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61-745: The East Indian Railway Company , operating as the East Indian Railway ( reporting mark EIR ), introduced railways to East India and North India , while the Companies such as the Great Indian Peninsula Railway , South Indian Railway , Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway and the North-Western Railway operated in other parts of India. The company was established on 1 June 1845 in London by

122-695: A 2-digit code indicating the vehicle's register country . The registered keeper of a vehicle is now indicated by a separate Vehicle Keeper Marking (VKM), usually the name of the owning company or an abbreviation thereof, which must be registered with the Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF) and the European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) and which is unique throughout Europe and parts of Asia and Northern Africa. The VKM must be between two and five letters in length and can use any of

183-407: A Class I railway according to Indian Railway Classification System of 1926. Reporting mark In North America , the mark, which consists of an alphabetic code of two to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment, along with a one- to six-digit number. This information is used to uniquely identify every such rail car or locomotive, thus allowing it to be tracked by the railroad it

244-651: A boiler, shipped it to Australia and the Victorian Railways assembled the Kerr Stuart steam railmotor . In 1880, Ringhoffer of Prague built a steam railcar for the Österreichische Lokaleisenbahngesellschaft (Austrian local railway). With 32 seats and a maximum speed of 18 kilometres per hour (11 mph), it had been withdrawn by 1900. In the early 20th century, the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways ordered

305-468: A deed of settlement with a capital of £4,000,000, largely raised in London. The first board of directors formed in 1845 comprised thirteen members and Rowland Macdonald Stephenson became the first managing director of the company. Rowland Macdonald Stephenson (later Sir Rowland, but familiarly known as Macdonald Stephenson) and three assistants travelled from England in 1845 and "with diligence and discretion" surveyed, statistically studied and costed

366-464: A hyphen. Some examples: When a vehicle is sold it will not normally be transferred to another register. The Czech railways bought large numbers of coaches from ÖBB. The number remained the same but the VKM changed from A-ÖBB to A-ČD. The UIC introduced a uniform numbering system for their members based on a 12-digit number, largely known as UIC number . The third and fourth digit of the number indicated

427-700: A predecessor of the CNW, from which the UP inherited it. Similarly, during the breakup of Conrail , the long-retired marks of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) and New York Central Railroad (NYC) were temporarily brought back and applied to much of Conrail's fleet to signify which cars and locomotives were to go to CSX (all cars labeled NYC) and which to Norfolk Southern (all cars labeled PRR). Some of these cars still retain their temporary NYC marks. Because of its size, this list has been split into subpages based on

488-779: A push-pull steam locomotive as these were able to haul additional carriages or goods wagons. After trials in 1924, the London and North Eastern Railway purchased three types of steam railcars from Sentinel-Cammell and Claytons. Experiments with a steam railcar in 1926 led to the acquisition of many examples of this type of vehicle by the Egyptian State Railways . Clayton Wagons supplied six twin-car units in 1928. Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company 13 similar vehicles in 1930. Sentinel and Metro-Cammell supplied ten twin-car units in 1934. In 1951, Sentinel and Metro-Cammell built ten 3-car steam railcar units for

549-414: A railcar with a Serpollet boiler from Esslingen , followed by a number of cars with boilers from Komarek of Vienna and carriages from Ringhoffer. The Niederösterreichische Landesbahnen (Lower Austrian State Railway) also bought cars made by Komarek and Rohrbacher. Most cars had been withdrawn by the end of World War I, and those that remained when Austria-Hungary was divided in 1918 were divided between

610-780: A steam railcar for the metre gauge Chemin de fer de Kayes au Niger in Mali . In 1907, the Mauritius Government Railways purchased a steam railcar from Kerr, Stuart and Company . In 1907, the Otavi Mining and Railway Company in German South West Africa (today's Namibia ) purchased two steam railcars built by MAN SE in cooperation with Maffei for 600 mm gauge . In 1925 and 1926, two steam railcars were supplied to New Zealand Railways Department , one from Sentinel and Cammell and

