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43-741: The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh ( RIE ) was established in 1729, and is the oldest voluntary hospital in Scotland . The new buildings of 1879 were claimed to be the largest voluntary hospital in the United Kingdom, and later on, the Empire. The hospital moved to a new 900 bed site in 2003 in Little France . It is the site of clinical medicine teaching as well as a teaching hospital for the University of Edinburgh Medical School . In 1960

86-465: A Royal Charter from George II in 1736 which gave it its name of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and commissioned William Adam to design a new hospital on a site close by to the original building, on what later became Infirmary Street. In 1741 the hospital moved the short distance to the not yet completed building which eventually, on its completion in 1745, had 228 beds compared to 4 beds in

129-726: A consortium comprising Taylor Woodrow, Kilmartin Property Group, and the Bank of Scotland. It has been redeveloped as the Quartermile housing, shopping, leisure and hotel development. Much of the David Bryce infirmary will remain visible, but some infirmary buildings have been demolished. In the build-up to the move to Little France, the Royal Charter awarded by George II in 1736 was rediscovered. A new hospital sited on

172-576: A mostly green field site at Little France in the south-east of the city, was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 1998. The new location reflected the need for the hospital to serve not just people living in Edinburgh, but also Midlothian and East Lothian. The new hospital is physically linked to the Chancellor's Building which is the main teaching facility for the University of Edinburgh's Medical School . The new building which

215-416: A precise scientific system to profit from the production. Sugar plantations everywhere were disproportionate consumers of labor, often enslaved, because of the high mortality of the plantation laborers. In Brazil, plantations were called casas grandes and suffered from similar issues. The slaves working the sugar plantation were caught in an unceasing rhythm of arduous labor year after year. Sugarcane

258-632: A replacement for the former Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Sciennes . In 2020, the hospital saw the Department for Clinical Neurosciences move to the Little France site having previously been based at Western General Hospital ; senior doctors condemned the move in the middle of the COVID-19 crisis as "incomprehensible". The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh has often been described in works of fiction, biography and history, and depicted from both

301-403: Is category B-listed by Historic Scotland . Significant changes came with the introduction of the "New System" in 1873. Four years before, Sir Joseph Lister had been appointed as Professor of Surgery to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Using antiseptics and narcotics he proved to be very successful, thus attracting patients from higher social classes to the hospital. The hospital managers felt

344-462: Is harvested about 18 months after planting and the plantations usually divided their land for efficiency. One plot was lying fallow , one plot was growing cane, and the final plot was being harvested. During the December–May rainy season , slaves planted, fertilized with animal dung, and weeded . From January to June, they harvested the cane by chopping the plants off close to the ground, stripping

387-461: Is managed by NHS Lothian . John Munro , President of the Incorporation of Surgeons in 1712, set in motion a project to establish a "Seminary of Medical Education" in Edinburgh, of which a General Hospital was an integral part. His son, Alexander Monro primus , by then Professor of Anatomy, circulated an anonymous pamphlet in 1721 on the necessity and advantage of erecting a hospital for

430-587: Is now marked with a plaque. A " gentlewoman " was engaged as Mistress or House-keeper, and a "Nurse or Servant" was hired for the patients, both women to be resident and "free of the burden of children and the care of a separate family." The physicians, who had seen the poor gratis twice weekly at their college, arranged for one of their number to attend the hospital, to see both inpatients and outpatients. Six Surgeon-Apothecaries (Alexander Monro, John McGill, Francis Congalton, Robert Hope, John Douglas and George Cunninghame) also agreed to attend in turn, and to dispense

473-642: The Episcopal meeting houses in Edinburgh. The committee set up by the donors leased "a house of small rent" near the college from the university for 19 years. Known, at first, as the Hospital for the Sick Poor , the Physicians' Hospital , or Little House , it was established on 6 August 1729 at the head of Robertson's Close on the site of the building on the corner of South Bridge and Infirmary Street. It

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516-671: The Industrial Revolution adopted some of the management practices of the slave plantations in order to organise and control their growing workforces . Enslaved Africans were brought from Africa by European slave traders to the Americas. They were shipped from ports in West Africa to European colonies in the Americas. The journey from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean was called "the middle passage ", and

559-473: The Lady Superintendent of Nurses instead of individual ward doctors. They also introduced a systematic training of nurses, who were, after one year of probation, admitted to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh’s Register Book. Accordingly, the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh had implemented the first Scottish nursing school. Up to the movement into the new buildings 102 probationers had been entered into

602-634: The Little House. In 1750, Scottish surgeon Archibald Kerr left a slave plantation he owned in Jamaica , Red Hill Pen, to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in his will. Kerr also left the 39 slaves which were kept as forced labourers on the plantation to the infirmary, which owned Red Hill Pen from 1750 to 1893 (with slavery being abolished in Jamaica in 1833 ). According to the BBC , the infirmary used

