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56-638: Sir Weetman Pearson, Bart. (ennobled as Viscount Cowdray in 1910) headed a successful civil engineering contractor, S. Pearson and Sons , that had contracts in Mexico from 1889. He initiated oil prospecting there in 1901 and founded the Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company in 1909, which had its first major oil strike in 1910 (near Tampico on the Gulf of Mexico coast). Before Pearson struck oil, he started to order oil tankers to carry

112-466: A territorial sub-designation ; however, only more recent creations duplicating the original creation require territorial designations . So, for example, there are baronetcies Moore of Colchester, Moore of Hancox, Moore of Kyleburn, and Moore of Moore Lodge. Baronetcies usually descend through heirs male of the body of the grantee , and can rarely be inherited by females or collateral kins , unless created with special remainder , for example: Marking

168-474: A Saltire Azure with an inescutcheon of the Royal Arms of Scotland . From before 1929 to the present it has been customary practice for such baronets to display this badge on its own suspended by the order's ribbon below the shield of arms. The first publication listing all baronetcies ever created was C. J. Parry's Index of Baronetcy Creations (1967). This listed them in alphabetical order, other than

224-536: A collision with a submerged object while inward bound on 13 October 1929. Completed by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd., Newcastle in December 1912 Torpedoed off Stornoway but it was quickly towed in and repaired for service on 10 March 1917 Arrived at Port Glasgow to be scrapped by Smith & Houston Ltd in 1934. Completed by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd., Newcastle in April 1913. Mined in

280-675: A day for the upkeep of thirty soldiers for three years (1095 days), thus amounting to £1,095 (equivalent to £277,955 in 2023). , in those days a very large sum. The money was to help fund the Plantation of Ulster . In 1619 James I established the Baronetage of Ireland ; Charles I in 1625 created the Baronetages of Scotland and Nova Scotia . The new baronets were each required to pay 2,000 marks (equivalent to £522,045 in 2023). or to support six colonial settlers for two years. Over

336-862: A gross decline of 19.2% (up to 2017). Extant baronetcies numbered about 1,236 in 2015, and 1,204 as of 2017. Since 1965 only one new baronetcy has been created, for Sir Denis Thatcher on 7 December 1990, husband of a former British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher (later Baroness Thatcher); their only son, Sir Mark Thatcher , succeeded as 2nd Baronet upon his father's death in 2003. Seven baronetcies dormant in 1965 have since been revived: Innes baronetcy, of Coxton (1686), Nicolson baronetcy of that Ilk and of Lasswade (1629), Hope baronetcy, of Kirkliston (1698), St John ( later St John-Mildmay) baronetcy, of Farley (1772), Maxwell-Macdonald baronetcy of Pollok (1682), Inglis baronetcy, of Cramond, Edinburgh (1687) and Von Friesendorff baronetcy, of Hirdech, Sweden (1661). The Premier Baronet (of England)

392-669: A hundred of these baronetcies, now familiarly known as Scottish baronetcies, survive to this day. As a result of the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, all future creations were styled baronets of Great Britain . Following the Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, new creations were styled as baronets of the United Kingdom . Under royal warrants of 1612 and 1613, certain privileges were accorded to baronets. Firstly, no person or persons should have place between baronets and

448-643: A mine and sank in the North Sea off the Moray Firth . San Casimiro (8,045 tons) and San Conrado (7,982 tons) were sister ships launched by Blythswood at Scotstoun in 1936. San Casimiro was captured off Cape Race , Newfoundland by the German battleship Gneisenau on 15 March 1941 and scuttled off the Azores five days later. San Conrado was bombed and sunk by enemy aircraft off The Smalls on

504-688: A particular target in Germany's economic warfare against the Allies. Enemy action sank 17 Eagle Oil ships, killing at least 206 officers, men and DEMS gunners. San Calisto (8,018 tons) was launched by Lithgows on the Clyde in 1937. On 2 December 1939 she struck a mine off the Tongue Lightship in the Thames Estuary and sank with the loss of six men. On 4 May 1940 San Tiburcio struck

