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82-862: Located at an altitude between 4,200 m (13,800 ft) and 5,400 m (17,700 ft) in Bolivia, it extends over an area of 714,745 hectares (1,766,170 acres) and includes the Laguna Colorada National Wildlife Sanctuary. Categorized under IUCN Category IV, it is primarily for the protection of birds that inhabit the different lagoons in the reserve. The reserve protects part of the Central Andean dry puna (oligothermic) ecoregion . The reserve's major attractions are erupting volcanoes , hot springs, geysers, lakes, fumaroles, mountains and its three endemic species of flamingos in particular. Established in 1973,

164-502: A = 704.53(4) pm for the trigonal form), the stacking of the layers is somewhat offset in the triclinic phase, with α = 92.49° and β = 101.46° . The triclinic phase has c = 634.72 pm and the trigonal one has a = 956.08(7) pm . Boric acid may be prepared by reacting borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) with a mineral acid , such as hydrochloric acid : It is also formed as a by product of hydrolysis of boron trihalides and diborane : When heated, orthoboric acid undergoes

246-681: A bigger say in operations. In 1991, IUCN (together with UNEP and WWF) published Caring for the Earth , a successor to the World Conservation Strategy. Social aspects of conservation were now integrated in IUCN's work; at the General Assembly in 1994 the IUCN mission was redrafted to its current wording to include the equitable and ecologically use of natural resources. Closer to business: 2000 to present day Since

328-461: A ceremonial site lying in a depression between two volcanoes. Atulcha (or Chullpares), is an archeological site with mummies in a cave on Tunupa Volcano. The most important income generating activity for the two local communities has been camelid farming, selling llama wool and meat. With the restriction on fox hunting subsequent to the REA, community members' livelihoods have been negatively affected as

410-519: A consequence in the 30th ATP to EU directive 67/548/EEC of August 2008, the European Commission decided to amend its classification as reprotoxic category 2 and to apply the risk phrases R60 (may impair fertility) and R61 (may cause harm to the unborn child). At a 2010 European Diagnostics Manufacturing Association (EDMA) Meeting, several new additions to the substance of very high concern (SVHC) candidate list in relation to

492-529: A cumulative dose of 202 g over 90 days for a 70 kg adult, not far lower than the above LD 50 . According to the CLH report for boric acid published by the Bureau for Chemical Substances Lodz, Poland, boric acid in high doses shows significant developmental toxicity and teratogenicity in rabbit, rat, and mouse fetuses, as well as cardiovascular defects, skeletal variations, and mild kidney lesions. As

574-547: A dehydrating agent, such as concentrated sulfuric acid : The acidity of boric acid solutions is greatly increased in the presence of cis - vicinal diols ( organic compounds containing similarly oriented hydroxyl groups in adjacent carbon atoms, (R 1 ,R 2 )=C(OH)−C(OH)=(R 3 ,R 4 ) ) such as glycerol and mannitol . The tetrahydroxyborate anion formed in the dissolution spontaneously reacts with these diols to form relatively stable anion esters containing one or two five-member −B−O−C−C−O− rings. For example,

656-403: A fine silica -containing powder used for producing induction furnace linings and ceramics . Boric acid is added to borax for use as welding flux by blacksmiths . Boric acid, in combination with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or silicone oil , is used to manufacture Silly Putty . Boric acid is also present in the list of chemical additives used for hydraulic fracturing (fracking) in

738-630: A multi-year MOU ( Memorandum of understanding ) with WBCSD in December 2015. In 1996, after decades of seeking to address specific business issues, IUCN's Members asked for a comprehensive approach to engaging the business sector. Resolution 1.81 of the IUCN World Conservation Congress held that year "urged IUCN Members and the Director General, based on the need to influence private sector policies in support of

820-653: A new status for NGOs . Resolution 1296, adopted in 1968, granted 'consultative' status to NGOs. IUCN itself was eventually accredited with six UN organizations. IUCN was one of the few environmental organisations formally involved in the preparations of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972). The Stockholm Conference eventually led to three new international conventions, with IUCN involved in their drafting and implementation: IUCN entered into an agreement with

