The Enchelei were an ancient people that lived around the River Drin and the region of Lake Shkodra and Lake Ohrid , in modern-day Albania , Montenegro , and North Macedonia . They are one of the oldest known peoples of the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea . In ancient sources they sometimes appear as an ethnic group distinct from the Illyrians , but they are mostly mentioned as one of the Illyrian tribes. They held a central position in the earlier phase of Illyrian history. In ancient Greek literature they are linked with the end of the mythical narrative of Cadmus and Harmonia , a tradition deeply rooted among the Illyrian peoples.
90-491: The name Sesarethii was used by Strabo as an alternative name for the Enchelei in the lakeland area of Ohrid. Mentioned for the first time by Hecataeus of Miletus in the 6th century BC, the name Sesarethii/Sesarethioi is also considered a variant of Dassaretii/Dassaretioi , an Illyrian tribe that has been recorded since Roman times and that is attested in coinage and inscriptions found around lake Ohrid. The weakening of
180-623: A consequence of his time spent in Nysa with Aristodemus. At around the age of 21, Strabo moved to Rome, where he studied philosophy with the Peripatetic Xenarchus , a highly respected tutor in Augustus's court. Despite Xenarchus's Aristotelian leanings, Strabo later gives evidence to have formed his own Stoic inclinations. In Rome, he also learned grammar under the rich and famous scholar Tyrannion of Amisus . Although Tyrannion
270-757: A descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known during his lifetime. Although the Geographica was rarely used by contemporary writers, a multitude of copies survived throughout the Byzantine Empire . It first appeared in Western Europe in Rome as a Latin translation issued around 1469. The first printed edition was published in 1516 in Venice . Isaac Casaubon , classical scholar and editor of Greek texts, provided
360-604: A part of Bitola Oblast (1920–1929), and then from 1929 to 1941, Ohrid was part of the Vardar Banovina . It was occupied again by Bulgaria between 1941 and 1944 during World War II . Since the days of SFR Yugoslavia Ohrid has been the municipal seat of Municipality of Ohrid (Општина Охрид). Since 1991 the town was part of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia). On 20 November 1993, Avioimpex Flight 110 crashed near Ohrid, killing all 116 people on board. It
450-491: A valuable source of information on the ancient world of his day, especially when this information is corroborated by other sources. He travelled extensively, as he says: "Westward I have journeyed to the parts of Etruria opposite Sardinia; towards the south from the Euxine [Black Sea] to the borders of Ethiopia; and perhaps not one of those who have written geographies has visited more places than I have between those limits." It
540-527: A very rocky mountain, called the Trojan mountain; beneath it there are caves, and near the caves and the river a village called Troy, an ancient settlement of the captive Trojans who had accompanied Menelaus and settled there. Strabo commented on volcanism ( effusive eruption ) which he observed at Katakekaumene (modern Kula , Western Turkey). Strabo's observations predated Pliny the Younger who witnessed
630-582: Is "... pro-Roman throughout the Geography. But while he acknowledges and even praises Roman ascendancy in the political and military sphere, he also makes a significant effort to establish Greek primacy over Rome in other contexts." In Europe , Strabo was the first to connect the Danube (which he called Danouios) and the Istros – with the change of names occurring at "the cataracts," the modern Iron Gates on
720-401: Is November, which sees on average 90.5 mm (3.6 in) of rain. The summer months of June, July and August receive the least amount of rain, around 30 mm (1.2 in). The absolute minimum temperature is −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) and the maximum 38.5 °C (101.3 °F). At the 2021 census , Ohrid had 38,818 residents with the following ethnic makeup: As of the 2002 census,
810-635: Is a city in North Macedonia and is the seat of the Ohrid Municipality . It is the largest city on Lake Ohrid and the eighth-largest city in the country, with the municipality recording a population of over 42,000 inhabitants as of 2002. Ohrid is known for once having 365 churches, one for each day of the year, and has been referred to as the "Jerusalem of the Balkans". The city is rich in picturesque houses and monuments, and tourism
900-408: Is attested in coinage and inscriptions found around lake Ohrid. A legend widespread in antiquity reports that Cadmus – a Phoenician prince who became king of Thebes , and a Boeotian and Enchelean figure – with his wife Harmonia arrived among the Enchelei and helped them build many towns on the shores of Lake Ohrid and Lake Shkodra , among them Lychnidus ( Ohrid ) and Bouthoe ( Budva ). As
990-513: Is little record of his travels until AD 17. It is not known precisely when Strabo's Geography was written, though comments within the work itself place the finished version within the reign of Emperor Tiberius . Some place its first drafts around 7 BC, others around AD 17 or AD 18. The latest passage to which a date can be assigned is his reference to the death in AD ;23 of Juba II , king of Maurousia ( Mauretania ), who