560-544: Is recognised by being placed on the Official Roll. With some exceptions granted with special remainder by letters patent, baronetcies descend through the male line. A full list of extant baronets appears in Burke's Peerage and Baronetage , which also published a record of extinct baronetcies. A baronetcy is not a peerage; so baronets, like knights and junior members of peerage families, are commoners and not peers of

616-434: Is referred to and addressed as, for example, "Sir Joseph" (using his forename). The correct style on an envelope for a baronet who has no other titles is "Sir Joseph Bloggs, Bt." or "Sir Joseph Bloggs, Bart." A formal letter would commence with the salutation "Dear Sir Joseph". The wife of a baronet is addressed and referred to by her married surname, as "Lady Bloggs"; the salutation would be "Dear Lady Bloggs". Her given name

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672-598: Is the holder of a baronetcy , a hereditary title awarded by the British Crown . The title of baronet is mentioned as early as the 14th century ; however, in its current usage it was created by James I of England in 1611 as a means of raising funds for the crown. Baronets rank below barons , but seemingly above all knights grand cross , knights commander and knights bachelor of the British chivalric orders , that are in turn below in chivalric precedence than

728-601: Is the unofficial title afforded to the current holder of the oldest extant baronetcy in the realm. The Premier Baronet is regarded as the senior member of the Baronetage, and ranks above other baronets (unless they hold a peerage title ) in the United Kingdom Order of Precedence . Sir Nicholas Bacon, 14th Baronet , is the current Premier Baronet; his family's senior title was created by King James I in 1611. The Premier Baronets of Nova Scotia (Scotland) were

784-540: Is used only when necessary to distinguish between two holders of the same title. For example, if a baronet has died and the title has passed to his son, the widow (the new baronet's mother) will remain "Lady Bloggs" while he (the son) is not married, but if he is or becomes married, his wife becomes "Lady Bloggs" while his mother will be known by the style "Alice, Lady Bloggs". Alternatively, the mother may prefer to be known as "The Dowager Lady Bloggs". A previous wife will also become "Alice, Lady Bloggs" to distinguish her from

840-792: The Anglo-Mexican Petroleum Company in the UK to sell Mexican Eagle's products outside Mexico. Eagle Oil Transport immediately ordered 20 modern steam tankers at a cost of £ 3 million. The company gave all the ships the Spanish names of Christian saints , most of them ending in "o" . Swan Hunter launched San Dunstano (6,238 tons) and San Eduardo (6,225 tons) in 1912, San Fraterno (11,929 tons) San Silvestre (6,223 tons), San Tirso (6,236 tons) and San Gregorio (12,093 tons) in 1913 and San Lorenzo (12,097 tons) in 1914. Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company , also on

896-845: The Dominican Republic in the Caribbean with the loss of 26 lives. In 1942 the Ministry of War Transport placed the Empire ships Empire Airman , Empire Cobbett and Empire Norseman under Eagle Oil and Shipping's management. In 1943 two U-boats torpedoed and sank Empire Norseman (9,811 tons) in the Atlantic south of the Azores. After the Second World War the company bought Empire Airman and Empire Cobbett from

952-655: The Firth of Forth and beached on the 11th February 1917, later to be repaired and returned to service. Sank in the Straits of Magellan on 29 July 1927 after striking a rock off of Carlos Island while on passage from Buenos Aires to San Pedro . Completed by Armstrong Whitworth & Co. Ltd. , Newcastle in June 1913. Seized by the Mexican Government in 1939 and transferred to Petroleos Mexicanos S.A. , where it

1008-594: The Gordon baronets of Gordonstoun and Letterfourie until the title's extinction in 1908. Subsequently, the Premier Scottish Baronets are the Innes baronets of that Ilk (cr. 28 May 1625), the present Premier Baronet being Charles Innes-Ker, 11th Duke of Roxburghe . The Premier Baronetcy of Ireland was created for Sir Dominic Sarsfield in 1619, and was held by his successors until the attainder of