645-519: The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh’s Registry Book. In 1871 a new Superintendent, Charles Hamilton Fasson , was placed in overall charge of the Drummond Street infirmary but felt a new hospital was required on modern standards, and convinced Edinburgh Town council to underwrite the cost of a new infirmary on Lauriston Place. He oversaw the design and construction and remained Superintendent of the new infirmary until his death in 1892. In 1879, at

688-517: The South's population. According to the 1840 United States Census , one out of every four families in Virginia owned slaves. There were over 100 plantation-owners who owned over 100 slaves. The number of slaves in the 15 States was just shy of 4 million in a total population of 12.4 million and the percentage was 32% of the population. Fewer than one-third of Southern U.S. families owned slaves at

731-708: The University announced the Royal Infirmary as the location of Scotland's first PET-MRI Scanner. In 2016, the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh became one of four major trauma centres where specialist services are based as part of a new national major trauma network in Scotland. In 2021, the Royal Hospital for Children and Young People opened on the Little France site adjacent to the Infirmary, this being

774-521: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 570116545 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:52:37 GMT Slave plantation Planters embraced the use of slaves mainly because indentured labor became expensive. Some indentured servants were also leaving to start their farms as land

817-556: The city centre, but also because the public transport links to the site had been criticised as inadequate. Furthermore, the economic consultants Jim and Margaret Cuthbert unveiled evidence in the Scottish Left Review outlining why the PFI scheme was a poor use of public funds whilst resulting in huge profits for private investors. In 2012, the hospital began TAVI procedures for the first time in Scotland. On 16 November 2014,

860-429: The entrance to Dreghorn Barracks on Redford Road in the south west of the city. The original surgical theatre, which was on the roof of the 1741 building, was re-erected as part of stables in the grounds of Redford House, also on Redford Road. It has since been converted into a house known as Drummond Scrolls taking its name from the large attached carved bracket scrolls, also from the surgical theatre of 1741. The house

903-409: The existing nurses were lacking both medical knowledge and appropriate behaviour. They appointed Deputy Surgeon-General Charles Hamilton Fasson as Medical Superintendent. Fasson recruited a group of 17 trained Nightingale Nurses from St. Thomas’s Hospital London. In 1873 Elizabeth Barclay and Angélique Lucille Pringle started building up a system of nursing where the nurses were under the control of

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946-546: The first successful kidney transplant performed in the UK was at this hospital. In 1964 the world's first coronary care unit was established at the hospital. It is the only site for liver, pancreas, and pancreatic islet cell transplantation in Scotland, and one of the country's two sites for kidney transplantation . In 2012, the Emergency Department had 113,000 patient attendances, the highest number in Scotland. It

989-475: The former Royal High School in nearby High School Yards, built by Alexander Laing in 1777, was converted to a surgical hospital with a new operating theatre built to the east. This was soon found to be inadequate and a new surgical hospital, designed by David Bryce , was built fronting Drummond Street , opening in 1853. The new building was linked to the High School Yards building by an extension to

1032-486: The instruction of the then Lord Provost , Thomas Jamieson Boyd , the infirmary moved to a new location, then in the fresher air of the edge of the city. The site, on Lauriston Place, had been occupied by George Watson's Hospital (a school, known then as a hospital). The school moved a short distance away to the former Merchant Maiden Hospital (another school) in Archibald Place. The original school building, by

1075-430: The leaves and then cutting them into shorter strips to be bundled off to be sent to the sugar cane mill . In the mill, the cane was crushed using a three-roller mill. The juice from the crushing of the cane was then boiled or clarified until it crystallized into sugar. Some plantations also went a step further and distilled the molasses , the liquid left after the sugar is boiled or clarified, to make rum . The sugar

1118-678: The medicines prescribed by the physicians from their own shops, also without payment. The first patient, a lady from Caithness, was suffering from " chlorosis ." She was discharged and recovered after three months. Thirty five patients were admitted in the first year, of whom 19 were cured, 5 recovered, 5 dismissed, either as incurable or for irregularities, and one died in the hospital (of " consumption "). They came from all over Scotland, but mainly from Edinburgh and its environs. Diseases cured included pains, inflammations, agues, ulcers, cancers, palsies, flux, consumption, hysterick disorders and melancholy. A free advice and medicine service for out-patients

1161-553: The north. The Infirmary Street buildings were demolished in 1884 and replaced with public swimming baths and a school. The ornamental gates and gate piers now front the former surgical hospital on Drummond Street. The four attached Ionic columns on the frontispiece of the hospital were removed and incorporated as a combined column in a monument to the Covenanters who were defeated at the Battle of Rullion Green . This stands outside

1204-581: The peak of slavery prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. In Mississippi and South Carolina , the figure approached one-half. The total number of slave owners was 385,000 (including, in Louisiana , some free African Americans ), amounting to approximately 3.8% of the Southern and Border states population. On a plantation with more than 100 slaves, the capital value of

1247-614: The plantation system in the southern parts of United States. This made the plantation system reach a profound crisis, until it changed from depending on forced slave labour to employing mainly low-paid wage laborers with a smaller proportion of forced labour. In the late-19th century, monopolies ensured high profits from the sale of plantation products by exploiting cheap labourers, forced recruitment, peonage and debt servitude in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The new-fangled factories of

