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28-438: In 1065, Emperor Yingzong of Song commissioned his official, Sima Guang (1019–1086), to lead a project to compile a universal history of China, and granted him funding and the authority to appoint his own staff. His team took 19 years to complete the work and in 1084 it was presented to Emperor Yingzong's successor Emperor Shenzong of Song . It was well-received and has proved to be immensely influential among both scholars and

56-563: A Tang history expert. Because the Zizhi Tongjian is a distillation from 322 disparate sources, the selection, drafting, and editing processes used in creating the work as well as potential political biases of Sima Guang, in particular, have been the subject of academic debate. In the 12th century, Zhu Xi produced a reworked, condensed version of the Zizhi Tongjian , known as the Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu . This version

84-614: A biography of Cao Cao (Brill 2010), which was awarded the Stanislas Julien Prize for 2011 by the French Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. In 2016 Brill published Fire over Luoyang , a narrative and analytical history of Later Han. He was brought on as a consultant for the Creative Assembly strategy video game Total War: Three Kingdoms (released 2019). De Crespigny is a Fellow of

112-427: A ruler ought to know—matters which are related to the rise and fall of dynasties and connected with the joys and sorrows of the people, and of which the good can become a model and the evil a warning. Initially, Sima Guang hired Liu Shu ( 劉恕 ) and Zhao Junxi as his main assistants, but Zhao was soon replaced by Liu Ban ( 劉攽 ), a Han history expert. In 1070 Emperor Shenzong approved Guang's request to add Fan Zuyu ( 范祖禹 ),

140-599: A young age. Consorts and Issue: Rafe de Crespigny Richard Rafe Champion de Crespigny (born 1936), also known by his Chinese name Zhang Leifu ( Chinese : 張磊夫 ), is an Australian sinologist and historian. He is an adjunct professor in the College of Asia and the Pacific at the Australian National University . He specialises in the history, geography, and literature of

168-502: Is known for controversy over the correct rituals to be performed by the emperor for his father. Emperor Yingzong had been adopted by Emperor Renzong, so Emperor Renzong was nominally Emperor Yingzong's father. However, biologically, Zhao Yunrang was Emperor Yingzong's father. Some officials suggested that Emperor Yingzong honour his biological father with the title "Imperial Uncle", but the emperor agreed with Ouyang Xiu and others and decided to honour his biological father as his parent. This

196-984: The Australian Academy of the Humanities . He has also been President of the Chinese Studies Association of Australia, a Fellow of the Oriental Society of Australasia , a vice-president of the Australian Institute of International Affairs ; and a member of the Asian Studies Association of Australia , the Historical Association (UK) and the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia . De Crespigny

224-755: The Han dynasty , particularly the translation and historiography of material concerning the Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. The son of Richard Geoffrey Champion de Crespigny, OBE (1907-1966), and Kathleen Cavenagh Champion de Crespigny (1908-2013), née Cudmore, Richard Rafe Champion de Crespigny was born in Adelaide in 1936. He married Christa Boltz in Turner, Australian Capital Territory on 19 May 1959. De Crespigny received his tertiary education at

252-544: The University of Cambridge (B.A. Honours History 1957; M.A. History 1961) and the Australian National University (B.A. Honours Chinese 1962; M.A. Oriental Studies Honours 1964; PhD Far Eastern History 1968). During his early years as a scholar and academic, de Crespigny benefited from the guidance of Geoffrey Elton and sinologists such as Hans Bielenstein , Otto van der Sprenkel , Fang Chao-ying , Liu Ts'un-yan , and Göran Malmqvist , and he developed an interest in

280-822: The Later Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. Among these are Northern Frontier: The Policies and Strategy of the Later Han Empire (Canberra, 1984); while Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling and To Establish Peace (Canberra, 1996) provide an annotated translation of the chronicle for the years 157 to 189 (chapters 54 to 59) and 189 to 220 (chapters 59 to 69) from the Zizhi Tongjian of Sima Guang respectively. He has also published more than twenty articles in Australia and overseas. Generals of

308-509: The South , published in 1990, narrates the rise of the Sun clan and the formation of the Three Kingdoms tripartite. It builds on the broad range of his translation experience and is telling about his historical interests. Like Northern Frontier , the work focuses on strategies, campaigns, and personalities. The approach owes a great deal to the narrative tradition of the historical novel Romance of

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336-589: The Three Kingdoms but Generals of the South also discusses the population and development of southern China from the second century AD. In dealing with the military defence of the south via the boundary of the Yangtze River , it presents the best discussion of the Battle of Red Cliffs and early Chinese riverine warfare available in English. The work also provides an important prelude to further research into

364-692: The annal-biography form the words are so diffuse and numerous that even an erudite scholar who reads them, again and again, cannot comprehend and sort them out. ... I have constantly wished to write a chronological history roughly in accordance with the form of the Tso-chuan ( 左傳 ), starting with the Warring States and going down to the Five Dynasties, drawing on other books besides the Official Histories and taking in all that

392-449: The following number describe each respective dynastic era: Emperor Yingzong of Song Emperor Yingzong of Song (16 February 1032 – 25 January 1067), personal name Zhao Shu , was the fifth emperor of the Song dynasty of China. His original personal name was Zhao Zongshi but it was changed to "Zhao Shu" in 1062 by imperial decree. He reigned from 1063 to his death in 1067. He

420-482: The format used in traditional Chinese dynastic histories, consisting primarily of 'annals' ( 紀 ; jì ) of rulers and 'biographies' ( 傳 ; zhuàn ) of officials. Instead, Sima shifted from a 'biographical style' ( 紀傳體 ; jìzhuàntǐ ) to a 'chronological style' ( 編年體 ; biānniántǐ ). Guang wrote in a memorandum to the Emperor: Since I was a child I have ranged through histories. It has appeared to me that in