671-603: A steam railcar from Kerr, Stuart and Company . Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company supplied a twin-car unit with an oil-fired boiler in 1931 to the Entre Ríos Railway . In 1883, the Victorian Railways purchased the Rowan steam railmotor . Two double-decker units were imported from Belgium by the South Australian Railways in 1895. In 1913, Kerr, Stuart and Company built

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732-808: A trial basis and often not entirely successful due to their uniqueness or relative costs. The rise of electric traction was one cause for the ultimate demise of American steam motor cars. In 1906, the Portuguese Railway Company purchased two steam railcars from Borsig . There were a total of three steam railcars in South Africa, all imported from Britain and all running on the Cape gauge of 1,067 mm common there. The Sudan Government Railways bought two steam railcars from Clayton Wagons in 1929. Steam railcars were used in Sweden in

793-458: Is traveling over, which shares the information with other railroads and customers. In multinational registries, a code indicating the home country may also be included. The Association of American Railroads (AAR) assigns marks to all carriers, under authority granted by the U.S. Surface Transportation Board , Transport Canada , and Mexican Government. Railinc , a subsidiary of the AAR, maintains

854-891: The Bengal Nagpur Railway . In 1904, two steam railcars were ordered from Purrey; classified as FS 80 these were withdrawn in 1913. Sixty-five railcars, classified as FS 60, were purchased in 1905 to 1907, but found to be under-powered and sixteen were converted into locomotives. At the 1906 Milan Fair an FS 85 (it) was exhibited and three were purchased by Kerr, Stuart and Company , followed by 12 also British built FS 86 (it) . In 1938, three railcars using high-pressure steam were purchased and classified ALv 72 (it) . These were sold to Ferrovie Padane in 1940 and converted into passenger coaches. The Japanese Government Railways had several steam railcars in their employ before experimenting with petrol and diesel cars. French manufacturers Buffaud & Robatel built

915-579: The Bristol & Exeter Railway , who used it for two years on a branch line. The first steam railcar was designed by James Samuel , the Eastern Counties Railway Locomotive Engineer, built by William Bridges Adams in 1847, and trialled between Shoreditch and Cambridge on 23 October 1847. An experimental unit, 12 feet 6 inches (3.81 m) long with a small vertical boiler and passenger accommodation

976-659: The Canadian Pacific Railway had an oil fired steam railcar and in 1908 the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad purchased one by Alco -Schenectady. In 1911, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a steam-powered railcar combining a Jacobs-Schupert boiler and a Ganz Works power truck in an American Car and Foundry body. The resulting doodlebug was designated M-104. It operated experimentally under its own power for only three months. With

1037-457: The Cape of Good Hope (the Suez Canal did not then exist). In April 1854, it was estimated that over 100,000 tons of rails, 27,000 tons of chairs, and some 8000 tons of keys, fish-plates, pins, nuts and bolts were needed. By 1859, there were 77 engines, 228 coaches and 848 freight wagons. By the end of 1877 the company owned 507 steam locomotives, 982 coaches and 6,701 goods wagons. In 1900

1098-595: The Compagnie Générale des Omnibus-Paris . Also, Buffaud & Robatel built a steam railcar for the metre gauge Chemin de fer de Kayes au Niger in Mali . In 1879, Georg Thomas of the Hessian Ludwig Railway developed a double-decker steam railcar, for which he was granted a patent in 1881. The three-axle vehicle consisted of a single-axle engine unit and a two-axle double-deck carriage part, rigidly coupled together and separable only in

1159-710: The Czechoslovak State Railways after Austria-Hungary was divided at the end of World War I . At the end of World War II units were divided between the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany, Deutsche Bundesbahn of West Germany and SNCF of France and all units had been withdrawn by 1953. In 1906, the Prussian state railways bought two steam railcars, one fired by coal and the other oil, from Hannoversche Maschinenbau AG . Seven Bavarian MCCi units were built between 1906 and 1908 for