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#17327730675421080-543: Is mentioned for the first time by Hecataeus of Miletus in the 6th century BC. Hecataeus reported that the tribe of Chelidonioi ( Χελιδόνιοι ) lived to the north of the Sesarethioi ( Σεσαρήθιοι ). Furthermore he reports that Sesarethos ( Σεσάρηθος ) was a Taulantian city, with Sesarethioi as its ethnicon . The name Sesarethii/Sesarethioi is also considered a variant of Dassaretii/Dassaretioi , an Illyrian tribe that has been recorded since Roman times and that
1170-490: Is not known when he wrote Geographica , but he spent much time in the famous library in Alexandria taking notes from "the works of his predecessors". A first edition was published in 7 BC and a final edition no later than 23 AD, in what may have been the last year of Strabo's life. It took some time for Geographica to be recognized by scholars and to become a standard. Alexandria itself features extensively in
1260-446: Is predominant. It is located southwest of Skopje , west of Resen and Bitola . In 1979 and in 1980, respectively, Ohrid and Lake Ohrid were accepted as Cultural and Natural World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . Ohrid is one of only 40 sites that are part of UNESCO's World Heritage that are Cultural as well as Natural sites. In antiquity the city was known under the ancient Greek name of Λυχνίς ( Lychnis ) and Λυχνιδός ( Lychnidos ) and
1350-431: Is proper,' he observes in continuation, ' to derive our explanations from things which are obvious, and in some measure of daily occurrences, such as deluges, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and sudden swellings of the land beneath the sea; for the last raise up the sea also, and when the same lands subside again, they occasion the sea to be let down. And it is not merely the small, but the large islands also, and not merely
1440-745: Is said to have died "just recently". He probably worked on the Geography for many years and revised it steadily, but not always consistently. It is an encyclopaedic chronicle and consists of political, economic, social, cultural, and geographic descriptions covering almost all of Europe and the Mediterranean: Britain and Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula, Gaul, Germania, the Alps, Italy, Greece, Northern Black Sea region, Anatolia, Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa. The Geography
1530-471: Is the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in North Macedonia. Ohrid is located in the south-western part of North Macedonia, on the shore of Lake Ohrid , at an elevation of 695 meters above sea level . Ohrid has a warm-summer mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csb ), bordering on an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) moderated by its elevation, as
1620-445: Is the only extant work providing information about both Greek and Roman peoples and countries during the reign of Augustus. On the presumption that "recently" means within a year, Strabo stopped writing that year or the next (AD 24), at which time he is thought to have died. He was influenced by Homer , Hecataeus and Aristotle . The first of Strabo's major works, Historical Sketches ( Historica hypomnemata ), written while he
1710-556: Is thought to have meant "eel people", as in Ancient Greek ἔγχελυς means "eel", like in modern Albanian ngjalë "eel" < Illyrian *engella , possibly cognates to Latin : anguilla "eel" and Lithuanian : ungurỹs "eel". The connection with Albanian ngjalë makes it possible that the name Enchele was derived from the Illyrian term for eels, which may have been anciently related to Greek and simply adjusted to
1800-735: The Despotate of Epirus , the Bulgarian , Byzantine and Serbian Empires , and Albanian rulers. In the mid-13th century, Ohrid was one of the cities ruled by Pal Gropa , a member of the Albanian noble Gropa family . In a text by Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos , there is mention of nomadic Albanians present in the vicinity of Ohrid at around 1328. The presence of the Turkish community dates from their settlement in Ohrid during 1451–81. In 1334,
1890-746: The Kaza of Ohrid . There were supposedly 2,610 households registered in Ohrid, but after further analysis of the documents by Dervishi et al., it was discovered that the city actually had 3,700 households; there were 2,100 Albanian Muslim households, 150 Albanian Christian households, 900 Bulgarian households, 300 Vlach households, 210 Serb households and 39 Greek households. The Cartographic Society of Sofia also incorrectly registered many villages - that were in fact inhabited entirely or mostly by Albanians (both Christians and Muslims) - as Bulgarian. 14 villages were registered as Albanian with 991 households, but further investigation by Dervishi et al. revealed that