902-619: A parallel has been drawn with the Yellowstone National Park in the US. Its water resources are limited to lakes and salt water lagoons due to very low rainfall of 76 mm (3.0 in) annually. Two communities, Quetena Chico and Quetena Grande, lie within the reserve. Lakes include Laguna Verde , Laguna Colorada , Laguna Salada, Laguna Busch and Laguna Hedionda . Laguna Colorada lies at an altitude of 4,278 m (14,035 ft) and covers 60 km (23 sq mi). It

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984-416: A phase of closer cooperation with WWF, but the close ties between IUCN and WWF were severed in 1985 when WWF decided to take control of its own field projects, which so far had been run by IUCN. Sustainable development and regionalisation: 1985 to present day In 1982, IUCN set up a Conservation for Development Centre within its secretariat. The Centre undertook projects to ensure that nature conservation

1066-463: A range of disciplines. They 'assess the state of the world's natural resources and provide the Union with sound know-how and policy advice on conservation issues'. Boric acid Boric acid , more specifically orthoboric acid , is a compound of boron , oxygen , and hydrogen with formula B(OH) 3 . It may also be called hydrogen orthoborate , trihydroxidoboron or boracic acid . It

1148-691: A salary during his period in office. To establish a stable financial basis for its work, IUCN participated in setting up the World Wildlife Fund (1961) (now the World Wide Fund for Nature WWF) to work on fundraising to cover part of the operational costs of IUCN. Also in 1961, the IUCN headquarters moved from Belgium to Morges in Switzerland. During the 1960s, IUCN lobbied the UN General Assembly to create

1230-487: A strong base as NaOH, including with an automated a potentiometric titrator . This property is used in analytical chemistry to determine the borate content of aqueous solutions, for example to monitor the depletion of boric acid by neutrons in the water of the primary circuit of light-water reactor when the compound is added as a neutron poison during refueling operations. Based on mammalian median lethal dose (LD 50 ) rating of 2,660 mg/kg body mass, boric acid

1312-487: A three step dehydration. The reported transition temperatures vary substantially from source to source. When heated above 140 °C, orthoboric acid yields metaboric acid ( HBO 2 ) with loss of one water molecule: Heating metaboric acid above about 180 °C eliminates another water molecule forming tetraboric acid , also called pyroboric acid ( H 2 B 4 O 7 ): Further heating (to about 530 °C) leads to boron trioxide : When orthoboric acid

1394-508: A visitation of a large number of people annually to the reserve; the security forces engaged for protecting the park is inadequate to meet this challenge. Human disturbance, soil erosion, wastes in lakes and lagoons, and fecal coliform runoff from waste are also identified reasons affecting the conservation of flamingos. The Conservancy and the Bolivian National Protected Areas Service (SERNAP) has

1476-424: A whole has been subject to heavy degradation. The overuse of Polylepis tarapacana , and Azorella compacta has brought the reserve under severe stress. It is due to overgrazing by domesticated animals, use of forest trees for fuel, burning, clearance for cultivation and due to dumping of tailings or mining wastes. Tourism is also perceived as a threat to the park environment and the tourism industry has reported

1558-399: Is also used generically for any oxoacid of boron, such as metaboric acid HBO 2 and tetraboric acid H 2 B 4 O 7 . Orthoboric acid was first prepared by Wilhelm Homberg (1652–1715) from borax , by the action of mineral acids, and was given the name sal sedativum Hombergi ("sedative salt of Homberg"). However boric acid and borates have been used since the time of

1640-638: Is best known to the wider public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide. IUCN has a membership of over 1,400 governmental and non-governmental organizations from over 170 countries. Some 16,000 scientists and experts participate in the work of IUCN commissions on a voluntary basis. It employs over 900 full-time staff in more than 50 countries. Its headquarters are in Gland , Switzerland. Every four years, IUCN convenes for