1290-496: The point of view of the sick and those caring for them. The English poet William Ernest Henley e.g. stayed as a patient at the RIE for three years (1873–75). In several poems he portrayed hospital life as well as individual nurses. The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh referred to ‘matrons’ as ‘Mistresses’, starting from 1729 when it was based at ‘The Little House’. The role was more akin to a housekeeper but she did administer medicines. She

1333-522: The same William Adam as the earlier infirmary, was incorporated into the new David Bryce -designed infirmary buildings and the chapel remained in use for the entirety of the infirmary's occupation of the site. In the 1920s, the hospital needed to expand, and once again George Watson's College was asked to move. An arrangement was reached to acquire the school's site, with the school to remain there until new premises could be built elsewhere. By 1932,

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1376-663: The school's new premises in Colinton Road were ready, and the old Archibald Place building was demolished to make way for the Simpson Memorial Pavilion, used primarily as a maternity wing. In 1948, the infirmary was incorporated into the National Health Service (NHS). The liver transplant unit opened in 1992. In May 2001, Lothian Health Trust sold the 20-acre (81,000 m) Lauriston Place site for £30 million to Southside Capital Ltd.,

1419-530: The sick and poor. In 1725, the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh wrote to the stock-holders of the Fishery Company, which was about to be wound up, suggesting that they assign their shares for the purpose of such a hospital. Other donors included many wealthy citizens, most of the physicians and several surgeons, numerous Church of Scotland parishes (at the urging of their Assembly ) and

1462-629: The slaves was greater than the capital value of the land and farming implements. Slave-powered latifundia featured in the economy of territories of classical Rome from the 2nd century BCE. The first slave plantations in the New World originated in the Caribbean islands, particularly in the West Indies on the island of Hispaniola , where Spaniards introduced the system in the early 16th century CE. The plantation system, based on slave labor,

1505-401: The system was later extended to include slaves shipped from Africa. Indeed, the progress of the plantation system was accompanied by the rapid growth of the slave trade . The plantation system peaked in the first half of the 18th century, but later on, during the middle of 19th century, there was a significant increase in demand for cotton from European countries, which led to the expansion of

1548-400: The wealth generated from Red Hill Pen to "buy medicines, construct a new building, employ staff, and heal Edinburgh's "sick poor"." In 2023, the health board of NHS Lothian publicly announced that they would be providing reparations for slavery after discovering the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh's ownership of the plantation. By the 1830s, the hospital had become short of space and, in 1832,

1591-429: Was assisted by a number of ‘servants’ but very unwell patients were looked after by medical students. The term ‘Mistress’ was replaced with Superintendent of Nurses from 1866 to 1871 then Lady Superintendent of Nurses from 1872. The Preliminary Training School for Nurses was introduced in 1924. The following were lady superintendents of nurses: Voluntary hospital Too Many Requests If you report this error to

1634-507: Was designed by Keppie Design and constructed by Balfour Beatty at a cost of £184 million opened in 2003. The building was built without air conditioning, meaning that portable units are required for the summer months. The Little France site initially attracted some controversy in the local media such as the Edinburgh Evening News , not least because the city's main accident and emergency facilities are some distance from

1677-442: Was disease and illness. Underneath the slave ship's decks, Africans were held chest-to-chest and could not do much moving. There was waste and urine throughout the hold; this caused the captives to get sick and die from illnesses that could not be cured. As the plantation economy expanded, the slave trade grew to meet the growing demand for labor. Sugar has a long history as a plantation crop. Cultivation of sugar had to follow

1720-412: Was marked by inhumane methods of exploitation. After being established in the Caribbean islands, the plantation system spread during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries to European colonies in the Americas and Asia . All the plantation systems had a form of slavery in their establishment: slaves were initially forced to be laborers in the plantation system; these slaves were primarily native Indians, but

1763-585: Was one of the three legs which comprised the triangular trade among the continents of Europe , the Americas , and Africa . By some estimates, it is said that some ten million Africans were brought to the Americas. Only about 6% ended up in the North American colonies, while the majority were taken to the Caribbean colonies and South America . A reason many did not make it to the colonies at all

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1806-461: Was very popular, receiving a 1,000 patients by 1754, which presented the hospital with prohibitively high costs and demand. Fundraising began for a new hospital, driven by Monro and Drummond , and the appeal attracted funds from churches throughout Scotland, landed gentry, private individuals, and prominent professionals including physicians, surgeons, merchants and lawyers, as well as donations of labour and building materials. The infirmary received

1849-569: Was widely available. Colonists in the Americas tried using Native Americans for labor, but they were susceptible to European diseases and died in large numbers . The plantation owners then turned to enslaved Africans for labor. In 1665, there were fewer than 500 Africans in Virginia but by 1750, 85 percent of the 235,000 slaves in the Thirteen Colonies lived in the southern colonies, Virginia included. Africans made up 40 percent of

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