and other changes during the three months of winter. Ku had several wives . The best-known of his consorts are four ladies: Jiang Yuan , Jiandi , Changyi (常宜), and Qingdu (庆都). Once each of these ladies had given birth to

2340-423: The Black stones. (Such a move is forbidden according to the suicide rule in most rule sets, but even if not forbidden, such a move would be a useless suicide of a White stone.) If a Black group has two eyes, White can never capture it because White cannot remove both liberties simultaneously. If Black has only one eye, White can capture the Black group by playing in the single eye, removing Black's last liberty. Such

2418-524: The Great as historical figures, and contemporary historians believed they may represent leader-chiefs of allied tribes who established a unified and hierarchical system of government in a transition period to the patriarchal feudal society. In the Classic of History , one of the Five Classics , the initial chapters deal with Yao, Shun and Yu. Of his many contributions, Yao is said to have invented

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2496-405: The Yellow Emperor; but one who was living in obscurity, despite his royal lineage. Yao proceeded to put Shun through a series of tests, beginning with marrying his two daughters to Shun and ending by sending him down from the mountains to the plains below where Shun had to face fierce winds, thunder, and rain. After passing all of Yao's tests, not the least of which being establishing and continuing

2574-437: The black group with false eye a can be killed by white in two turns. When a group of stones is mostly surrounded and has no options to connect with friendly stones elsewhere, the status of the group is either alive, dead or unsettled . A group of stones is said to be alive if it cannot be captured, even if the opponent is allowed to move first. Conversely, a group of stones is said to be dead if it cannot avoid capture, even if

2652-413: The board (in seki). Neither player receives any points for those groups, but at least those groups themselves remain living, as opposed to being captured. Seki can occur in many ways. The simplest are: In the "Example of seki (mutual life)" diagram, the two circled points are liberties shared by both a black and a white group. Both of these interior groups are at risk, and neither player wants to play on

2730-428: The board so forcefully that Black moves elsewhere to counter that, giving White that chance. If White's forcing move is successful, it is termed "gaining the sente "; if Black responds elsewhere on the board, then White can retake Black's stone at 1 , and the ko continues, but this time Black must move elsewhere. A repetition of such exchanges is called a ko fight . To stop the potential for ko fights , two stones of

2808-457: The board to capture more territory. Dame are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side. Seki are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes. Ko (Chinese and Japanese: 劫 ) is a potentially indefinitely repeated stone-capture position. The rules do not allow a board position to be repeated. Therefore, any move which would restore

2886-456: The board with one's stones than the opponent. As the game progresses, the players place stones on the board creating stone "formations" and enclosing spaces. Stones are never moved on the board, but when "captured" are removed from the board. Stones are linked together into a formation by being adjacent along the black lines, not on diagonals (of which there are none). Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in

2964-411: The board, as if it were a game of chance. An understanding of how stones connect for greater power develops, and then a few basic common opening sequences may be understood. Learning the ways of life and death helps in a fundamental way to develop one's strategic understanding of weak groups . A player who both plays aggressively and can handle adversity is said to display kiai , or fighting spirit, in

3042-569: The cultured aristocratic Chinese scholars in antiquity. The earliest written reference to the game is generally recognized as the historical annal Zuo Zhuan ( c.  4th century BCE). Despite its relatively simple rules , Go is extremely complex. Compared to chess , Go has both a larger board with more scope for play and longer games and, on average, many more alternatives to consider per move. The number of legal board positions in Go has been calculated to be approximately 2.1 × 10 , which

3120-556: The death of Yao, "Shun tried to yield the throne to him, but in vain." However, an alternative account found elsewhere in the Annals offers a different story. It holds that Shun dethroned and imprisoned Yao, then raised Danzhu to the throne for a short time before seizing it himself. Often extolled as the morally perfect and intelligent sage-king, Yao's benevolence and diligence served as a model to future Chinese monarchs and emperors. Early Chinese accounts often speak of Yao, Shun and Yu

3198-403: The efforts of Gun, the flood continued to rage on, leading to the increase of all sorts of social disorders. The administration of the empire was becoming increasingly difficult; so, accordingly, at this point, Yao offered to resign the throne in favor of his special adviser(s), Four Mountains: however, Four Mountains declined, and instead recommended Shun – another distant relative to Yao through

