Misplaced Pages

#744255

50-591: East Pomeranian ( Ostpommersch ) or Farther Pomeranian ( Hinterpommersch ) is an East Low German dialect moribund in Europe , which used to be spoken in the region of Farther Pomerania when it was part of the German Province of Pomerania , until World War II , and today is part of Poland . Currently, the language survives mainly in Brazil , where it is spoken by descendants of German immigrants of

100-542: A province . After the independence of Brazil in 1822, it became a province of the newly established Empire of Brazil , and after Brazil became a republic in 1889, it was granted statehood. In the early 20th century, its current state symbols were adopted. Espírito Santo's namesake is the Christian Holy Ghost (also known as the Holy Spirit). Debate exists as to the origin of the term capixaba ,

150-818: A German dialect derived from the Hunsrückisch native to Brazil. It excludes the dialect spoken in the United States, known as Wisconsin Pomeranian, which was influenced by the English language . The varieties of East Pomeranian are: Westhinterpommersch, Osthinterpommersch, Bublitzisch around Bobolice and Pommerellisch; Further the east, German dialects transitioned to Low Prussian-East Pomeranian and Vistula Delta German spoken in and around Danzig/Gdansk . East Low German East Pomeranian, Central Pomeranian and West Pomeranian should not be confused with

200-536: A common Austrian–Hungarian passport, or in the case of the Tyroleans, under an Italian passport. Tyrolean settlers were both of German and Italian language and concentrated in the region of Santa Leopoldina and Santa Teresa. Romanians (especially from Transylvania and Bukovina ) and Roma usually arrived under Austrian passports. Large groups of Romani people settled in Espírito Santo's countryside in

250-480: A group of Dutch settlers from Zeeuws-Vlaanderen migrated to the state. In the area of Santa Leopoldina, their dialect of Dutch, which they call Ollans but is in fact a variety of Zeeuws-Vlaams influenced by Pomeranian, is still spoken by about 20 speakers. It is therefore severely endangered. The first African slaves in Espírito Santo arrived in Vitória in 1609, and years of slavery ensued. Espírito Santo, though,

300-525: A retinue of 60 soldiers, colonists, slaves, and servants. They settled on Vitória Island and around the Bay of Vitória. The capital was at first established in Vila Velha , but due to frequent raids by Amerindians, it was moved to the current capital of Vitória, founded on 8 September 1551, on an island near Vila Velha, which was later named Vitória Island. In 1556, after the arrival of European missionaries,

350-433: Is about the size of Estonia, or half the size of Portugal, and has a variety of habitats including coastal plains, lakes, mountainous forests, mangroves and many others. The volcanic islands of Trindade and Martim Vaz , 715 kilometers (444 mi) east of Vitória in the southern Atlantic Ocean, are part of Espírito Santo. This Brazilian state is in the east of the southeastern subdivision of Brazil, which also contains

400-642: Is also spoken in Brazil (see Pomerode , in Santa Catarina , Santa Maria de Jetibá , in Espírito Santo , and Arroio do Padre , Morro Redondo , Turuçu , Canguçu , São Lourenço do Sul and Pelotas , in Rio Grande do Sul ). By the early Middle Ages, Pomerania was largely populated by Slavic Pomeranians and Liuticians , who spoke the Pomeranian and Polabian languages. During

450-526: Is from the name of a local tribe, borrowed by the Portuguese during the colonial period. Originally, capixaba referred only to people from Vitória, but in common parlance, it eventually came to refer to those born anywhere in the state. The official state demonym, however, is "espírito-santense". Espírito Santo was first inhabited by Amerindians , whose different tribes were usually semi-nomadic, but precolonial Brazil has no recorded history. The area

500-406: Is increasing. Sands and marbles are also important products of Espírito Santo extractivism . The state's subsoil is rich in minerals, including oil, with considerable reserves of limestone, marble, manganese, ilmenite, bauxite, zirconium, monazites, and rare earths, although not all are being explored. In mineral extraction, exploration of reserves of marbles, limestone, and dolomite is happening in