1220-772: The Czechoslovak State Railways and the Austrian Federal Railways . All units having been withdrawn by the end of the 1950s, as of 2012 one car is preserved operational at the Czech Railway Museum in Lužná (Rakovník District) . Between 1901 and 1908, Ganz Works of Budapest and de Dion-Bouton of Paris collaborated to build a number of railcars for the Hungarian State Railways together with units with de Dion-Bouton boilers, Ganz steam motors and equipments, and Raba carriages built by

1281-709: The Egyptian National Railways . The units were articulated, with an oil-fired boiler supplying steam to two 6-cylinder steam motors . Withdrawn from service in 1962, as of 2012 one unit is under restoration at the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre . At the beginning of the 20th century Société Valentin Purrey patented a steam engine that was used in railcars. Built in Bordeaux by 1903 fifty cars had been built, including 40 to

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1342-793: The Leopoldina Railway (de) purchased a steam railcar for inspection services by Sentinel Waggon Works . Steam railcars to be built in Britain in the early 20th century for the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) and before entering passenger service one was lent to the Great Western Railway (GWR) for a trial run in the Stroud Valley between Chalford and Stonehouse in Gloucestershire. Between 1902 and 1911, 197 steam railcars were built, 99 by

1403-564: The River Hooghly from Calcutta ) to Burdwan on the route to the Raniganj coalfields. By June, there was an impasse, in that the government did not allow Turnbull and his engineers to mark a route on the ground. Specifications for works were however advertised on 1 July and tenders received on 31 July for six contracts. Bamboo towers 80 feet (24 m) tall were then built above the palm trees at Serampore and Balli Khal to set out

1464-736: The Swiss Transport Museum in Lucerne. Car no. 10 is on permanent loan to the Deutsches Museum in Munich. In 1902, a steam railcar was built by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen . Not a success, it was rebuilt in 1907 and sold to the Uerikon Bauma Railway . The railcar was withdrawn in 1950 and as of 2012 the railcar is restored. The Trinidad Government Railway purchased two steam railcars secondhand from

1525-669: The TTX Company (formerly Trailer Train Company) is named for its original reporting mark of TTX. In another example, the reporting mark for state-funded Amtrak services in California is CDTX (whereas the usual Amtrak mark is AMTK) because the state transportation agency ( Caltrans ) owns the equipment used in these services. This may also apply to commuter rail, for example Metrolink in Southern California uses

1586-515: The Viceroy Lord Elgin , Lt Governor Sir Cecil Beadon and others over two days to Benares inspecting the line on the way. They stopped the first night at Jamalpur near Monghyr . They alighted at the Son bridge and inspected it. In Benares there was a durbar on 7 February to celebrate the building of the railway and particularly the bridging of the Son river, the largest tributary of

1647-660: The 1880s. In 1889, steam railcars were built for the Pilatus Railway , a rack railway in Switzerland with a maximum gradient of 48%. Cars Nos. 1-9 were built by the Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works in Winterthur , followed by No. 10 in 1900 and no. 11 in 1909. The railway was electrified in 1937, and the cars scrapped except for two. Car no. 9 remained until 1981 as a reserve and has since been in

1708-513: The 26 letters of the Latin alphabet . Diacritical marks may also be used, but they are ignored in data processing (for example, Ö is treated as though it is O ). The VKM is preceded by the code for the country (according to the alphabetical coding system described in Appendix 4 to the 1949 convention and Article 45(4) of the 1968 convention on road traffic), where the vehicle is registered and

1769-540: The GWR. Introduced either due to competition from the new electric tramways or to provide an economic service on lightly used country branch lines, there were two main designs, either a powered bogie enclosed in a rigid body or an articulated engine unit and carriage, pivoting on a pin. However, with little reserve power steam railcars were inflexible and the ride quality was poor due to excessive vibration and oscillation. Most were replaced by an autotrain , adapted carriages and

1830-460: The Ganges tributaries to be built of bricks: hundreds of millions were needed. Brick-making skills were very limited and often the available clay was found to be unsuitable. Transport by river of suitable clay was difficult. Brick availability became a major problem, so the decision was made to use vast quantities of ironwork – imported from England as India had no iron works at that time. Much ironwork