448-473: The general public. Endymion Wilkinson regards it as reference quality: "It had an enormous influence on later Chinese historical writing, either directly or through its many abbreviations, continuations, and adaptations. It remains an extraordinarily useful first reference for a quick and reliable coverage of events at a particular time", while Achilles Fang wrote "[Zizhi Tongjian], and its numerous re-arrangements, abridgments, and continuations, were practically

476-513: The great historian Sima Guang (1019–1086 AD) to lead with other scholars such as his chief assistants Liu Shu, Liu Ban and Fan Zuyu, the compilation of a universal history of China. He died in 1067, caused by an illness that Yingzong contracted in 1066. He was succeeded by his son Zhao Xu who took the throne name Emperor Shenzong . Emperor Yingzong had always been mentally ill, often distracted, physically weak, and depressed causing him to have health problems which contributed to his death at

504-597: The late Han dynasty through the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . His doctoral dissertation of 1968 on the development of the Chinese empire in the south and the origins of the Three Kingdoms state of Eastern Wu has provided the basis for much of his later work. De Crespigny's publications include China: The Land and its People (Melbourne, 1971); China This Century (Melbourne 1975; 2nd Edition Hong Kong 1992), both discussions of modern China. His most significant works, however, are those concerned with

532-633: The only general histories with which most of the reading public of pre-Republican China were familiar." The principal text of the Zizhi Tongjian comprises a year-by-year narrative of the history of China over 294 scrolls, sweeping through many Chinese historical periods ( Warring States , Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin and the Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern and Northern dynasties, Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties ), supplemented with two sections of 30 scrolls each—'tables' ( 目錄 ; mùlù ) and 'critical analysis' ( 考異 ; kǎoyì ). Sima Guang departed from

560-507: The political and cultural divisions of the Northern and Southern dynasties . In 2007, A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD was published by Brill as a companion to Michael Loewe 's biographical dictionary dealing with the Qin , Former Han , and Xin periods 221 BC – 24 AD (Brill 2000). De Crespigny's more recent publications include Imperial Warlord ,

588-515: The titles "Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling" and "To Establish Peace" respectively, covering 157–220 AD, building upon the publication of Achilles Fang 's annotated translation of the next ten chapters (70–79) covering up to 265 AD. There are also self-published translations into English of Chapters 1–8, covering the years 403–207 BC and some additional sections pertaining to the Xiongnu people. The book consisted of 294 chapters, of which

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616-408: Was Ren ( 任 ), was the concubine of Zhao Yunrang. She held the title " Xianjun of Xianyou" ( 仙遊縣君 ). In 1055, Emperor Yingzong's predecessor, Emperor Renzong , became critically ill and started to worry about having no successor because his sons all died prematurely. Acting on the advice of his ministers, Emperor Renzong agreed to bring two of his younger male relatives into his palace. One of them

644-651: Was also the main source for Textes historiques , a political history of China from antiquity to 906, published in 1929 by the French Jesuit missionary Léon Wieger . The Zhonghua Book Company edition contains textual criticism made by Yuan dynasty historian Hu Sanxing . The philosopher Wang Fuzhi also wrote a commentary on Tongjian , titled Comments After Reading the Tongjian ( 讀通鑑論 ; Du Tongjian Lun ). Historian Rafe de Crespigny has published annotated translations of chapters 54–59 and 59–69 under

672-578: Was itself later translated into Manchu as Tung giyan g'ang mu , upon the request of the Qing Kangxi Emperor . This Manchu version was itself translated into French by Jesuit missionary Joseph-Anne-Marie de Moyriac de Mailla . His 12-volume translation Histoire générale de la Chine, ou Annales de cet Empire; traduit du Tong-kien-kang-mou par de Mailla (1777–1783) was published posthumously in Paris. The condensed Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu

700-733: Was not only an early sign of more conflict during Emperor Xiaozong 's reign but also the Great Rites Controversy of the Ming dynasty . On April 7, 1063, Yingzong sent gifts including calligraphy made by Emperor Renzong to the Vietnamese King Ly Thanh Tong . Later, Than Thieu Thai raided Guangnan West Circuit prompting local officials to seek help from Yingzong but he ignored them leaving defences up to them although he branded Than Thieu Thai as "reckless and mad.” In 1065 AD, Emperor Yingzong ordered

728-481: Was succeeded by his eldest son, Emperor Shenzong . Emperor Yingzong was the 13th son of Zhao Yunrang (趙允讓; 969–1059), who was a first cousin of Emperor Renzong and was posthumously known as "Prince Anyi of Pu" ( 濮安懿王 ). Emperor Yingzong's grandfather, Zhao Yuanfen (趙元份; 966–1005), was a younger brother of Emperor Renzong's father, Emperor Zhenzong , and was posthumously known as "Prince Gongjing of Shang" ( 商恭靖王 ). Emperor Yingzong's mother, whose maiden family name

756-496: Was the future Emperor Yingzong, who was eventually chosen and designated as the Crown Prince. Yingzong had his name changed to "Zhao Shu" in 1062 when he was officially designated as the Crown Prince. This name became his official name when he ascended the throne in the following year after his adoptive father Emperor Renzong died in 1063. Emperor Yingzong's empress consort was Empress Gao , a niece of Empress Dowager Cao who

784-502: Was the widow of Emperor Renzong. As Emperor Yingzong was severely sickly shortly after his coronation, Empress Dowager Cao served as his regent. However, Empress Dowager Cao held onto power even when Yingzong recovered until the Prime Minister Han Qi removed the screen from the audience hall making it impossible for Empress Dowager Cao to attend. She was forced to give power back to Yingzong. Emperor Yingzong's reign

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