1722-596: Is characterized by the presence of species that have adapted to extreme living conditions in the region, some of them endangered. The reserve is home to 80 species of birds. Out of six flamingo species in the world, three species, namely the Chilean, Andean and James flamingos are found in very large numbers in the freshwater lakes and saltwater lagoons of the reserve; of the Phoenicopterus chilensis , Phoenicoparrus andinus and Phoenicoparrus jamesi flamingos in

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1804-440: Is dissolved in water, it partially dissociates to give metaboric acid : The solution is mildly acidic due to ionization of the acids: However, Raman spectroscopy of strongly alkaline solutions has shown the presence of [B(OH) 4 ] ions , leading some to conclude that the acidity is exclusively due to the abstraction of OH from water: Equivalently, Or, more properly, This reaction occurs in two steps, with

1886-402: Is generally considered to be safe to use in household kitchens to control cockroaches and ants. It acts as a stomach poison affecting the insects' metabolism , and the dry powder is abrasive to the insects' exoskeletons . Boric acid also has the reputation as "the gift that keeps on killing" in that cockroaches that cross over lightly dusted areas do not die immediately, but that the effect

1968-410: Is habitat for ten reptile species (including two lizards of the genus Liolaemus ), amphibians and fish. Other domesticated animals that are raised in 500 villages inhabited by Quetena Grande and Quetena Chico communities are the llamas and alpacas ; however, grazing by these animals on the native grasses and plants in the reserve has a detrimental effect on the conservation of the park. The fauna

2050-412: Is like shards of glass cutting them apart. This often allows a roach to go back to the nest where it soon dies. Cockroaches, being cannibalistic , eat others killed by contact or consumption of boric acid, consuming the powder trapped in the dead roach and killing them, too. Boric acid has also been widely used in the treatment of wood for protection against termites. The full complexity of its mechanism

2132-404: Is named after the effect of wind and sun on the micro-organism that live in it. The lake is very shallow, less than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep, and supports some 40 bird species, providing pink algae to population of rare James's flamingoes who can walk across it. An unusual natural feature of attraction (much photographed) in the reserve is an isolated rock formation projecting out of

2214-519: Is only poisonous if taken internally or inhaled in large quantities. The Fourteenth Edition of the Merck Index indicates that the LD 50 of boric acid is 5.14 g/kg for oral dosages given to rats, and that 5 to 20 g/kg has produced death in adult humans. For a 70 kg adult, at the lower 5 g/kg limit, 350 g could produce death in humans. For comparison's sake, the LD 50 of salt

2296-906: Is reported to be 3.75 g/kg in rats according to the Merck Index . According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , "The minimal lethal dose of ingested boron (as boric acid) was reported to be 2–3 g in infants, 5–6 g in children, and 15–20 g in adults. [...] However, a review of 784 human poisonings with boric acid (10–88 g) reported no fatalities, with 88% of cases being asymptomatic." Long-term exposure to boric acid may be of more concern, causing kidney damage and eventually kidney failure (see links below). Although it does not appear to be carcinogenic , studies in dogs have reported testicular atrophy after exposure to 32 mg/(kg⋅day) for 90 days. This level, were it applicable to humans at like dose, would equate to

2378-411: Is sometimes used in salves and dressings , such as boracic lint . Boric acid is applied in a very dilute solution as an eye wash. Boric acid vaginal suppositories can be used for recurrent candidiasis due to non-albicans candida as a second line treatment when conventional treatment has failed. It is less effective than conventional treatment overall. Boric acid largely spares lactobacilli within

2460-543: Is to expand the global network of national parks and other protected areas and promote good management of such areas. In particular, it focuses on greater protection of the oceans and marine habitats . IUCN has a growing program of partnerships with the corporate sector on a regional, national and international level to promote sustainable use of natural resources. On the national level, IUCN helps governments prepare national biodiversity policies. Internationally, IUCN provides advice to environmental conventions such as