1891-494: The Ganges. The Chief Engineer responsible for all this construction from 1851 to 1862 was George Turnbull who was acclaimed in the Indian Official Gazette of 7 February 1863 paragraph 5 as the "First railway engineer of India" . Some historians like Irfan Habib argue that because the contracts signed between East India Company and EIR in 1849 guaranteed 5% return on all capital invested, initially there

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1952-663: The Prime Minister of India inaugurated two new zones of the first six zones of the Indian Railways . One of them, the Northern Railways had the three "up-stream" divisions of East Indian Railway: Allahabad, Lucknow and Moradabad, while the other, the Eastern Railways had the three "down-stream" divisions: Howrah, Asansol and Danapur and the complete Bengal Nagpur Railway . It was labeled as

2013-882: The Raba Hungarian Wagon and Machine Factory in Győr. In 1908, the Borzsavölgyi Gazdasági Vasút (BGV), a narrow-gauge railway in Carpathian Ruthenia (today's Ukraine), purchased five railcars from Ganz and four railcars from the Hungarian Royal State Railway Machine Factory with de Dion-Bouton boilers. The Ganz company started to export steam motor railcars to the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Japan, Russia and Bulgaria. In 1928,

2074-498: The Royal Bavarian State Railways for suburban services in the Munich area, the coach bodies being manufactured by MAN and the engines by Maffei . These had all been withdrawn by the end of the 1920s. A steam railcar, DR 59, was built by Wismar in 1937 to reduce the dependency on imported diesel or petrol. After the war ownership of the car passed to the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany, and in 1959

2135-494: The VKM BLS. Example for an "Einheitswagen" delivered in 1957: In the United Kingdom, prior to nationalisation, wagons owned by the major railways were marked with codes of two to four letters, these codes normally being the initials of the railway concerned; for example, wagons of the Great Western Railway were marked "G W"; those of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway were marked "L M S", etc. The codes were agreed between

2196-541: The acquiring company discontinues the name or mark of the acquired company, the discontinued mark is referred to as a "fallen flag" railway. Occasionally, long-disused marks are suddenly revived by the companies which now own them. For example, in recent years, the Union Pacific Railroad has begun to use the mark CMO on newly built covered hoppers, gondolas and five-bay coal hoppers. CMO originally belonged to Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway ,

2257-500: The active reporting marks for the North American rail industry. Under current practice, the first letter must match the initial letter of the railroad name. As it also acts as a Standard Carrier Alpha Code , the reporting mark cannot conflict with codes in use by other nonrail carriers. Marks ending with the letter "X" are assigned to companies or individuals who own railcars, but are not operating railroads; for example,

2318-585: The first 16 weeks, the company was delighted to carry 109,634 passengers: 83,118 third class, 21,005 second class, and 5511 first class. The gross earnings, including the receipts of a few tons of merchandise were £6793. Including branch lines this totalled 601 miles (967 kilometres). The most significant bridge was the girder bridge over the Son River (then known in English as the Soane River) which at

2379-448: The first letter of the reporting mark: A railway vehicle must be registered in the relevant state's National Vehicle Register (NVR), as part of which process it will be assigned a 12-digit European Vehicle Number (EVN). The EVN schema is essentially the same as that used by the earlier UIC numbering systems for tractive vehicles and wagons , except that it replaces the 2-digit vehicle owner's code (see § Europe 1964 to 2005 ) with

2440-498: The latter to construct and operate an "experimental" line between Calcutta and Rajmahal , 161 km (100 miles) long at an estimated cost of £1 million which would be later extended to Delhi via Mirzapur. On 7 May 1850, the East Indian Railway Company's managing director Macdonald Stephenson, George Turnbull , the company's Chief Engineer, and the engineer Slater made an initial survey from Howrah (across

2501-625: The line from Burdwan to Rajmahal . Divisions of East Indian Railway (1947-1952): Howrah , Asansol , Danapur , Allahabad , Moradabad and Sealdah (part of the Eastern Bengal Railway until 1942 and later the Bengal and Assam Railway until 1947, but added to the East Indian Railway during the Partition of India in 1947) All permanent way and rolling stock was transported from Britain in sailing ships to Calcutta via