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#17327730675421980-510: The Latin Lychnidus , probably meaning "city of light", literally "a precious stone that emits light", from λύχνος ( lychnos ), "lamp, portable light". Polybius , writing in the second century BC, refers to the town as Λυχνίδιον - Lichnidion . The evolution of the ancient toponym Lychnidus into Oh(ë)r(id) required a long-standing period of Tosk Albanian – Eastern South Slavic bilingualism, or at least contact, resulting from
2070-807: The League of Lezhë and 1,000 of the Republic of Venice defeated a 14,000-man Ottoman force near the city in the Battle of Ohrid . When Mehmed II returned from Albania after his actions against Skanderbeg in 1466, he dethroned Dorotheos, the Archbishop of Ohrid , and expatriated him—together with his clerks and boyars and considerable number of citizens of Ohrid—to Istanbul , probably because of their anti-Ottoman activities during Skanderbeg's rebellion amid which many citizens of Ohrid, including Dorotheos and his clergy, supported Skanderbeg and his fight. During
2160-583: The Mithridatic Wars . As the war drew to a close, Strabo's grandfather had turned several Pontic fortresses over to the Romans. Strabo wrote that "great promises were made in exchange for these services", and as Persian culture endured in Amaseia even after Mithridates and Tigranes were defeated, scholars have speculated about how the family's support for Rome might have affected their position in
2250-478: The Myzeqe region, Elbasan, Llëngë and Mokër region (mid. 19th century) and also from Gorna Belica and Malovišta (late 19th century). A large part of Ohrid's Aromanian population has emigrated to Trieste , Odessa and Bucharest . Orthodox Albanians are also present and settled in Ohrid during the second half of the 19th century and originate from Pogradec , Lin , Çërravë and Peshkopi . All Turks from
2340-621: The Polyconch Basilica from the 5th century) prove an early adoption of Christianity in the area. Bishops from Lychnidos participated in multiple ecumenical councils. The South Slavs began to arrive in the area during the 6th century AD. By the early 7th century, it was colonized by a Slavic tribe known as the Berziti . Bulgaria conquered the city around 840. The name Ohrid first appeared in 879. The Ohrid Literary School , established in 886 by Clement of Ohrid , became one of
2430-635: The western Greek dialects spoken by the Greek neighbors of the Enchelei. As such this makes it a native form of the name compared to Enchelei which has been influenced by Ionic Greek . In Polybius the word is written with a voiceless aspirate kh , Enchelanes , while in Mnaseas it was replaced with a voiced ng , Engelanes , the latter being a typical feature of the Ancient Macedonian and northern Paleo-Balkan languages . The name Enchelei
2520-471: The 16th century, Ohrid was located in the Sanjak of Ohrid. In the years 1529–1536, Sanjak of Ohrid had 33,271 households (32,648 Christians and 623 Muslims), with 1331 widows and 3392 unmarried singles. There were 859 settlements and 10 cities, with an average of 28.7 houses per settlement. Ohrid itself had 337 Christian families, 44 unmarried singles, 12 widows and 93 Muslim families. In 1583, the Sanjak of Ohrid
2610-462: The 1990s onward. Ohrid Albanophone Romani refused identification as Albanians seeing it as a result of Albanisation (or to be called Gypsies ) and with encouragement from Macedonian circles now refers to itself as Egyptians whose ancestors migrated from Egypt many centuries ago. The Albanian language is considered by Ohrid Albanophone Romani as only an idiom of the home and not a mother tongue. Turkish speaking Romani reside in Ohrid that during
2700-524: The Aristotelian Xenarchus and Tyrannion who preceded him in teaching Strabo, Athenodorus was a Stoic and almost certainly the source of Strabo's diversion from the philosophy of his former mentors. Moreover, from his own first-hand experience, Athenodorus provided Strabo with information about regions of the empire which Strabo would not otherwise have known about. Strabo is best known for his work Geographica ("Geography"), which presented
2790-680: The Christian population in Macedonia, in 1905 the Christian population of Ohrid consisted of 7,768 Exarchist Bulgarians, 168 Greek Patriarchal Bulgarians, 56 Serboman Patriarchal Bulgarians, 660 Vlachs and 6 Albanians. In the city there is 1 secondary and 5 primary Bulgarian schools and 1 primary Greek, Serbian and Wallachian school each. Modern Albanian study claims that in 1903 the Cartographic Society of Sofia registered incorrectly 8,893 households of Albanian or Vlach ethnicity in
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2880-698: The Enchelei was known as Enchele . Their neighbors to the west were the Taulantii , to the north the Autariatae , to the north-east the Dardani , to the south-east the Paeones , and to the south the Dexaroi . The Enchelei are mentioned for the first time by Hecataeus of Miletus in the 6th century BC. A variant in ancient Greek literature is Εγχελάνες Enchelanes , which bears the suffix -anes typical in
2970-743: The Enchelei, whose realm was centered at that time in the area of Lake Lychnidus , or the Taulantii , who were based farther west, in the coastal area within and around Epidamnos and Apollonia . The Illyrian raids against the Argeads who were based at Aegae indicate that Illyrian attacks also involved the Upper Macedonian regions of Lynkestis , Orestis and Eordaea , Elimea , and Tymphaea , as they were located between Illyrian territory and Argead lands. Strabo Strabo ( / ˈ s t r eɪ b oʊ / ; Greek : Στράβων Strábōn ; 64 or 63 BC – c. 24 AD )