2542-414: Is used as part of some proprietary formulas. One known formula uses about a 1 to 10 ratio of H 3 BO 3 to NiSO 4 , a very small portion of sodium lauryl sulfate and a small portion of H 2 SO 4 . The solution of orthoboric acid and borax in 4:5 ratio is used as a fire retarding agent of wood by impregnation. It is also used in the manufacturing of ramming mass ,

Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve - Misplaced Pages Continue

2624-496: Is used to reinforce plastics in applications that range from boats, to industrial piping to computer circuit boards. In the jewelry industry, boric acid is often used in combination with denatured alcohol to reduce surface oxidation and formation of firescale on metals during annealing and soldering operations. Boric acid is used in the production of the glass in LCD flat panel displays . In electroplating , boric acid

2706-431: Is usually encountered as colorless crystals or a white powder, that dissolves in water , and occurs in nature as the mineral sassolite . It is a weak acid that yields various borate anions and salts , and can react with alcohols to form borate esters . Boric acid is often used as an antiseptic , insecticide , flame retardant , neutron absorber , or precursor to other boron compounds. The term "boric acid"

2788-612: The Convention on Biological Diversity , CITES , and the Framework Convention on Climate Change . It advises UNESCO on natural world heritage . It has a formally accredited permanent observer mission to the United Nations . IUCN has official relations with the multiple other international bodies. As an organization, IUCN has three components: the member organizations, the six scientific commissions and

2870-531: The Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania. It is often used in conjunction with guar gum as cross-linking and gelling agent for controlling the viscosity and the rheology of the fracking fluid injected at high pressure in the well. It is important to control the fluid viscosity for keeping in suspension on long transport distances the grains of the propping agents aimed at maintaining the cracks in

2952-561: The Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals Regulations 2007 (REACH) were discussed. Following the registration and review completed as part of REACH, the classification of boric acid CAS 10043-35-3 / 11113-50-1 is listed from 1 December 2010 is H360FD (May damage fertility. May damage the unborn child) . The primary industrial use of boric acid is in the manufacture of monofilament fiberglass usually referred to as textile fiberglass. Textile fiberglass

3034-790: The World Conservation Strategy (1980). The drafting process, and the discussions with the UN agencies involved, led to an evolution in thinking within IUCN and growing acceptance of the fact that conservation of nature by banning human presence no longer worked. The Strategy was followed in 1982 by the World Charter for Nature , which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly , after preparation by IUCN. In 1980, IUCN and WWF moved into shared new offices in Gland, Switzerland . This marked

3116-682: The World Conservation Union (1990–2008). IUCN was established on 5 October 1948, in Fontainebleau , France, when representatives of governments and conservation organizations spurred by UNESCO signed a formal act constituting the International Union for the Protection of Nature (IUPN). The initiative to set up the new organisation came from UNESCO and especially from its first director general,

3198-599: The World Wide Fund for Nature and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre . In the past, IUCN has been criticized for placing the interests of nature over those of indigenous peoples. In recent years, its closer relations with the business sector have caused controversy. IUCN was established in 1948. It was initially called the International Union for the Protection of Nature (1948–1956) and has also been formerly known as

3280-458: The ancient Greeks for cleaning, preserving food, and other activities. The three oxygen atoms form a trigonal planar geometry around the boron. The B-O bond length is 136 pm and the O-H is 97 pm. The molecular point group is C 3h . Two crystalline forms of orthoboric acid are known: triclinic with space group P 1 , and trigonal with space group P3 2 . The former is the most common;

3362-403: The shales sufficiently open to facilitate the gas extraction after the hydraulic pressure is relieved. The rheological properties of borate cross-linked guar gum hydrogel mainly depend on the pH value. Boric acid is used in some expulsion-type electrical fuses as a de-ionization/extinguishing agent. During an electrical fault in an expulsion-type fuse, a plasma arc is generated by

Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve - Misplaced Pages Continue