1064-820: The River Clyde , San Alvaro (7,385 tons) launched by Swan Hunter, San Amado (7,316 tons) launched by the Blythswood Shipbuilding Company on the Clyde, San Ambrosio (7,410 tons) launched by Hawthorn Leslie and Company on the Tyne and San Arcadio (7,419 tons) launched by Harland and Wolff in Belfast , Northern Ireland. New additions continued until 1939, when Lithgows launched San Eliseo (8,042 tons), Harland and Wolff launched San Emiliano (8,071 tons) and Furness Shipbuilding launched San Ernesto (8,078 tons). Eagle Oil and Shipping

1120-743: The River Mersey . In April 1958 a Douglas B-26 Invader bomber aircraft, painted black and with no markings, bombed and sank San Flaviano in Balikpapan Harbour, Borneo , killing two of her crew. The aircraft, its bombs and its pilot, William H. Beale , were sent by the CIA as part of US covert support for the Permesta rebellion in North Sulawesi . UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd supported

1176-715: The River Wear and Armstrong Whitworth launched San Claudio (2,712 tons). In 1919 Viscount Cowdray sold his group of oil companies to Royal Dutch Shell . Eagle Oil Transport renewed and expanded its fleet, and some of the new ships were very large by the standards of the day. Armstrong Whitworth launched San Fernando (13,056 tons) in 1919, San Felix (13,037 tons) in 1921 and San Fabian (13,013 tons) in 1922. Swan Hunter launched San Florentino (12,842 tons) in 1919 and Palmers launched San Gaspar (12,910 tons) in 1921 and San Gerardo (12,915 tons) in 1922. Eagle Oil also bought new medium-sized tankers. Swan Hunter built

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1232-482: The Royal Arms of Scotland , with an Imperial Crown above the escutcheon, and encircled with the motto Fax Mentis Honestae Gloria . This badge may be shown suspended by the ribbon below the escutcheon. Baronets of England and Ireland applied to King Charles I for permission to wear a badge. Although a badge was worn in the 17th century, it was not until 1929 that King George V granted permission for all baronets (other than those of Scotland) to wear badges. A baronet

1288-443: The Baronetage  – 146 of England, 63 of Ireland, 119 of Scotland, 133 of Great Britain and 853 of the United Kingdom. The total number of baronetcies today is approximately 1,204, although only some 1,020 are on The Official Roll of the Baronetage . It is unknown whether some baronetcies remain extant and it may be that nobody can prove himself to be the actual heir. Over 200 baronetcies are now held by peers; and others, such as

1344-622: The CIA involvement of which both governments were well aware. The CIA pilots had orders to target commercial shipping in order to frighten foreign merchant ships away from Indonesian waters, thereby weakening the Indonesian economy and destabilising the Indonesian government of President Sukarno . In this they were at least partly successful: Royal Dutch Shell suspended its tanker service to Balikpapan and evacuated shore-based wives and families to Singapore . Several new ships delivered to Eagle Oil in

1400-501: The English Crown, have all disappeared and should properly be excluded from the 3,482, making the effective number of creations 3,457. A close examination of Parry's publication shows he missed one or two, so there might well have been some more. As of 2000, including baronetcies where succession was dormant or unproven, there was a total of 1,314 baronetcies divided into five classes of creation included on The Official Roll of

1456-714: The First World War. On 3 August 1914 San Wilfrido struck a mine and sank off Cuxhaven in the North Sea, making her the first merchant ship sunk in the First World War . German submarines torpedoed and sank San Hilario in April 1917 and San Urbano and San Onofre in May 1917, all in the North Atlantic to the west of Ireland. In 1915 the company had bought a dry cargo steamship , Drumlanrig , which

1512-550: The Knox line, have been made tenuous by internal family disputes. According to the Ministry of Justice , it is not necessary to prove succession to a baronetcy in order to use the title, but a person cannot be referred to as a baronet in any official capacity unless their name is on the Official Roll . There were 1,490 baronetcies extant on 1 January 1965. Since then the number has reduced by 286 through extinction or dormancy:

1568-566: The Tyne, launched San Hilario (10,157 tons) and San Valerio (6,493 tons) in 1913 and San Melito (12,286 tons) in 1914. William Doxford & Sons launched San Jeronimo (12,398 tons), San Nazario (12,029 tons) and San Zeferino (6,433 tons) in 1914. Armstrong Whitworth launched San Ricardo (6,465 tons) and San Urbano (6,458 tons) in 1913, San Wilfrido (6,458 tons), San Isidoro (9,718 tons) and San Onofre (9,717 tons) in 1914 and San Patricio (12,092 tons) in 1915. Eagle Oil Transport suffered significant war losses in

1624-554: The UK Peerage and Baronetage consist of about 1,200 families (some peers are also baronets), which is roughly less than 0.01% of UK families. The term baronet has medieval origins. Sir Thomas de La More (1322), describing the Battle of Boroughbridge , mentioned that baronets took part, along with barons and knights. Edward III created eight baronets in 1328. The title of baronet was initially conferred upon noblemen who lost

1680-495: The US policy to supply Permesta and on 6 May 1958, more than a week after the CIA sank San Flaviano , Lloyd secretly told US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that this was still his position. On 18 May, Indonesian forces shot down a different Permesta B-26 and captured its CIA pilot, Allen Pope . Nevertheless, in June 1958 both Indonesia and the UK publicly claimed that the aircraft had been flown by Indonesian rebels , concealing

1736-784: The War Standard Type Z tanker War Kookri (5,582 tons) for the UK Shipping Controller , but when she was launched in 1919 Cowdray bought her and renamed her San Zotico . Cowdray then turned to the US for new ships of this size. Standard Shipbuilding Company of Shooters Island , New York launched San Teodoro (6,137 tons), San Tiburcio (5,995 tons) and San Ubaldo (5,999 tons) in 1921. After 1921 Cowdray reverted to UK shipyards. Armstrong Whitworth launched San Roberto (5,890 tons) and San Rosendo (5,891 tons) in 1922, San Quirino (5,843 tons) in 1923 and San Salvador (5,805 tons) in 1924. In 1927 San Fraterno

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1792-613: The War, Eagle Oil bought two US-built T2 tankers : Bryce Canyon in 1948 and Laurel Hill in 1949. The company renamed them San Leonardo and San Leopoldo respectively and kept them in service until 1961. Between 1950 and 1960 Eagle Oil acquired at least 16 new tankers. Two of the earliest were a second San Salvador (10,802 tons) and a second San Silvestre (10,953 tons), both launched by Furness Shipbuilding in 1950. Later ships included San Flaviano (12,278 tons) and San Fortunato (12,257 tons), both launched in 1956 by Cammell Laird on

1848-543: The badge (Red Hand of Ulster) in their coats of arms either in canton or an escutcheon at their election". Since 1929 such baronets may also display the Red Hand of Ulster on its own as a badge, suspended by a ribbon below the shield of arms. Baronets of Nova Scotia, unlike other baronets, do not use the Baronet's Badge (of Ulster), but have their own badge showing the escutcheon of the arms of Nova Scotia : Argent,

1904-465: The baronetage's origins in the Plantation of Ulster , baronets of England, Ireland, Great Britain or the United Kingdom ( i.e. all except baronets of Nova Scotia ) can display the Red Hand of Ulster ( sinister (left) hand version) as a heraldic badge , being the arms of the ancient kings of Ulster . This badge (or augmentation of honour) is blazoned as follows: Argent a Hand sinister couped at

1960-405: The coast of west Wales on 1 April 1941. San Demetrio (8,073 tons), which Blythswood had launched at Port Glasgow in 1938, became famous for surviving a naval bombardment by the German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer in 1940. San Demetrio ' s crew succeeded in extinguishing the resultant fire and bringing the ship and her cargo of aviation spirit to Glasgow , Scotland. San Demetrio

2016-548: The current wife of the incumbent baronet. She would not be "Lady Alice Bloggs", a style reserved for the daughters of dukes, marquesses and earls (and now Ladies Companion of the Garter and Ladies of the Thistle without higher styles). The children of a baronet are not entitled to the use of any courtesy titles . In history, there have been only four baronetesses: In 1976, Lord Lyon King of Arms stated that, without examining