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2562-601: The line. On 29 January 1851 the East Indian Railway Company took possession of its first land. Turnbull and other British engineers began detailed surveys of the line. They chose the critical crossing point on the 5,000-foot-wide (1,500 m) Son River (the largest Ganges tributary) on 17 February. The best route to Raniganj was determined in May and June. The plans for Howrah station were submitted on 16 June. Tenders for 11 contracts arrived on 31 October 1851. In December Turnbull continued his survey: he took levels and defined

2623-450: The other from Claytons. They were both withdrawn after a few years. The Nigerian Railways purchased several 3-car steam railcar units in 1954 from Metro-Cammell . The units were articulated, with an oil-fired boiler supplying steam. In North America, a railcar is known as a Doodlebug and the steam railcar as a steam motor car. The New England Railroad purchased a steam motor car by Schenectady Locomotive Works in 1897. In 1906,

2684-518: The owner of a reporting mark is taken over by another company, the old mark becomes the property of the new company. For example, when the Union Pacific Railroad (mark UP) acquired the Chicago and North Western Railway (mark CNW) in 1995, it retained the CNW mark rather than immediately repaint all acquired equipment. Some companies own several marks that are used to identify different classes of cars, such as boxcars or gondolas. If

2745-405: The owner, or more precisely the keeper of the vehicle. Thus each UIC member got a two-digit owner code . With the introduction of national vehicle registers this code became a country code. Some vehicles had to be renumbered as a consequence. The Swiss company BLS Lötschbergbahn had the owner code 63. When their vehicles were registered, they got numbers with the country code 85 for Switzerland and

2806-519: The potential traffic for a railway route from Calcutta (the then commercial capital of India) to Delhi via Mirzapur . They assessed that the maximum cost of a twin-track line would not exceed £15000 per mile if the land was available without charge. The East Indian Railway Company was then formed and raised money in London. A contract was signed between the East India Company and the East Indian Railway Company on 17 August 1849, entitling

2867-644: The rail connections between Calcutta and Delhi and Calcutta and Bombay. On 31 December 1879, the British Indian Government purchased the East Indian Railway Company, but leased it back to the company to work under a contract terminable in 1919. On 1 January 1925 the British Indian Government took over the management of the East Indian Railway and divided it into six divisions: Howrah , Asansol , Danapur , Allahabad , Lucknow and Moradabad . On 14 April 1952, Jawaharlal Nehru ,

2928-434: The railways and registered with the Ministry of Railways , Government of India . Steam railcar A steam railcar , steam motor car (US), or Railmotor (UK) is a railcar that is self powered by a steam engine . The first steam railcar was an experimental unit designed and built in 1847 by James Samuel and William Bridges Adams in Britain. In 1848 they made the Fairfield steam carriage that they sold to

2989-444: The railways and registered with the Railway Clearing House . In India, wagons owned by the Indian Railways are marked with codes of two to four letters, these codes normally being the initials of the railway divisions concerned along with the Hindi abbreviation; for example, trains of the Western Railway zone are marked "WR" and "प रे"; those of the Central Railway zone are marked "CR" and "मध्य", etc. The codes are agreed between

3050-609: The reporting mark SCAX because the equipment is owned by the Southern California Regional Rail Authority —which owns the Metrolink system—even though it is operated by Amtrak. This is why the reporting mark for CSX Transportation , which is an operating railroad, is CSXT instead of CSX. Private (non-common carrier) freight car owners in Mexico were issued, up until around 1990, reporting marks ending in two X's, possibly to signify that their cars followed different regulations (such as bans on friction bearing trucks) than their American counterparts and so their viability for interchange service

3111-466: The steam machinery removed and an unpowered bogie truck substituted, the car operated as an unpowered combine (combination baggage-coach car) until the 1960s. The steam motor cars in North America reached their popular apex before the 1880s, with most fabricated to custom designs by small specialty builders before 1875. nearly all examples were unique and purpose-built to order; a few were experimental cars built and marketed by small firms or individuals on