3060-561: The Euxine [Black Sea] was so great, that its bed must be gradually raised, while the rivers still continued to pour in an undiminished quantity of water. He therefore conceived that, originally, when the Euxine was an inland sea, its level had by this means become so much elevated that it burst its barrier near Byzantium, and formed a communication with the Propontis [Sea of Marmara], and this partial drainage had already, he supposed, converted
3150-534: The Exarchate became in control of the area. In 1889, Gustav Weigand discovered in Ohrid the important Codex Dimonie , a collection of Aromanian-language religious texts. In statistics gathered by Vasil Kanchov in 1900, the city of Ohrid was inhabited by 8000 Bulgarians, 5000 Turks, 500 Muslim Albanians, 300 Christian Albanians, 460 Vlachs and 600 Romani. The Bulgarian researcher Vasil Kanchov wrote in 1900 that many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. Ohrid,
3240-421: The Greek pronunciation. An Indo-European pre-form of the root still can not be reconstructed. For this reason, Robert S. P. Beekes considers it Pre-Greek, which matches the timeframe of an early Illyrian origin of the ethnonym through the legendary story of Cadmus and the Enchelei. An alternative name for the Enchelei in the lakeland area of Ohrid is recorded by Strabo as Sesarethii . The name Sesarethioi
3330-478: The Ottomans under Bayezid I captured the city, which became the seat of the newly established Sanjak of Ohrid . Some time after Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg had liberated Krujë to begin his rebellion, his troops—in coordination with Gjergj Arianiti and Zahari Gropa (of the local Albanian Gropa noble family)—liberated Ohrid and the castle of Svetigrad . From 14–15 September 1464, 12,000 Albanian troops of
3420-661: The Romanian/Serbian border. In India , a country he never visited, Strabo described small flying reptiles that were long with snake-like bodies and bat-like wings (this description matches the Indian flying lizard Draco dussumieri ), winged scorpions, and other mythical creatures along with those that were actually factual. Other historians, such as Herodotus , Aristotle , and Flavius Josephus , mentioned similar creatures. Charles Lyell , in his Principles of Geology , wrote of Strabo: He notices, amongst others,
3510-798: The Saint Clement of Ohrid Gymnasium, the Ohrid Clock Tower, and the Icon Gallery . There is a nearby international airport, Ohrid Airport (now known as "St. Paul the Apostle Airport"). Until 1966, Ohrid was linked to Skopje by the Ohrid line , a 167 kilometres (104 mi) long 600 mm narrow-gauge railway. GFK Ohrid Lihnidos is a football team playing at the SRC Biljanini Izvori stadium in
3600-563: The Tosk Albanian rhotacism -n- into -r- and Eastern South Slavic l-vocalization ly- into o- . It became capital of the First Bulgarian Empire in the early medieval period, and was often referred to by Byzantine writers as Achrida (Ἄχριδα, Ὄχριδα, or Ἄχρις). By 879 AD, the town was no longer called Lychnidos but was referred to as Ohrid . In Macedonian and the other South Slavic languages ,
3690-532: The University of Sofia, wrote in 1915 that Albanians, since they did not have their own alphabet, lacked a consolidated national consciousness and were being influenced by foreign propaganda, declared themselves as Turks, Greeks and Bulgarians, depending on which religion they belonged to. Albanians in Ohrid were losing their mother tongue. During Kingdom of Yugoslavia Ohrid continued to be as an independent district ( Охридски округ ) (1918–1922), then it became
Enchele - Misplaced Pages Continue
3780-516: The Yugoslav period self declared themselves mainly as Turks, while within independent Macedonia they identify as Egyptians. In the latter decades of the 20th century, some Albanian speaking Muslim Romani from the villages of Krani and Nakolec have migrated to Ohrid. Ohrid Municipality is home to over 100 sites declared as Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Culture, of which most lie within
3870-486: The capital city of the Illyrian Dassaretii. According to recent excavations, this was a town as early as of the era of king Philip II of Macedon . They conclude that Samuil's Fortress was built on the site of an earlier fortification, dated to the 4th century BC. In 210 BCE, Philip V of Macedon raided a number of southern Illyrian communities. He maintained a garrison at Lychnidos but lost control of
3960-476: The capital of Ohrid district. In Ohrid, Serbian forces killed 150 Bulgarians and 500 people consisting of Albanians and Turks. In September 1913 local Albanian and pro-Bulgarian Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization leaders rebelled against the Kingdom of Serbia . It was occupied by Kingdom of Bulgaria between 1915 and 1918 during World War I . Bulgarian ethnographer Yordan Ivanov , professor at