2072-517: The eastern coast of the US with the loss of 51 lives. On 9 April 1942 U-203 torpedoed and sank San Delfino (8,072 tons) in the North Atlantic off Cape Hatteras, USA with the loss of 28 lives. On 17 May 1942 U-155 torpedoed and sank San Demetrio ' s sister ship San Victorio in the eastern Caribbean southwest of Grenada with the loss of 52 lives. On 27 August 1942 U-511 torpedoed and sank San Fabian between Jamaica and

2128-459: The first half of the 19th century if the title holder was also a Knight Grand Cross of a Crown order. Baronets of Scotland or Nova Scotia were allowed to augment their armorial bearings with the Arms of Nova Scotia and the privilege of wearing a neck badge signifying "of Nova Scotia", suspended by an orange-tawny ribbon. This consists of an escutcheon argent with a saltire azure, an inescutcheon of

2184-435: The husband's (marital) surname only, this by longstanding courtesy. Wives of baronets are not baronetesses; only women holding baronetcies in their own right are so styled. Unlike knighthoods – which apply to the recipient only – a baronetcy is hereditarily entailed. The eldest son of a baronet who is born in wedlock succeeds to a baronetcy upon his father's death, but will not be officially recognised until his name

2240-576: The last five creations ( Dodds of West Chiltington , Redmayne of Rushcliffe , Pearson of Gressingham , Finlay of Epping and Thatcher of Scotney ). It showed the total number created from 1611 to 1964 to have been 3,482. They include five of Oliver Cromwell , several of which were recreated by Charles II . Twenty-five were created between 1688 and 1784 by James II in exile after his dethronement, by his son James Stuart ("The Old Pretender") and his grandson Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") . These "Jacobite baronetcies" were never accepted by

2296-522: The later 1950s were in the order of 18,000 to 19,500 tons. One of the last new ships to be delivered for the fleet was also one of the largest; the second San Conrado (34,750 tons), launched by Furness Shipbuilding in 1960. By then Royal Dutch Shell had absorbed Eagle Oil and Shipping, which ceased to be a separate member of the group in 1959. Completed by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd., Newcastle in July 1912. Sank off Tampico after being in

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2352-411: The lowest of the nobiles majores , because their honour, like that of the higher nobility, is both hereditary and created by patent. Comparisons with continental titles and ranks are tenuous due to the British system of primogeniture and because claims to baronetcies must be proven; currently the Official Roll of the Baronetage is overseen by the Ministry of Justice . In practice this means that

2408-439: The ministry, renamed them San Wenceslao and San Wilfrido respectively and kept them in service until 1959. During the war Eagle Oil and Shipping bought several new tankers to replace war losses. Harland and Wolff launched San Veronico (8,198 tons) and San Vulframo (8,167 tons) in 1942 and San Vito (8,163 tons) in 1943. Hawthorn Leslie launched San Venancio (8,152 tons) in 1942 and San Velino (8,210 tons) in 1944. After

2464-547: The most senior British chivalric orders of the Garter and the Thistle . Like all British knights, they are addressed as "Sir" (or "Dame" in the case of baronetesses). They are conventionally seen to belong to the lesser nobility, even though William Thoms claims that: The precise quality of this dignity is not yet fully determined, some holding it to be the head of the nobiles minores , while others, again, rank Baronets as

2520-618: The oil that he hoped to produce. Armstrong Whitworth on the River Tyne launched San Cristobal (2,041 tons) in 1906 and Swan Hunter , also on Tyneside, launched San Antonio (5,251 tons) in 1909. Pearson also bought James Brand (3,907 tons), which had been built by Armstrong Whitworth in 1893, and renamed her San Bernardo . In 1912 Pearson founded the Eagle Oil Transport Company in the UK to take over his ships and carry Mexican Eagle's products. He also founded

2576-476: The patent of every Scottish baronetcy, he was not in a position to confirm that only these four title creations could pass through female lines. As of 2020 , there are no living baronetesses. For a baronetess one should write, for example, "Dame Daisy Smith, Btss" on the envelope. At the head of the letter, one would write "Dear Dame Daisy", and to refer to her, one would say "Dame Daisy" or "Dame Daisy Smith" (never "Dame Smith"). All baronetcies are created with