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3276-432: The elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go. In the end game players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by

3354-414: The expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formations and their enclosed empty spaces (called "eyes"). Another essential component of the game is control of the sente (that is, controlling the offense, so that one's opponent is forced into defensive moves); this usually changes several times during play. Initially the board is bare, and players alternate turns to place one stone per turn. As

3432-410: The flood is pouring forth destruction. Boundless and overwhelming, it overtops hills and mountains. Rising and ever rising, it threatens the very heavens. How the people must be groaning and suffering! According to both historical and mythological sources, the flooding continued relentlessly. Yao sought to find someone who could control the flood, and turned for advice to his special adviser, or advisers,

3510-513: The footprint of a god , became a predynastic founder of the lineage of the Zhou dynasty . According to Samguk Sagi , the kings of Goguryeo regarded themselves as a descendant of Chinese heroes because he called his surname "Go" ( Hanja : 高 ) as they were the descendant of Gao Yang ( Hanja : 高陽 ) who was a grandchild of the Yellow Emperor and Gaoxin ( Hanja : 高辛 ) who was also

3588-417: The game and takes a large proportion of professional players' thinking time. The first stone played at a corner of the board is generally placed on the third or fourth line from the edge. Players tend to play on or near the 4–4 star point during the opening. Playing nearer to the edge does not produce enough territory to be efficient, and playing further from the edge does not safely secure the territory. In

3666-522: The game is played is heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the patterns of the stones on the board function, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rulesets, but the above two rules cover almost all of any played game. Although there are some minor differences between rulesets used in different countries, most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules, these differences do not greatly affect

3744-527: The game of Weiqi (Go), reportedly to favorably influence his vicious playboy son Danzhu . After the customary three-year mourning period after Yao's death, Shun named Danzhu as the ruler but the people only recognized Shun as the rightful heir. According to some Chinese classic documents such as Yao Dian (Document of Yao) in Shang Shu ( Book of Documents ), and Wudibenji (Records for the Five Kings) in

3822-549: The game proceeds, players try to link their stones together into "living" formations (meaning that they are permanently safe from capture), as well as threaten to capture their opponent's stones and formations. Stones have both offensive and defensive characteristics, depending on the situation. An essential concept is that a formation of stones must have, or be capable of making, at least two enclosed open points known as eyes to preserve itself from being captured. A formation having at least two eyes cannot be captured, even after it

3900-480: The game usually occur at much the same time, for strong players. In brief, the middlegame switches into the endgame when the concepts of strategy and influence need reassessment in terms of concrete final results on the board. Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go: Almost all other information about how

3978-406: The game. In the opening of the game, players usually play and gain territory in the corners of the board first, as the presence of two edges makes it easier for them to surround territory and establish the eyes they need. From a secure position in a corner, it is possible to lay claim to more territory by extending along the side of the board. The opening is the most theoretically difficult part of

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4056-417: The joining of Bat , meaning 'field', and Dok , meaning 'stone'. Less plausible etymologies include a derivation of Badukdok , referring to the playing pieces of the game, or a derivation from Chinese páizi ( 排子 ), meaning 'to arrange pieces'. Go is an adversarial game between two players with the objective of capturing territory. That is, occupying and surrounding a larger total empty area of

4134-475: The life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as picnic kos when only one side has a lot to lose. In Japanese, it is called a hanami ko. Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's rank (increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by

4212-404: The line of Shaohao (as opposed to the line through Changyi , which led to Zhuanxu ). He was the son of Jiaoji ( 蟜極/蟜极 ), and thus grandson to Shaohao, and great-grandson to Yellow Emperor. According to speculative dates calculated after 100 BC by Liu Xin , he is supposed to have ruled from c. 2436 BC to c. 2366 BC, though other dates are also mentioned. When he became emperor, Ku added

4290-476: The majority of whom live in East Asia . The playing pieces are called stones . One player uses the white stones and the other black. The players take turns placing their stones on the vacant intersections ( points ) on the board . Once placed, stones may not be moved, but captured stones are immediately removed from the board. A single stone (or connected group of stones) is captured when surrounded by

