Eastern Buyeo , also rendered as Dongbuyeo or Eastern Fuyu , was an ancient kingdom that developed from Northern Buyeo (Northern Fuyu), until it was conquered by Goguryeo . According to the Samguk Sagi , it was established when the Buyeo king Hae Buru moved the capital eastward by the sea.
20-530: According to the Samguk Sagi and other accounts, the kingdom of Eastern Buyeo originated from Northern Buyeo, and relocated to the land near to Okjeo . Hae Buru found a golden frog-like child under a large rock. Hae Buru named the child Geumwa , meaning golden frog, and later made him crown prince. Geumwa became king after Hae Buru's death. Not long after, King Geumwa reversed his father's submission to Bukbuyeo and declared himself "Supreme king" and gave
40-611: A novel although some argue for its authenticity. For those who argue for the authenticity of the manuscripts, the importance of Hwarang segi is that is one of the scarce historical works about Silla by a person of Silla himself, and it is free from Confucian dogma and morality. If the Hwarang segi manuscripts are authentic, later historians have based their understanding of Three Kingdoms era on Goryeo Dynasty sources like Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa . However, even if it turns out to be Park Chang-hwa's novel, its value as
60-611: A government official and historian named Kim Bu-sik with his team of junior scholars. The document has been digitized by the National Institute of Korean History and is available online with Modern Korean translation in Hangul . Samguk sagi is critical to the study of Korean history during the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla periods. Not only because this work, and its Buddhist counterpart Samguk yusa , are
80-496: A historical source is likely to be recognized. For instance, Lee Do Heum from Hanyang University suggested that "Hwarang segi," written by Park Chang-hwa, could be a manuscript of the original "Hwarang segi," or a reprint of the original manuscript in later years. The manuscript known as the Hwarang Segi extract is made of 16 parts; one for the introduction and the fifteen for the biographies of fifteen pungwolju leaders of
100-415: A scroll ( 권 ; 卷 ). They are listed as follows: 12 scrolls, Nagi/Silla bongi, 나기/신라 본기, 羅紀/新羅本紀. 10 scrolls, Yeogi/Goguryeo bongi, 여기/고구려 본기, 麗紀/高句麗本紀. 6 scrolls, Jegi/Baekje bongi, 제기/백제 본기, 濟紀/百濟本紀. 3 scrolls, Yeonpyo, 연표, 年表. 9 scrolls, Ji, 지, 志. 10 scrolls, Yeoljeon, 열전, 列傳. Portions of the work have appeared in various English language books and articles, notably: Translation of
120-675: Is possible Kim Busik was ignorant of them, or scorned to quote a Japanese source. In contrast, he lifts generously from the Chinese dynastic chronicles and even unofficial Chinese records, most prominently the Book of Wei , Sanguo Zhi , Jin Shu , Jiu Tangshu , Xin Tangshu , and the Zizhi Tongjian . The Samguk sagi is divided into 50 books. Originally, each of them was written on
140-501: The 13th century, because no reference to the Hwarang segi was made after reference to the text found in monk Gakhun's 覺訓 Haedong goseung jeon 海東高僧傳 (Lives of Eminent Korean Monks, ca. 1215). However, two handwritten manuscripts of a text titled Hwarang segi were suddenly made public in 1989. It had been owned by a man named Park Chang-hwa, who worked at the Japanese Imperial Household Library during
160-492: The Japanese Colonial period. The manuscript was kept by his student, Kim Jong-jin, and Kim's wife, Kim Kyung-ja, made it public to the media in 1989. The 32-page excerpt was released at the time and when Hwarang Segi was unveiled, Park had already died. (1889~1962) The first manuscript, which was made public in 1989, is typically called the "extract" ( balchwebon , 발췌본, 拔萃本), and contains a preface and short accounts of
180-592: The Three Kingdoms ) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea : Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla . Completed in 1145, it is well-known in Korea as the oldest surviving chronicle of Korean history. The Samguk sagi is written in Classical Chinese , the written language of the literati of ancient Korea. Its compilation was ordered by King Injong of Goryeo (r. 1122–1146) and undertaken by
200-510: The ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. The manuscripts' authenticity has been rejected by most of scholars considering it as fictional works by Park. Regardless of their origin, the Hwarang segi is significant for its unique perspective on early Korean history. The Hwarang segi survived to the time that Kim Busik 金富軾 (1075–1151) compiled the Samguk sagi , but is believed to have been lost since