4050-659: The city of Ohrid has 42,033 inhabitants and the ethnic composition was the following: The mother tongues of the city's residents include the following: The religious composition of the city was the following: The oldest inhabitants of Ohrid are a few families that reside in the Varoš neighbourhood. Other Macedonians have settled in Ohrid and originate from the villages of the Kosel, Struga, Drimkol, Debarca, Malesija and Kičevo regions and other areas from southern Macedonia. Albanians in Ohrid originate from Albanian villages located on
4140-413: The city of Ohrid. There is a legend supported by observations by the 17th century Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi that there were 365 chapels within the town boundaries, one for every day of the year. Today this number is significantly smaller. Besides being a holy center of the region, it is also the source of knowledge and pan-Slavic literacy. The restored Monastery at Plaošnik was actually one of
4230-534: The city was captured by Stefan Uroš IV Dušan and incorporated in the Serbian Empire. After Dusan's death, the city came under the control of Andrea Gropa . After his death, Prince Marko incorporated it in the Kingdom of Prilep . In the early 1370s, Marko lost Ohrid to Pal II Gropa, another member of the Gropa family, and unsuccessfully tried to recapture it in 1375 with Ottoman assistance. In 1395,
4320-665: The city. As of the 2021–22 season they play in the second tier of the Macedonian Football League system. FK Voska Sport is also a football team in Ohrid that competes in the Macedonian First League as of the 2023–24 season. RK Ohrid is a handball team playing at Biljanini Izvori Sports Hall arena, with a capacity of 3,500. As of the 2016–17 season they play in the Macedonian Handball Super League , which
4410-517: The country of the Enchelei. In southern Illyria organized states were formed earlier than in other areas of this region. The oldest known state in the region which can be discussed about from ancient sources is that of the Encheli. The height of the Enchelean state was from the 8th–7th centuries BC, but the kingdom fell from dominant power around the 6th century BC. It seems that the weakening of
4500-399: The early Roman period. As reported in a fragment of Hecataeus of Miletus (around 6th century BC), Enchelei neighbored the Dexaroi , a Chaonian tribe. The Enchelei were often at war with the northern Greeks. From written sources from Greek writers such as Herodotus , the Enchelean army is even recorded attacking the temple of Delphi . Justin (2nd century AD) reports that at a time when
4590-596: The end of the 18th century and in the early part of the 19th century, Ohrid region, like other parts of European Turkey, was a hotbed of unrest. In the 19th century the region of Ohrid became part of the Pashalik of Scutari , ruled by the Bushati family. After the Christian population of the bishopric of Ohrid voted on a plebiscite in 1874 overwhelmingly in favour of joining the Bulgarian Exarchate (97%),
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#17327730675424680-586: The eruption of Mount Vesuvius on 24 August AD 79 in Pompeii : …There are no trees here, but only the vineyards where they produce the Katakekaumene wines which are by no means inferior from any of the wines famous for their quality. The soil is covered with ashes, and black in colour as if the mountainous and rocky country was made up of fires. Some assume that these ashes were the result of thunderbolts and subterranean explosions, and do not doubt that
4770-639: The exarch and were therefore classed as Bulgarians) inhabitants as indicated by statistics gathered from the Ottoman authorities. Before 1912, Ohrid was a township center bounded to Monastir sanjak in Manastir Vilayet (present-day Bitola ). The city remained under Ottoman rule until 29 November 1912, when the Serbian army took control of the city during the Balkan Wars and later made it
4860-539: The explanation of Xanthus the Lydian, who said that the seas had once been more extensive, and that they had afterwards been partially dried up, as in his own time many lakes, rivers, and wells in Asia had failed during a season of drought. Treating this conjecture with merited disregard, Strabo passes on to the hypothesis of Strato , the natural philosopher, who had observed that the quantity of mud brought down by rivers into
4950-448: The first critical edition in 1587. Although Strabo cited the classical Greek astronomers Eratosthenes and Hipparchus , acknowledging their astronomical and mathematical efforts covering geography, he claimed that a descriptive approach was more practical, such that his works were designed for statesmen who were more anthropologically than numerically concerned with the character of countries and regions. As such, Geographica provides
5040-412: The first generation of the descendants of Illyrius , the eponymous ancestor of all the Illyrian peoples . According to Appian's account the progenitor to the Enchele was Encheleus , a son of Illyrius. According to a legendary account reported by Polybius , cited by Stephanus of Byzantium , after the disappearance of Amphiaraus during the siege of Thebes, his carioteer Baton settled in Illyria, near