4368-509: The middlegame, the players invade each other's territories, and attack formations that lack the necessary two eyes for viability. Such groups may be saved or sacrificed for something more significant on the board. It is possible that one player may succeed in capturing a large weak group of the opponent's, which often proves decisive and ends the game by a resignation. However, matters may be more complex yet, with major trade-offs, apparently dead groups reviving, and skillful play to attack in such

4446-552: The name Go when used for the game is often capitalized to differentiate it from the common word go . In events sponsored by the Ing Chang-ki Foundation, it is spelled goe . The Korean name baduk (바둑) derives from the Middle Korean word Badok , the origin of which is controversial; the more plausible etymologies include the suffix dok added to Ba to mean 'flat and wide board', or

4524-402: The next four years to reorganize the empire, in such a way as to solve immediate problems and to put the imperial authority in a better position to deal with the flood and its effects. The Bamboo Annals represent Yao as having banished prince Danzhu to Danshui in his 58th year of reign. They add that following Yao's abdication in favor of Shun, Danzhu kept away from Shun, and that following

4602-465: The oldest in East Asia – was found at Taosi that seems to coincide with the ancient records. Some Chinese archaeologists believe that Taosi was the site of a state called Tang ( 唐 ) conquered by Emperor Yao and made to be his capital. The structure consists of an outer semi-ring-shaped path, and a semi-round rammed-earth platform with a diameter of about 60 m; it was discovered in 2003–2004. Yao

4680-448: The opening, players often play established sequences called joseki , which are locally balanced exchanges; however, the joseki chosen should also produce a satisfactory result on a global scale. It is generally advisable to keep a balance between territory and influence. Which of these gets precedence is often a matter of individual taste. The middle phase of the game is the most combative, and usually lasts for more than 100 moves. During

4758-431: The opponent's stones on all orthogonally adjacent points. The game proceeds until neither player wishes to make another move. When a game concludes, the winner is determined by counting each player's surrounded territory along with captured stones and komi (points added to the score of the player with the white stones as compensation for playing second). Games may also end by resignation. The standard Go board has

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4836-427: The opponent's weak groups (trying to kill them so they will be removed), and always stay mindful of the life status of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or semeai . In a capturing race, the group with more liberties will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and

4914-481: The opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for handicapping called komi ) wins the game. In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish groups of stones (or bases ) near the corners and around the sides of the board, usually starting on the third or fourth line in from the board edge rather than at the very edge of the board. The edges and corners make it easier to develop groups which have better options for life (self-viability for

4992-418: The orders of Ku, by his subordinate Youchui(有倕); Ku's lyrics had musical scores(titles were 九招(jiuzhao),六列(liule),六英(liuying, meaning snowflake)) composed by his assistant Xianhei(咸黑); and by a further imperial command, a dance accompaniment was provided by a phoenix. Although Ku held the title Di , it is unclear what territory, if any, his empire might have consisted of. The same title Di was later assumed by

5070-433: The outside, it can be killed with a stone placed in its single eye. (An eye is an empty point or group of points surrounded by a group of stones). The Ing and New Zealand rules do not have this rule, and there a player might destroy one of its own groups (commit suicide). This play would only be useful in limited sets of situations involving a small interior space or planning. In the example at right, it may be useful as

5148-413: The owner of the group is allowed the first move. Otherwise, the group is said to be unsettled: the defending player can make it alive or the opponent can kill it, depending on who gets to play first. An eye is an empty point or group of points surrounded by a group of stones. If the eye is surrounded by Black stones, White cannot play there unless such a play would take Black's last liberty and capture

5226-431: The previous board position would not be allowed, and the next player would be forced to play somewhere else. If the play requires a strategic response by the first player, further changing the board, then the second player could "retake the ko," and the first player would be in the same situation of needing to change the board before trying to take the ko back. And so on. Some of these ko fights may be important and decide

5304-412: The rules of Go (at least in simpler rule sets, such as those of New Zealand and the U.S.), the concept of a living group of stones is necessary for a practical understanding of the game. Examples of eyes (marked). The black groups at the top of the board are alive, as they have at least two eyes. The black groups at the bottom are dead as they only have one eye. The point marked a is a false eye, thus