3444-452: The 1949 Conference on Protection of Nature Lake Success , US and drafted the first list of gravely endangered species. In the early years of its existence IUCN depended almost entirely on UNESCO funding and was forced to temporarily scale down activities when this ended unexpectedly in 1954. IUCN was successful in engaging prominent scientists and identifying important issues such as the harmful effects of pesticides on wildlife but not many of

3526-563: The British biologist Julian Huxley . At the time of its founding IUCN was the only international organisation focusing on the entire spectrum of nature conservation (an international organisation for the protection of birds, now BirdLife International , had been established in 1922). IUCN (International Union for conservation of Nature) started out with 65 members in Brussels and was closely associated to UNESCO. They jointly organized

3608-466: The Business and Biodiversity Program is the five-year collaboration IUCN started with the energy company Shell International in 2007. IUCN has been involved in minimum energy consumption and zero-carbon construction since 2005 by integrating energy-saving materials, developed by Jean-Luc Sandoz in the footsteps of Julius Natterer . Today, the Business and Biodiversity Programme continues to set

3690-553: The Ecotourism Program, entrance fees at the reserve amounted to about $ 200,000 in 2006. This necessitated a scientific study on the carrying capacity of the reserve due to large influx of tourists. However, SERNAP is associating the TROPICO (created in 1986 as a non-governmental, non-profit organization for biodiversity conservation in Bolivia.) as its conservancy partner to introduce and enforce environmental regulations in

3772-602: The IUCN World Conservation Congress 2016, IUCN Members agreed on a definition of nature-based solutions. Members also called for governments to include nature-based solutions in strategies to combat climate change . Some key dates in the growth and development of IUCN: According to its website, IUCN works on the following themes: business, climate change , economics, ecosystems , environmental law , forest conservation , gender , global policy, marine and polar , protected areas , science and knowledge, social policy , species , water, and world heritage . IUCN works on

3854-487: The IUCN World Conservation Congress where IUCN Members set the global conservation agenda by voting on recommendations and guide the secretariat's work by passing resolutions and the IUCN Programme. IUCN has observer and consultative status at the United Nations , and plays a role in the implementation of several international conventions on nature conservation and biodiversity . It was involved in establishing

3936-524: The Mission of IUCN, to expand dialogue and productive relationships with the private sector and find new ways to interact with members of the business community". The IUCN Global Business and Biodiversity Program (BBP) was established in 2003 to influence and support private partners in addressing environmental and social issues. In 2004, the first IUCN Private Sector Engagement Strategy was developed (in response to Council Decision C/58/41). Most prominent in

4018-530: The NbS concept in environmental sciences and nature conservation contexts came as international organisations, such as IUCN and the World Bank, searched for solutions to work with ecosystems rather than relying on conventional engineering interventions (such as a seawall ), to adapt to and mitigate climate change effects, while improving sustainable livelihoods and protecting natural ecosystems and biodiversity. At

4100-846: The Red Data Book on the conservation status of species, was first published in 1964. IUCN began to play a part in the development of international treaties and conventions, starting with the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources . Africa was the focus of many of the early IUCN conservation field projects. IUCN supported the 'Yellowstone model' of protected area management, which severely restricted human presence and activity in order to protect nature. The IUCN also suffered from restricted financing in its early years. For this reason, Tracy Philipps , secretary-general from 1955 to 1958, did not draw

4182-635: The SERNAP and the Nature Conservancy, and TROPICO providing the supervisory services, to evolve a self-sustaining strategy of utilizing park entrance fee for conservation related aspects. This experience gained from this pilot model for ecotourism is now replicated in other parks in Bolivia. Other strategies adopted for conservation of the reserve were: Restricting visitor access to some of the reserve's vulnerable resources; providing natural gas and solar energy as cooking fuel replacing wood cutting from