550-428: Is located on an island, which borders the municipalities of Vila Velha , Cariacica , and Serra . These municipalities, plus the outer cities of Fundão and Guarapari , constitute the state's main metro area . In the northern extremes of Espírito Santo is Itaúnas, in the municipality of Conceição da Barra , which is a tourist location known for its sand dunes and forró tradition. The Captaincy of Espírito Santo

SECTION 10

#1732773281745

600-459: Is now Syria and Lebanon, they came to the state fleeing World War I. As at the time, they were Ottoman Empire citizens, they were commonly called "Turcos" (Turks). Large communities were established in the southern part of the state. Now, their descendants control a good share of the local commerce. The Arab-Brazilians of Espírito Santo are generally Maronite Christians . About 60–75% of the population of Espírito Santo has Italian ancestry, making it

650-472: Is represented primarily by cattle raised for milk and beef. Industry consists mainly of canning, forestry, textiles, and iron and steel works. The latter two are concentrated around Cariacica and the Vale do Rio Doce ironworks. Vitória is an important port for the exporting of iron and steel; the state is among the biggest steel-producing regions the world. In São Mateus , petroleum reserves have been found on

700-461: Is turning increasingly towards agrotourism , is appealing to its Italian roots to exploit that market. Germans were among the first colonists to cultivate land away from the coastal zone, and were a strong influence. The first German settlement, Santa Isabel , was founded in 1844, and still stands. Like today's capixaba Italian community, they still hold on to many aspects of their ancestors' homeland's culture, as represented in festivals such as

750-585: The Berlinerisch dialect that is gaining ground on the Brandenburgisch dialect by which it is surrounded. East Low German dialects are: Instead of Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch also Mecklenburgisch and Vorpommersch are used. For some it also includes Plautdietsch (originating from Danzig ), which is spoken by Mennonites in North America , Mexico and a few other places in

800-621: The Napoleonic Invasion of Portugal (1807) . After the Independence of Brazil in 1822, Espírito Santo's provincial status was kept, and it was headed by an appointed provincial president. Emperor Pedro II , who was on good terms with the provincial president, visited the Espírito Santo in 1860, during one of his tours of Brazil. In 1889, with the advent of the First Brazilian Republic , Espírito Santo

850-550: The Santa Maria River  [ pt ] basin, the northern branch of the inlets flowing into the sea near Vitória, and the Jucu River Basin, which flows into the sea at roughly the same place, but corresponds to the southern branch. Espírito Santo's climate is tropical along the coast, with dry winters and rainy summers. North of Doce River is generally drier and also hot. In the mountainous regions in

900-634: The West Slavic Pomeranian language ( German : Pomoranisch ). East Low German belongs to the dialect continuum of the West Germanic languages . It developed from the older Middle Low German . In the West it fades into West Low German . The distinction is usually made referring to the plural endings of the verbs: East Low German endings are based on the old first person ending: -e(n), whereas West Low German endings are based on

950-405: The 16th century, several towns in Espírito Santo were founded with primarily Amerindian populations converted to Catholicism, such as Serra and Santa Cruz . Amerindian food has left its legacy in capixaba culture; the fish-based Moqueca capixaba is the state dish, among other local typical seafood dishes. One large ethnic group in the state is known as Turcos. Technically from the region that

1000-634: The 19th century and where it was given its own script by the linguist Ismael Tressmann. It has co-official status in 11 Brazilian municipalities and has been recognized as a historical and cultural heritage of the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo . East Pomeranian is also spoken in central Wisconsin and parts of Iowa , in the United States . Nowadays, spoken East Pomeranian in Brazil has mostly been influenced by Portuguese language and Hunsrik ,