5130-559: The hot masses burst out from the ground as estimated by a logical reasoning. Such type of soil is very convenient for viniculture , just like the Katanasoil which is covered with ashes and where the best wines are still produced abundantly. Some writers concluded by looking at these places that there is a good reason for calling Dionysus by the name ("Phrygenes"). Ohrid 41°07′01″N 20°48′06″E / 41.11694°N 20.80167°E / 41.11694; 20.80167 Ohrid ( Macedonian : Охрид [ˈɔxrit] )
5220-412: The islands, but the continents, which can be lifted up together with the sea; and both large and small tracts may subside, for habitations and cities, like Bure, Bizona, and many others, have been engulfed by earthquakes.' Strabo commented on fossil formation mentioning Nummulite (quoted from Celâl Şengör ): One extraordinary thing which I saw at the pyramids must not be omitted. Heaps of stones from
5310-471: The kingdom of Enchelae resulted in their assimilation and inclusion into a newly established Illyrian realm at the latest in the 6th–5th century BC, marking the arising of the Dassareti , who appear to have replaced the Enchelei in the lakeland area of Ohrid and Prespa . While the Enchelean area of river Drilon and lake Shkodra in northern Albania saw in later times the emergence of the Labeates , an Illyrian tribe who retained their distinct identity until
5400-407: The kingdom of the Enchelei presumably led to Enchelei's assimilation and inclusion into a newly established Illyrian realm at the latest in the 6th–5th centuries BC, marking the arising of the Dassaretii, who appear to have replaced the Enchelei in the lakeland area. During Classical and Hellenistic antiquity the Enchelei were more a historical memory than a contemporary group. The region inhabited by
5490-464: The last book of Geographica , which describes it as a thriving port city with a highly developed local economy. Strabo notes the city's many beautiful public parks, and its network of streets wide enough for chariots and horsemen. "Two of these are exceeding broad, over a plethron in breadth, and cut one another at right angles ... All the buildings are connected one with another, and these also with what are beyond it." Lawrence Kim observes that Strabo
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#17327730675425580-474: The left side into marshy ground, and that, at last, the whole would be choked up with soil. So, it was argued, the Mediterranean had once opened a passage for itself by the Columns of Hercules into the Atlantic, and perhaps the abundance of sea-shells in Africa, near the Temple of Jupiter Ammon , might also be the deposit of some former inland sea, which had at length forced a passage and escaped. But Strabo rejects this theory as insufficient to account for all
5670-418: The legend says it, at that time the Enchele were at war with neighboring Illyrian tribes and Cadmus after orders from the Oracle became leader of the people and came to their aid. After the victory against the Illyrians, the Enchele chose Cadmus as their king. A mythological tradition reported by Appian (2nd century AD) tells that the Enchelei were among the South- Illyrian tribes that took their names from
5760-458: The legendary story of Typhon takes place in this region. Ksanthos adds that the king of this region was a man called Arimus. However, it is not reasonable to accept that the whole country was burned down at a time as a result of such an event rather than as a result of a fire bursting from underground whose source has now died out. Three pits are called "Physas" and separated by forty stadia from each other. Above these pits, there are hills formed by
5850-413: The local community, and whether they might have been granted Roman citizenship as a reward. Strabo's life was characterized by extensive travels. He journeyed to Egypt and Kush , as far west as coastal Tuscany and as far south as Ethiopia in addition to his travels in Asia Minor and the time he spent in Rome . Travel throughout the Mediterranean and Near East, especially for scholarly purposes,
5940-408: The master of rhetoric Aristodemus , who had formerly taught the sons of the Roman general who had taken over Pontus. Aristodemus was the head of two schools of rhetoric and grammar, one in Nysa and one in Rhodes . The school in Nysa possessed a distinct intellectual curiosity in Homeric literature and the interpretation of the ancient Greek epics. Strabo was an admirer of Homer 's poetry, perhaps as
6030-456: The mean temperature of the warmest month is just above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and every summer month receives less than 40 millimetres (1.6 in) of rainfall. The coldest month is January with the average temperature 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) or in a range between 6.2 °C (43.2 °F) and −1.5 °C (29.3 °F). The warmest month is August with average range of 27.7 °C (82 °F)-14.2 °C (57.6 °F). The rainiest month