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4264-455: The UK is boric acid. Boric acid solutions used as an eye wash or on abraded skin are known to be toxic, particularly to infants, especially after repeated use; this is because of its slow elimination rate. Boric acid is one of the most commonly used substances that can counteract the harmful effects of reactive hydrofluoric acid (HF) after an accidental contact with the skin. It works by forcing

4346-544: The United Nations Environment Programme UNEP to provide regular reviews of world conservation. The income this generated, combined with growing revenue via WWF, put the organisation on relatively sound financial footing for the first time since 1948. This period saw the beginning of a gradual change in IUCN's approach to conservation in which it tried to become more appealing to the developing world. In 1975 IUCN started work on

4428-551: The area is yareta , which grows in the forest of the reserve at 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) per year amidst rocky terrain. This hardwood tree, which looks like a foamy bubble bath but is as hard as stone, grows slowly, attaining a height of about 5 ft (1.5 m) in height with girth of 10 ft (3.0 m) and can be as old as 3000 years. In places with higher humidity, Tola or Thola ( Parastrephia lepidophylla ), Quinoa and Kenua bush tree are found. The villagers use vegetation as fuel for heating and cooking. The reserve

4510-486: The basis of four-year programs, determined by the membership. In the IUCN Programme for 2017–2020 conserving nature and biodiversity is linked to sustainable development and poverty reduction. IUCN states that it aims to have a solid factual base for its work and takes into account the knowledge held by indigenous groups and other traditional users of natural resources. The IUCN Programme 2017–2020 identifies three priority areas: IUCN does not itself aim to directly mobilize

4592-478: The creation of IUCN in 1948, IUCN Members have passed more than 300 resolutions that include or focus on business related activities. The increased attention on sustainable development as a means to protect nature brought IUCN closer to the corporate sector. The members decided against this, but IUCN did forge a partnership with the World Business Council for Sustainable Development . IUCN renewed

4674-752: The critically threatened royal cinclodes ( Cinclodes aricomae ) , the vulnerable Berlepsch's canastero ( Asthenes berlepschi ) ; and species of least concern the line-fronted canastero ( Asthenes urubambensis ) , scribble-tailed canastero ( Asthenes maculicauda ) , short-tailed finch (Idiopsar bracyurus) , and gray-bellied flower-piercer (Diglosa carbonaria) . Mammals reported in the protected reserve are 23 species, which include pumas , Andean foxes ( Pseudalopex culpaeus ) and vizcacha (rabbit -like), and also Endangered species of vicuñas ( Vicugna vicugna ), suri , Andean condor , keñua, puma ( Felis concolor ), andean cat ( Felis jacobita ), and quirquincho ( Chaetophractus nationi ). The region of Polylepis forests as

4756-490: The disintegration and rapid spring -loaded separation of the fusible element, which is typically a specialized metal rod that passes through a compressed mass of boric acid within the fuse assembly. The high-temperature plasma causes the boric acid to rapidly decompose into water vapor and boric anhydride , and in-turn, the vaporization products de-ionize the plasma, helping to interrupt the electrical fault. Boric acid can be used as an antiseptic for minor burns or cuts and

4838-597: The forests of Polylepis . Plant and tree species are reportedly about 190 species, in the harsh terrain, which have emerged given the conditions of salinity, lack of fresh water, low temperatures, and scarcity of nutrients. Flora restricted to this and other ecoregions include the genera Barneoudia , Hexaptera , Nototriche , Pycnophyllum and Werneria . The vegetation is characterized by the strong presence of pasture grass (straw) such as Peruvian feather grass ( Stipa ichu ) in some plains and hillsides. The important plant species on which people are dependent for fuel wood in

4920-551: The fox is the principal predator of llamas. Before establishment of the REA, flamingo egg sales provided monetary income to locals. The park visitor centre is located in Quetena Chico and tourism is growing steadily as, in 2007 there were over 67,000 visitors, six times the number reported in 1997. In addition to working in the tourist trade, locals pan for gold in the Río Quetena. Mining is a major industry in and around