1050-401: The 2,890 meter tall Pico da Bandeira ), which is part of the larger Serra do Caparaó range . Ethnicities of Espírito Santo in 2022. According to the 2022 census , 3,833,712 people were residing in the state. The census revealed: 1,908,803 Brown (multiracial) (49.8%), 1,479,275 White (38.6%), 429,680 Black (11.2%), 11,617 Indigenous (0.3%) and 4,268 Asian (0.1%). The population density

SECTION 20

#1732773281745

1100-677: The Cachoeiro de Itapemirim area. Although relatively small, the industrial park in Espírito Santo is home to chemical, metallurgical, food, and paper and cellulose industries. About industry , Espírito Santo in 2017 had an industrial GDP of R$ 21.3 billion, equivalent to 1.8% of the national industry. It employed 168,357 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: extraction of oil and natural gas (23.0%), construction (20.5%), industrial services of public utility, such as electricity and water (12.3%), metallurgy (7.5 %), and pulp and paper (6.6%). These sectors concentrate 69.9% of

1150-810: The High Middle Ages , Germans from northern parts of the Holy Roman Empire settled in Pomerania as part of the medieval Ostsiedlung . Most Slavic Pomeranians gradually became Germanized . The new Pomeranian dialects which emerged from the admixture of the Low German dialects of the settlers are classified as East Low German. After World War II , Germans east of the Oder-Neisse line were expelled to post-war Germany . Most varieties of East Pomeranian dialect have largely died out in

1200-673: The Sommerfest in Domingos Martins . Domingos Martins also hosts a Colonization Museum, where one can find old photos, artifacts, and documents pertaining to that settlement movement. Espírito Santo is home to the biggest community of East Pomeranian speakers in the world. More than a century after arriving to Espírito Santo, East Pomeranian continues to be spoken and remains an important part of Espírito Santo's heritage for many people. To this day, they continue centuries-old customs within their communities. Between 1858 and 1862,

1250-595: The cities Serra, Nova Almeida , and Santa Cruz were founded. The captaincy remained under the influence of Coutinho's family for 140 years. It was elevated to province status in 1821, following the 1815 elevation of Brazil to a constituent kingdom of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves , prompted by the 1808 transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil . The Portuguese court were fleeing

1300-468: The colonial era, periods of gold rush occurred, when agriculture was neglected, leading to food shortages , but not as much gold was found in Espírito Santo, as in the neighbouring states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais . Another reason for the subdued expansion was the colonial administration's prohibition of the laying roads leading into Minas Gerais, as gold could be smuggled through the state. With 46,180 square kilometers (17,830 sq mi), it

1350-412: The continental shelf, and are being commercially exploited. In agricultural production, coffee, sugarcane, papaya, banana, and coconut stand out. It also produces cassava , oranges, and beans. In 2020, Espírito Santo was the largest producer of Coffea canephora in Brazil, with a 66.3% share of the total (564.5 thousand tons, or 9.4 million 60 kg bags). In 2017, Minas accounted for 54.3% of

1400-577: The following decades as the expellees were assimilated into their new homes, although West Pomeranian and Central Pomeranian are still spoken in Vorpommern (Western or Hither Pomerania), part of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . As a result of German immigration to Brazil , there are still some communities speaking East Pomeranian in Rio Grande do Sul , Santa Catarina and Espírito Santo . Fritz Reuter and Heinrich Bandlow are among

1450-476: The largest oil province in the country, with total reserves of 2.5 billion barrels. About 140 thousand barrels a day are produced. Oil fields are located both on land and at sea, in shallow, deep, and ultra-deep waters, containing light and heavy oil and unassociated gas. In the urban centers of the capital and Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, practically all the main units of the Espírito Santo transformation industry are concentrated. The steel industries are located in

1500-507: The late 19th century. The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 50%, followed by the industrial sector at 44%. Agriculture represents 5% of GDP (2004). Espírito Santo's exports consisted mainly of manufacturing of iron and steel 35.8%, iron ore 25.2%, paper 17.6%, coffee 7.7%, and granite 6.5% (as of 2002). Espírito Santo is Brazil's highest steel-producing state. The main crops grown are coffee, sugarcane, and fruits (mostly coconuts, bananas and papayas ). The livestock industry