6120-1235: The name of the city is Ohrid (Охрид). In Albanian , the city is known as Ohër or Ohri and in modern Greek Ochrida (Οχρίδα, Ωχρίδα) and Achrida (Αχρίδα). The name of the city in Aromanian is Ohãrda . Illyrians ( Enchele , Dassaretii ) –3rd century BC Kingdom of Macedonia 210 BC-208 BC Kingdom of Dardania 208 BC-170 BC Kingdom of Macedonia 170 BC-148 BC Roman Republic 148 BC - 27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC – 395 Byzantine Empire 395–842 First Bulgarian Empire 842–1018 Byzantine Empire 1018–1083 Bohemond I 1083–1085 Byzantine Empire 1085–1203 Second Bulgarian Empire 1203–1208 Strez 1208–1214 Epirus and Thessalonica 1214–1230 Second Bulgarian Empire 1230–1263 Byzantine Empire ~1250–1334 Serbian Empire 1334 - ~1336 Gropa family ~1336 – ??? Lordship of Prilep ??? – ~1373 Gropa family ~1373–1395 Ottoman Empire 1395–1464 League of Lezhë 1464-1466 Ottoman Empire 1466–1912 Kingdom of Serbia 1912–1915 Kingdom of Bulgaria 1915–1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 Kingdom of Bulgaria 1941–1944 SFR Yugoslavia 1944–1991 Macedonia / North Macedonia 1991–present The earliest inhabitants of
6210-422: The number was actually 2,400. Therefore, with those corrections, the Kaza of Ohrid had 5,336 Albanian households, 4,347 Slavic households, 1,549 mixed household and 125 Vlach households that were mainly spread across two villages. By the end of Ottoman rule , the Kaza of Ohrid itself numbered to 38,000 Albanian inhabitants and 36,500 non-Albanian (Bulgarian, Serbs, Vlachs and Orthodox Albanians who recognised
6300-455: The oldest Universities in the western world, dating before the 10th century. Several of Ohrid's best-known churches and monasteries, such as the Monastery of Saint Naum lie in its surrounding villages. Dozens of individual homes and commercial buildings in Ohrid are listed as Cultural Heritage sites. Some of these, such as the Robevi family house and the Prličev family home, the Uzunov family home, function as museums today. Also included are
6390-401: The phenomena, and he proposes one of his own, the profoundness of which modern geologists are only beginning to appreciate. 'It is not,' he says, 'because the lands covered by seas were originally at different altitudes, that the waters have risen, or subsided, or receded from some parts and inundated others. But the reason is, that the same land is sometimes raised up and sometimes depressed, and
6480-476: The population that declared itself Turkish "was of Albanian blood", but it "had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg", referring to Islamization. The majority of the Christian inhabitants of the city were under the supremacy of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to " La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne ", statistics of the secretary of the exarchate Dimitar Mishev on
6570-417: The quarries lie in front of the pyramids. Among these are found pieces which in shape and size resemble lentils. Some contain substances like grains half peeled. These, it is said, are the remnants of the workmen's food converted into stone; which is not probable. For at home in our country (Amaseia), there is a long hill in a plain, which abounds with pebbles of a porous stone, resembling lentils. The pebbles of
6660-402: The rest 1/3 were Albanophone Muslims with 20-25 Slavophone Greek families. The Christian population declined during the first centuries of Ottoman rule. In 1664, there were only 142 Christian households. The situation changed in the 18th century when Ohrid emerged as an important trade center on a major trade route . At the end of this century it had around five thousand inhabitants. Towards
6750-571: The ruler of Macedonia was the infant Aeropus I (around 6th century BC), the Illyrians attacked successfully Macedonia until the infant ruler was brought to a battle by his Macedonian subjects, benefitting from his presence and avenging their initial defeat against the Illyrians. The name of the specific Illyrian tribe or group of tribes that attacked Macedonia is not reported in Justin's account, but it has been suggested that they would have been either
6840-401: The sea also is simultaneously raised and depressed so that it either overflows or returns into its own place again. We must, therefore, ascribe the cause to the ground, either to that ground which is under the sea, or to that which becomes flooded by it, but rather to that which lies beneath the sea, for this is more moveable, and, on account of its humidity, can be altered with great celerity. It
6930-453: The sea-shore and of rivers suggest somewhat of the same difficulty [respecting their origin]; some explanation may indeed be found in the motion [to which these are subject] in flowing waters, but the investigation of the above fact presents more difficulty. I have said elsewhere, that in sight of the pyramids, on the other side in Arabia, and near the stone quarries from which they are built, is
7020-671: The settlement in 208 BCE, when its commander joined local leader Aeropus and invited the Dardani in the region. During the Roman conquests, towards the end of 3rd and the beginning of 2nd century BC, Lychnidus is mentioned as a town near or within Dassaretia. In Roman times, it was located along the Via Egnatia , which connected the Adriatic port Dyrrachion (present-day Durrës ) with Byzantium . Archaeological excavations (e.g.,