2632-464: The privilege of depicting the Arms of Nova Scotia as an augmentation of honour. The former applies to this day for all baronets of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom created subsequently. Like knights, baronets are accorded the style " Sir " before their first name. Baronetesses in their own right use " Dame ", also before their first name, while wives of baronets use " Lady " followed by

2688-472: The realm . Originally, all first baronets were knighted. Baronets also had other rights, including the right to have the eldest son knighted on his 21st birthday. However, at the beginning of George IV 's reign, these rights were eroded by orders-in-council on the ground that sovereigns should not necessarily be bound by acts of their predecessors. Although never having been automatically entitled to heraldic supporters , baronets were allowed them in heredity in

2744-400: The right of individual summons to Parliament , and was used in this sense in a statute of Richard II . A similar title of lower rank was banneret . Present-day baronets date from 1611 when James I granted letters patent to 200 gentlemen of good birth with an income of at least £1,000 a year (equivalent to £253,840 in 2023). ; in return for the honour, each was required to pay one pound

2800-518: The wrist extended in pale Gules . King James I of England established the hereditary Order of Baronets in England on 22 May 1611, in the words of Collins' Peerage (1741): "for the plantation and protection of the whole Kingdom of Ireland, but more especially for the defence and security of the Province of Ulster, and therefore for their distinction those of this order and their descendants may bear

2856-470: The younger sons of peers. Secondly, the right of knighthood was established for the eldest sons of baronets (this was later revoked by George IV in 1827), and thirdly, baronets were allowed to augment their armorial bearings with the Arms of Ulster on an inescutcheon : "in a field Argent, a Hand Geules (or a bloudy hand)". These privileges were extended to baronets of Ireland, and for baronets of Scotland

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2912-555: Was registered in the United Kingdom. Therefore, after 1938 although the Mexican government had nationalised Mexican Eagle Petroleum, Eagle Oil and Shipping remained a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. After 1938 the fleet continued to carry oil from the Gulf of Mexico to the UK. During the Second World War the company played an important role in supplying petroleum and petroleum products to the United Kingdom. Oil tankers were

2968-568: Was renamed Santa Amalia . In December 1917 the German submarine SM  U-19 torpedoed and sank Santa Amalia in the North Atlantic to the west of Islay , with the loss of 43 officers and crew. San Zeferino was damaged by enemy action during the war. Eagle Oil Transport had at least one motor tanker by the end of the War; San Dario (1,137 tons), which had been launched in 1918 by Short Brothers of Sunderland . The company continued to buy new steam tankers until at least 1928, when J.L. Thompson and Sons launched San Casto (2,446 tons) on

3024-492: Was renamed to "18 de Marzo". Scrapping commenced in May 1964 in Astilleros de Veracruz, Veracruz Baronet A baronet ( / ˈ b æ r ə n ɪ t / or / ˈ b æ r ə ˌ n ɛ t / ; abbreviated Bart or Bt ) or the female equivalent, a baronetess ( / ˈ b æ r ə n ɪ t ɪ s / , / ˈ b æ r ə n ɪ t ɛ s / , or / ˌ b æ r ə ˈ n ɛ t ɛ s / ; abbreviation Btss ),

3080-516: Was repaired and returned to service, but the German submarine  U-404 torpedoed and sank her in the western Atlantic off Virginia on 17 March 1942 with the loss of 19 lives. On 2 October 1941 U-98 torpedoed and sank San Florentino north of the Azores with the loss of 22 lives. On 31 January 1942 U-107 torpedoed and sank San Arcadio north of Bermuda with the loss of 41 lives. On 31 March 1942 U-71 torpedoed and sank San Gerardo off

3136-719: Was wrecked on a rock at Bonet Island in the Strait of Magellan and in 1929 San Dunstano was wrecked at the entrance to Tampico harbour. In about 1930 the Eagle Oil Transport Company was renamed the Eagle Oil and Shipping Company. In about 1935 the company started adding a new generation of motor tankers including San Adolfo (7,365 tons) launched by the Furness Shipbuilding Company on the River Tees , San Alberto (7,397 tons) launched by Lithgows on

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