220-415: The first fifteen pungwolju (풍월주, 風月主) or leaders of the hwarang . The second manuscript, which was revealed by Park Chang hwa's son in 1995, is usually called "the mother text" ( mobon , 모본， 母本) and contains a 162-page manuscript. Because the first part of the manuscript was damaged and missing, it begins with a fragmented but fuller account of the fourth pungwolju , continues with more detailed accounts of
SECTION 10
#1732781016413240-642: The first fifteen pungwolju , and concludes after an account of the thirty-second and final pungweolju . Both manuscripts are in the handwriting of Park Chang-hwa 朴昌和(1889–1962), who was skilled in literary Chinese and also worked for the Imperial Library in Tokyo during the Colonial period. The historical validity of these Hwarang Segi manuscripts is still in controversy among many scholars of early Korea and Korean studies . Most scholars think of this as
260-477: The next King. King Daeso attacked Goguryeo during the reign of its second ruler, King Yuri . Goguryeo's third ruler King Daemusin attacked Dongbuyeo and killed King Daeso. After internal strife, Dongbuyeo fell, and its territory was absorbed into Goguryeo. According to other records, Jumong was from Bukbuyeo, not Dongbuyeo. According to the Gwanggaeto stele , Dongbuyeo was a tributary of Goguryeo. Dongbuyeo
280-596: The only remaining Korean sources for the period, but also because the Samguk sagi contains a large amount of information and details. For example, the translation tables given in Books 35 and 36 have been used for a tentative reconstruction of the former Goguryeo language . There were various motivating factors behind the compilation of the Samguk sagi in the 12th century. These may roughly be categorized as ideological and political. The ideological factors are made manifest in
300-471: The reign of Seongdeok the Great (r. 702~737). It was believed lost since the 13th century, resurfaced in 1989 when two handwritten manuscripts were publicly unveiled. These manuscripts, owned by Park Chang-hwa and later by his student Kim Jong-jin, were revealed in two parts: a 32-page extract in 1989 and a 162-page "mother text" in 1995. Both texts, written by Park, detail the lives of the hwarang leaders from
320-679: The title posthumously to his father, Hae Buru. At the Ubal river, near southern of Taebaek Mountain, Geumwa met Lady Yuhwa , who was the disowned daughter Habaek , the god of the Amnok River or, according to an alternative interpretation, the sun god Haebak . and brought her back to his palace. She was impregnated by sunlight and laid an egg, from which hatched Jumong . Geumwa's two sons resented Jumong, and although Geumwa tried to protect him, Jumong ran away to Jolbon Buyeo , where he later established Goguryeo . Geumwa's eldest son Daeso became
340-529: The whole Silla bongi Translation of the whole Goguryeo bongi Translation of the whole Baekje bongji Isolated translations Hwarang Segi Hwarang segi (lit. Annals of Hwarang or Generations of the Hwarang ) was a historical record of the Hwarang (lit. flower boys but referring to an elite warrior group of male youth) of the Silla kingdom in ancient Korea . It is said to have been written by Silla historian Kim Daemun 金大問 ( fl. 704) in
360-488: The work's preface, written by Kim Busik, where the civil historian states, "Of today's scholars and high-ranking officials, there are those who are well-versed and can discuss in detail the Five Classics and the other philosophical treatises... as well as the histories of Qin and Han , but as to the events of our country, they are utterly ignorant from beginning to end. This is truly lamentable." The Samguk sagi
380-516: Was briefly revived by a small state established around 285 by refugees of Buyeo. This state was conquered by King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo in 410. Although the chronology is inconsistent with the Samguk Sagi , one legend says Wutae , the father of the Baekje 's founder and 1st ruler, Onjo , was a son of Hae Buru. Samguk Sagi Samguk sagi ( Korean : 삼국사기 ; Hanja : 三國史記 ; lit. History of
400-762: Was written on the basis of the Gu Samguksa (舊三國史, Old History of the Three Kingdoms), and other earlier historical records such as the Hwarang Segi (花郞世記, Annals of Hwarang), most of which are no longer extant. Concerning external sources, no references are made to the Japanese chronicles, like the Kojiki or the Nihon Shoki , chronicles of Japan that were respectively released in 712 and 720. It
#412587