5002-512: The free F anions into the inert tetrafluoroborate anion. This process defeats the extreme toxicity of hydrofluoric acid, particularly its ability to sequester ionic calcium from blood serum which can lead to cardiac arrest and bone decomposition; such an event can occur from just minor skin contact with HF. Boric acid was first registered in the US as an insecticide in 1948 for control of cockroaches , termites , fire ants , fleas , silverfish , and many other insects . The product

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5084-481: The general public. Education has been part of IUCN's work program since the early days but the focus is on stakeholder involvement and strategic communication rather than mass-campaigns. IUCN runs field projects for habitat and species conservation around the world. It produces the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems . The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is applicable at local, national, regional, and global levels. IUCN's stated goal

5166-401: The global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it. It is involved in data gathering and analysis , research, field projects, advocacy, and education. IUCN's mission is to "influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable". Over

5248-490: The ideas it developed were turned into action. This was caused by unwillingness to act on the part of governments, uncertainty about the IUCN mandate and lack of resources. In 1956, IUCN changed its name to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. During this period, the IUCN expanded its relations with UN-agencies and established links with the Council of Europe . IUCN's best known publication,

5330-604: The months of May, June and July. The park contains the following mountains: Quetena Chico, founded in the 1920s, has a population 520, while Quetena Grande, founded shortly thereafter, is the smaller of the two and has a population of 180. Although the inhabitants are of Quechua descent, their primary language is Spanish. Health care and schooling were unavailable until the 1990s, while electricity and potable water systems were also unavailable at least until 2005. Near Quetena Chico, there are some archaeological remains, jaranas (stone huts), tambos (trail markers), rock paintings, and

5412-593: The national park is named after Eduardo Avaroa (1838–1879), the Bolivian war hero of the 19th century. It was created by Supreme Decree (SD) of 13 December 1973 and extended on May 14, 1981. Since 2009, the entire reserve is part of the larger Los Lípez Ramsar site. The reserve is situated in the southern region of Andean mountains in southwestern Bolivia. The mountains rise to heights varying from 3,500–5,000 m (11,500–16,400 ft). The basin features depict active volcanoes, hot springs, geysers and fumaroles, and

5494-538: The neutral complex aquatrihydroxyboron B(OH) 3 (OH 2 ) as an intermediate: This reaction may be characterized as Lewis acidity of boron toward HO , rather than as Brønsted acidity . However, some of its behaviour towards some chemical reactions suggest it to be a tribasic acid in the Brønsted-Lowry sense as well. Boric acid, mixed with borax Na 2 B 4 O 7 ·10H 2 O (more properly Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ·8H 2 O ) in

5576-434: The onus for operating and maintaining the reserve with its trained 14 park guards who are provided with patrol vehicles and two-way radios. However, keeping in view the growing influx of tourists to the park and other threats from other sources as reported, SERNAP has prepared a Master Plan for park management plan subsuming ecotourism as an essential component to generate financial resources. According to Andy Drumm, director of

5658-407: The past decades, IUCN has widened its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to sustainable development in its projects. IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation. It tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice and through building partnerships. The organization

5740-641: The reaction with mannitol H(HCOH) 6 H , whose two middle hydroxyls are in cis orientation, can be written as Giving the overall reaction The stability of these mannitoborate ester anions shifts the equilibrium of the right and thus increases the acidity of the solution by 5 orders of magnitude compared to that of pure boric oxide, lowering the p K a from 9 to below 4 for sufficient concentration of mannitol. The resulting solution has been called mannitoboric acid . The addition of mannitol to an initially neutral solution containing boric acid or simple borates lowers its pH enough for it to be titrated by

5822-571: The reserve, rich in natural resources of veins of lead , zinc and silver . As a result, 61 mining concessions are located in the park. Also extracted are its nonmetallic mineral resources like sulfur and ulexite the evaporating mineral. Ulexite is converted to boric acid and is exported to the United States , Europe , Asia and Australia . The reserve in the Andean has vegetation consisting of tropical alpine herbs with dwarf shrubs of