1550-460: The military government slowly redemocratized , culminating in the adoption of Brazil's current 1988 Constitution . Democratic elections were held for the filling of every term, up to the incumbent, Renato Casagrande . During the first three centuries of Portuguese colonialism , the main cash crop was sugarcane , until coffee, in high demand in Europe, overtook it in the mid-19th century. During

East Pomeranian dialect - Misplaced Pages Continue

1600-449: The most famous East Low German writers. Esp%C3%ADrito Santo Espírito Santo ( Portuguese: [(i)sˈpiɾitu ˈsɐ̃tu] ; lit.   ' Holy Spirit ' ) is a state in southeastern Brazil . Its capital is Vitória , and its largest city is Serra . With an extensive coastline , the state hosts some of the country's main ports, and its beaches are significant tourist attractions. The capital, Vitória,

1650-643: The old second person ending: -(e)t. The categorization of the Low German dialects into an Eastern and a Western group is not made by all linguists. In the South, it fades into East Central German . The difference is that the East Low German varieties have not been affected by the High German consonant shift . The areas affected by the High German consonant shift are still expanding today, especially

1700-477: The region of Vitória. In the south, dairy farming is practiced, and milk is sold, through cooperatives, in the markets of Rio de Janeiro and Vitória. More recently developed are silviculture and fruit-growing, with use for canned fruit and cellulose production. The total number of chickens in the state is about 9.2 million birds, and that of cattle exceeds 1.8 million head. Important reserves of granite are known and used, and extraction of natural gas and oil

1750-424: The second-largest producer of the fruit in the world, currently in third place, losing only to India and Ecuador , and produced 6.7 million tons in the same year. Espírito Santo was the largest Brazilian producer of papaya in 2018, with 354 thousand tons. Brazil produced 1.06 million tons in the same year. The state was the fifth-largest producer of coconuts in Brazil in 2009, with 157 million fruits. In 2018,

1800-498: The south and southwest of the state, the tropical climate is strongly influenced by altitude, and the average temperatures are lower. One of the most important lake districts in Brazil lies on the banks of the Doce River. The area contains some 26 large lakes, the biggest of which is called Juparanã Lagoon . The state can be divided into two areas: the low lying coastline and the highland area known as Serra (where one can find

1850-432: The state also produced cassava, in a small amount compared to Brazilian production: 115,000 tons, with the country producing 17 million tons. Espírito Santo had an orange production of around 18,000 tons in 2018, the country's 14th-largest producer state. In the north of the state, beef cattle are raised and fattened, and the meat industry was developed; the meat is mainly shipped to Rio de Janeiro, in addition to supplying

1900-537: The state with the highest percentage of Italian descendants in Brazil. They founded many towns in the area and have significant influence on capixaba society. A number of traditional Italian dance groups are still in the state, as are Italian culture festivals, such as the one held in Venda Nova do Imigrante . Italian food is also an important part of capixaba cuisine. Italian pasta and cheeses, such as mozzarella , are produced locally. Small-scale farming, which

1950-474: The state's industry. In 2012, the export basket of Espírito Santo was based on iron ore (52.49%), crude oil (10.87%), chemical pulp made of soda or sulphate wood (10.01%), stone or construction (5.58%), and coffee (4.42%). Espírito Santo exports iron produced in Minas Gerais. In the mineral extractive industry, in 2019, Rio de Janeiro was the largest producer of oil and natural gas in Brazil, with 71% of

2000-646: The states of São Paulo , Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro . It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), the state of Bahia (N), the state of Minas Gerais (N and W), and the state of Rio de Janeiro (S). Espírito Santo's main cities (outside the Greater Vitória region) are Cachoeiro de Itapemirim , Colatina , Linhares , São Mateus and Aracruz . The main river serving the state is the Doce (English: Sweet River). Other important river basins include