7110-740: The two major cultural centres of the First Bulgarian Empire . Between 990 and 1015, Ohrid was the empire's capital and stronghold. From 990 to 1018, Ohrid was also the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate . After the Byzantine reconquest of the city in 1018 by Basil II , the Bulgarian Patriarchate was downgraded to an Archbishopric of Ohrid , and placed under the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople . The higher clergy after 1018
7200-463: The village of Peštani after selling properties and land moved to Ohrid by 1920 and today those few families are known as Peştanlı . In 1949, additional families from Aegean Macedonia settled in Ohrid. In Yugoslav censuses, Albanophone Ohrid Romani mainly declared as Albanians. As tensions between Albanians and the state increased over numbers regarding community size and sociopolitical rights , Romani identity became politicized and contested from
7290-496: The western and southern areas of Lake Ohrid. There is a sizeable amount of Turkified Albanians in Ohrid who originate from the cities of Elbasan , Durrës and Ulcinj . The local Romani population in Ohrid originates from Podgradec and speaks the southern Tosk Albanian dialect. The earliest presence of the Aromanian population in Ohrid dates to 1778 arriving from Moscopole , others from Kavajë (late 18th century), from
7380-518: The wider Lake Ohrid region were the Illyrian tribes of Enchele and Dassaretii . According to a tradition the town was founded by Cadmus , the Phoenician king of Thebes , who fled to Enchele after being banished from Boeotia . In addition to Ohrid, called Lychnidos ( Ancient Greek : Λυχνιδός ) in classical antiquity, he is said to have founded Budva in Montenegro . Lychnidos was
7470-453: The writings of other authors. Strabo was born to an affluent family from Amaseia in Pontus (in present-day Cappadocia ) in around 64 BC. His family had been involved in politics since at least the reign of Mithridates V . Strabo was related to Dorylaeus on his mother's side. Several other family members, including his paternal grandfather, had served Mithridates VI during
7560-629: Was a Greek geographer , philosopher , and historian who lived in Asia Minor during the transitional period of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire . He is best known for his work Geographica ("Geography"), which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known during his lifetime. Additionally, Strabo authored historical works, but only fragments and quotations of these survive in
7650-529: Was a cultural center of great importance for the Balkans. Almost all surviving churches were built by the Byzantines and by the Bulgarians, with the rest dating back to the short time of Serbian rule during the late Middle Ages . Bohemond , leading a Norman army from southern Italy, took the city in 1083. The Byzantines regained it in 1085. In the 13th and 14th century, the city changed hands between
7740-626: Was almost invariably Greek, including during the period of Ottoman domination, until the abolition of the archbishopric in 1767. At the beginning of the 16th century, the archbishopric reached its peak, subordinating the Sofia , Vidin , Vlach and Moldavian eparchies, part of the former medieval Serbian Patriarchate of Peć , (including Patriarchal Monastery of Peć itself), and even the Orthodox districts of Italy ( Apulia , Calabria and Sicily ), Venice and Dalmatia . As an episcopal city, Ohrid
7830-427: Was also a Peripatetic, he was more relevantly a respected authority on geography, a fact of some significance considering Strabo's future contributions to the field. The final noteworthy mentor to Strabo was Athenodorus Cananites , a philosopher who had spent his life since 44 BC in Rome forging relationships with the Roman elite. Athenodorus passed onto Strabo his philosophy, his knowledge and his contacts. Unlike
7920-734: Was in Rome ( c. 20 BC ), is nearly completely lost. Meant to cover the history of the known world from the conquest of Greece by the Romans, Strabo quotes it himself and other classical authors mention that it existed, although the only surviving document is a fragment of papyrus now in the possession of the University of Milan (renumbered [Papyrus] 46). Strabo studied under several prominent teachers of various specialities throughout his early life at different stops during his Mediterranean travels. The first chapter of his education took place in Nysa (modern Sultanhisar , Turkey) under
8010-583: Was made up of several Kazas, including the Kaza of Ohrid, which were in turn made of Nahiyes; the Ottoman Defter recorded, within the Nahiya of Ohrid, 2,920 Christian homes, 627 unmarried singles and 465 Muslim families within a total of 107 settlements. In 1889, according to a French research, the city had 2.500-3.000 houses and approximately 12.000 individuals, of which 2/3 were Bulgarians and Vlachs and
8100-570: Was popular during this era and was facilitated by the relative peace enjoyed throughout the reign of Augustus (27 BC – AD 14). He moved to Rome in 44 BC, and stayed there, studying and writing, until at least 31 BC. In 29 BC, on his way to Corinth (where Augustus was at the time), he visited the island of Gyaros in the Aegean Sea. Around 25 BC, he sailed up the Nile until he reached Philae , after which point there
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