5904-417: The reserve, their population recorded in 1994 as 26,600. In addition, the reserve is also the habitat for 80 more species of birds, which include the falcons , ducks , lesser rhea ( Pterocnemia pennata ) , puna tinamou ( Tinamotis pentlandii ) and Andean goose ( Chloephaga melanoptera ) . Endemic birds found in this ecoregion also include the endangered Ash-breasted tit-tyrant ( Anairetes alpinus ) ;

5986-455: The reserve. Parks in Peril (PiP), a program of intervention, a collaboration between "the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Nature Conservancy to Preserve our Natural Heritage" provided funding for conservations works of the reserve, which is one of the most economically backward areas. This funding, provided between 1999 and 2002, enabled PiP to work in association with

6068-464: The reserve; agricultural extension services to educate farmers on better methods of farming; improvement of infrastructure in the reserve including staffing for patrolling and security; and collection of scientific data. IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources . Founded in 1948, IUCN has become

6150-461: The sand dunes of Siloli at a place known as Árbol de Piedra . It is about 18 km (11 mi) north of Laguna Colorada. It is known as the “Stone Tree” as it is in the shape of a stunted tree, which is formed as a thin rock due to strong wind action. The climate in winter (May to August) is dry, generally with no rain during the summer (December to April). The average temperature is 3 °C (37 °F). The lowest temperatures are recorded during

6232-445: The second, which is a bit more stable thermodynamically, can be obtained with a special preparation method. The triclinic form of boric acid consists of layers of B(OH) 3 molecules held together by hydrogen bonds with an O...O separation of 272 pm. The distance between two adjacent layers is 318 pm. While the layers of the triclinic phase are nearly trigonal with γ = 119.76° , a = 701.87 pm , and b = 703.5 pm (compared to

6314-447: The secretariat. IUCN Members are States, government agencies, international nongovernmental organizations, national nongovernmental organizations and indigenous peoples' organisations. In 2017, IUCN had 1400 members. The members can organize themselves in national or regional committees to promote cooperation. In 2016, there were 62 national committees and 7 regional committees. The seven IUCN Commissions involve volunteer experts from

6396-593: The strategic direction, coordinate IUCN's overall approach and provide institutional quality assurance in all business engagements. The Programme ensures that the Business Engagement Strategy is implemented through IUCN's global thematic and regional programmes as well as helps guide the work of IUCN's six Commissions. Nature-based solutions (NbS) use ecosystems and the services they provide to address societal challenges such as climate change, food security or natural disasters. The emergence of

6478-489: The vagina. As TOL-463 , it is under development as an intravaginal medication for the treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis . As an antibacterial compound, boric acid can also be used as an acne treatment. It is also used as prevention of athlete's foot , by inserting powder in the socks or stockings. Various preparations can be used to treat some kinds of otitis externa (ear infection) in both humans and animals. The preservative in urine sample bottles in

6560-410: The weight ratio of 4:5, is highly soluble in water, though they are not so soluble separately. Boric acid also dissolves in anhydrous sulfuric acid according to the equation: The product is an extremely strong acid, even stronger than the original sulfuric acid. Boric acid reacts with alcohols to form borate esters , B(OR) 3 where R is alkyl or aryl . The reaction is typically driven by

6642-542: The world. This marked a shift within the organisation. Previously, the volunteer Commissions had been very influential, now the secretariat and its staff began to play a more dominant role. In 1989, IUCN moved into a separate building in Gland, close to the offices it had shared with WWF. Initially, the focus of power was still with the Headquarters in Gland but the regional offices and regional members' groups gradually got

6724-426: Was integrated in development aid and in the economic policies of developing countries. Over the years, it supported the development of national conservation strategies in 30 countries. Several European countries began to channel considerable amounts of bilateral aid via IUCN's projects. Management of these projects was primarily done by IUCN staff, often working from the new regional and country offices IUCN set up around

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