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3172-434: The time was understood to be the second longest in the world. Other significant bridges were the girder bridges over the Kiul and Hullohur rivers and the masonry bridge over the Adjai . The Monghyr tunnel was a challenge. In late 1859, a horrific cholera epidemic in the Rajmahal district killed some 4000 labourers and many of the British engineers. On 5 February 1863, a special train from Howrah took George Turnbull,

3233-406: The wagon stock was under 14,000 wagons, in 1905 it was over 17,000 wagons. In 1907 five steam railcar from Nasmyth, Wilson and Company was purchased. Although immense quantities of sal tree wood for sleepers were delivered from Nepal , yet more were needed. So fir sleepers from the Baltic were creosoted in England and shipped to India. The initial plans were for the many bridges over

3294-472: The workshop. The Hessian Ludwig Railway built three in 1879–80, followed by the Royal Saxon State Railways , the Oels-Gniezno Railway and the Royal Württemberg State Railways . The Royal Bavarian State Railways built a similar Bavarian MCi in 1882. All had been withdrawn in the early 20th century. In 1895, the Royal Württemberg State Railways ordered a steam railcar using a Serpollet boiler from Esslingen , followed by six more. At first, their performance

3355-446: Was a bench seat around a box at the back. The following year Samuel and Adams built the Fairfield steam carriage . This was much larger, 31 feet 6 inches (9.60 m) long, and built with an open third class section and a closed second class section. After trials in 1848, it was sold to the Bristol and Exeter Railway and ran for two years on the Tiverton branch . In 1905, the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway purchased

3416-430: Was converted into a driving trailer and withdrawn in 1975. The Great Indian Peninsula Railway bought one steam railcar in 1906 from Kerr, Stuart and Company . In 1906, the North Western State Railway purchased a steam motor coach from Vulcan Foundry and in 1907 the East Indian Railway bought five steam railcars from Nasmyth, Wilson and Company . In 1925, Sentinel and Metro-Cammell built five twin-car units for

3477-480: Was impaired. This often resulted in five-letter reporting marks, an option not otherwise allowed by the AAR. Companies owning trailers used in trailer-on-flatcar service are assigned marks ending with the letter "Z", and the National Motor Freight Traffic Association , which maintains the list of Standard Carrier Alpha Codes, assigns marks ending in "U" to owners of intermodal containers . The standard ISO 6346 covers identifiers for intermodal containers. When

3538-417: Was no inducement for economy or for employing Indians instead of high-paid Europeans (but initially, there were only experienced British railway civil engineers and no Indian ones). EIR was stated in 1867 to have spent as much as Rs 300,000 on each mile of railway, the construction described by a former Finance Member in India as the most extravagant works ever undertaken . The line from Kanpur to Allahabad

3599-442: Was opened in 1859. In 1860, the Kanpur- Etawah section was opened to traffic, and between 1862 and 1866 all gaps between Howrah and Delhi were filled, and the connection to Agra built. The bridges over the Yamuna at Allahabad and at Delhi were completed in 1865 and 1866 respectively. In June 1867 the Allahabad- Jabalpur branch was completed and a connection made at Jabalpur with the Great Indian Peninsula Railway , thus completing

3660-466: Was stolen during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Construction work of Old Yamuna Bridge in Delhi started in 1863 which was popularly known as lohe ka pool (bridge made by iron) and completed in 1866. It is a 12 spanned bridge. The construction cost of the bridge was Rs 16,16,335/- Initially it was made as a single railway track but was upgraded to double track in 1913. The 541 miles (871 kilometres) of line from Howrah to Benares were opened to: During

3721-405: Was unsatisfactory, until Eugen Kittel of the Württemberg State Railways developed a new firebox. Seventeen were built for the Württemberg State Railways and railcars were also made for the Royal Saxon State Railways , Swiss Northeastern Railway and Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways , and the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway in 1914–15. In 1918, the Austrian State Railways unit passed to

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