2050-410: The total national coffee production (first place), Espírito Santo accounted for 19.7% (second place) and São Paulo, 9.8% (third place). Brazil is the world's biggest productor of sugarcane, with 672 million tons/year. In 2020, Espírito Santo harvested almost 3 million tons. Espírito Santo was the seventh-largest national producer of bananas in 2018, with 408 thousand tons. Brazil was already

East Pomeranian dialect - Misplaced Pages Continue

2100-404: The total volume produced. São Paulo comes in second place, with an 11.5% share of total production. Espírito Santo was the third-largest producer state, with 9.4%. In recent years, Espírito Santo has stood out in the production of oil and natural gas. With several discoveries made, mainly by Petrobras, the state left the fifth position in the Brazilian ranking of reserves, in 2002, to become one of

2150-547: The unofficial demonym for those born in Espírito Santo. "Capixaba" is Tupi for "corn hair", reportedly because the blond hair of the European settlers reminded the Amerindian natives of the golden color of corn. A more mainstream explanation is that the name is a metaphor for a corn-grower; Vitória Island is known to have been full of corn plantations in the early centuries of Portuguese rule in Brazil. A third etymology

2200-671: The world. In Berlin a version of Brandenburgisch was spoken in medieval times until the city took up an East Central German dialect that incorporated Brandenburgisch elements and developed into today's Berlin[er]isch . The German dialects of Pomerania are compiled and described in the Pommersches Wörterbuch ("Pomeranian Dictionary"), a dictionary of the German dialects spoken within the Province of Pomerania 's borders in 1936. East Pomeranian dialect of East Low German

2250-601: Was inaugurated on 7 June 1891. During the Vargas Era , state governors were indirectly elected by Congress . A short period of democracy existed during the Second Brazilian Republic ; Carlos Monteiro Lindenberg was elected governor. However, after the 1964 coup d'état , governors were once again chosen by the national assembly. After Cristiano Dias Lopes, Arthur Carlos Gerhard Santos, Élcio Álvares , and Eurico Rezende were chosen in this fashion,

2300-537: Was 72.7 inhabitants per square kilometer (188/sq mi). Urbanization: 82.2% (2006); Population growth : 2% (1991–2000); Houses: 1,056,000 (2006). The precolonial Amerindians groups in Espírito Santo were the Tupiniquim , Temininó , Aymoré , Puri , and Botocudo . They have largely been absorbed into the Portuguese-Brazilian civilization, and few live in reservations or tribes. Especially in

2350-526: Was carved out of the Captaincy of Bahia in the 18th century, during the colonial rule of Brazil , and named after a 16th-century captaincy covering roughly the same area of coast. Following the elevation of Brazil to a constituent kingdom of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in 1815, prompted by the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil , Espírito Santo was elevated to

2400-402: Was colonized by the Portuguese starting in the 16th century, and received African slaves, and later, European immigrants of various origins. The Captaincy of Espírito Santo, a hereditary fief , was granted to Vasco Coutinho by Manuel I of Portugal around three decades after the Portuguese first landed in Brazil in 1500. He arrived at the captaincy to serve his term on 23 May 1535, bringing

2450-407: Was made one of the states of Brazil. Afonso Cláudio de Freitas Rosa was appointed the first governor of the state by the provisional government. He was followed by four other appointed governors ( José Horácio Costa , Constante Gomes Sodré , Henrique da Silva Coutinho , and Antônio Gomez Aguirre ) until the first elected governor of Espírito Santo, Alfeu Adolfo Monjardim de Andrade e Almeida ,

2500-407: Was still to play a significant part in the Brazilian abolitionist movement in the guise of its slave rebellion of 1848–1849, which required the intervention of imperial troops. Slavery began to lose its economic importance in Espírito Santo after that event. Pinning down the exact numbers of immigrants of several ethnic groups from Europe is difficult. Many of these groups came to Espírito Santo under

#744255