5382-410: The same color form a chain (also called a string or group ), forming a discrete unit that cannot then be divided. Only stones connected to one another by the lines on the board create a chain; stones that are diagonally adjacent are not connected. Chains may be expanded by placing additional stones on adjacent intersections, and they can be connected together by placing a stone on an intersection that

5460-451: The same color would need to be added to the group, making either a group of 5 Black or 5 White stones. While the various rulesets agree on the ko rule prohibiting returning the board to an immediately previous position, they deal in different ways with the relatively uncommon situation in which a player might recreate a past position that is further removed. See Rules of Go § Repetition for further information. A player may not place

5538-411: The tactics and strategy of the game. Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately. Go terms for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names. The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their color on the intersections of the board, one stone at

5616-618: The throne instead, ruling 9 years before being deposed and replaced by Yao. Samguk Sagi volume 28 — 三國史記 卷二十八 百濟本紀 第六 [REDACTED]  Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article: 三國史記/卷28 Three Exalted Ones: Suiren · Fuxi · Taihao · Nüwa · Zhurong · Shennong · Yandi · Gonggong · Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) Four Perils: Gonggong · Huandou · Gun · Sanmiao · Hundun · Qiongqi · Taowu · Taotie Five Primal Emperors: Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) · Shaohao · Zhuanxu · Ku · Zhi · Yao · Shun Go (board game) Go

5694-507: The title Di , meaning "Thearch" (commonly translated as "Emperor"), in front of his name. After achieving the imperial title, Ku was said to travel seasonally by riding a dragon in spring and summer , and a horse in autumn and winter. Among other things, Ku was said to be an inventor of musical instruments and composer of songs. According to the Lüshi Chunqiu , drums, bells, chimes, pipes, ocarinas, and flutes were all invented, on

5772-552: The various sources also differ in what specific stories about him they focus on, so that putting together the various elements of what is known regarding Ku results in a multifaceted story. Di Ku was (according to many versions of the list) one of the Five Emperors of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors of Chinese mythology . Ku's lineage is derived from descent from the legendary Yellow Emperor , then through

5850-435: The wisdom of a sage", and that he "made blind men beat drums, and strike bells and sounding stones, at which phoenixes flapped their wings and gambolled". The Annals further record that in the 16th year of his reign, he sent his general Chong(重) to defeat the state of Yukwai(有鄶). In the 45th year, Ku designated the prince of Tang (his son Yao) as his successor, however upon his death in the 63rd year, his elder son Zhi then took

5928-439: Was a descendant of the Yellow Emperor . He went by the name Gaoxin until receiving imperial authority, when he took the name Ku and the title Di, thus being known as Di Ku. He is considered the ancestor of the ruling families of certain subsequent dynasties. Some sources treat Ku as a semi-historical figure, while others make fantastic mythological or religious claims about him. Besides varying in their degree of historicizing Ku,

6006-538: Was ancestral founder of a Chinese dynasty . The first of Ku's sons to rule the kingdom was Emperor Zhi , who was the son of Changyi. Another of his sons later became the Emperor Yao . Ku's son Xie, born miraculously to Jiandi after she swallowed the egg of a black bird, became the predynastic founder of the ruling family of the Shang dynasty . Ku's son Houji , born miraculously to Jiang Yuan after she stepped in

6084-895: Was claimed to be the ancestor of the Han dynasty Emperor Liu Bang . Other important noble families have also claimed descent through Yellow Emperor . Three Exalted Ones: Suiren · Fuxi · Taihao · Nüwa · Zhurong · Shennong · Yandi · Gonggong · Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) Four Perils: Gonggong · Huandou · Gun · Sanmiao · Hundun · Qiongqi · Taowu · Taotie Five Primal Emperors: Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) · Shaohao · Zhuanxu · Ku · Zhi · Yao · Shun Emperor Ku Kù ( traditional Chinese : 嚳 ; simplified Chinese : 喾 , variant graph Chinese : 俈 ), usually referred to as Dì Kù ( traditional Chinese : 帝 嚳 ; simplified Chinese : 帝 喾 ), also known as Gaoxin or Gāoxīn Shì ( Chinese : 高 辛 氏 ) or Qūn ( Chinese : 夋 ),

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