34-627: David Bryce FRSE FRIBA RSA (3 April 1803 – 7 May 1876) was a Scottish architect. Bryce was born at 5 South College Street in Edinburgh , the son of David Bryce (1763–1816) a grocer with a successful side interest in building. He was educated at the Royal High School and joined the office of the architect William Burn in 1825, at the age of 22. By 1841, Bryce had risen to be Burn's partner. Burn and Bryce formally dissolved their partnership in 1845, with disputes over
68-542: A Scottish national identity during the 19th century, and some of the most emblematic country residences of 19th-century Scotland were built in this style, including Queen Victoria 's Balmoral Castle and Walter Scott 's Abbotsford , while in urban settings Cockburn Street, Edinburgh was built wholly in baronial style. Baronial style buildings were typically of stone, whether ashlar or masonry . Following Robert William Billings 's Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland , architectural historians identified
102-768: A pink sandstone similar to Belfast Castle . Castle Oliver had all the classic features of the style, including battlements, porte-cochère , crow-stepped gables , numerous turrets, arrow slits , spiral stone staircases, and conical roofs. This form of architecture was popular in the dominions of the British Empire. In New Zealand it was advocated by the architect Robert Lawson , who designed frequently in this style, most notably at Larnach Castle in Dunedin. Other examples in New Zealand include works by Francis Petre . In Canada, Craigdarroch Castle , British Columbia,
136-472: Is a superb example dating from the 1880s. Important for the dissemination of the style was Robert Billings 's (1813–1874) four-volume work Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland (1848–1852). It was applied to many relatively modest dwellings by architects such as William Burn (1789–1870), David Bryce (1803–76), Edward Blore (1787–1879), Edward Calvert (c. 1847–1914) and Robert Stodart Lorimer (1864–1929) and in urban contexts, including
170-774: Is best and most characteristic in the domestic architecture of later times". With commissions for over 230 buildings during his career, Bryce is best known for perfecting the Scottish Baronial style, with which he pioneered the development of large and loosely planned country houses , for example Craigends House in Renfrewshire . His designs drew inspiration from 16th century Scottish architecture, including crow-stepped gables , turrets and carved doorways. In his banks and public buildings, he preferred to use Italianate classical styles similar to those of Charles Barry - his design for Fettes College , Edinburgh
204-596: Is buried in the New Calton Cemetery in Edinburgh just west of the main north-south path, beside his nephew, John Bryce, also an architect, who worked with him in later life. Bryce was Initiated into Scottish Freemasonry in Lodge Roman Eagle, No. 160, (Edinburgh). He later became an Affiliate Member of Lodge St James Operative, No.97, also in Edinburgh. He served, jointly, as Grand Architect of
238-527: The County of Flanders in the 16th century and was abandoned by about 1660. The style kept many of the features of the high-rising medieval Gothic castles and introduced Renaissance features. The high and relatively thin-walled medieval fortifications had been made obsolete by gunpowder weapons but were associated with chivalry and landed nobility. High roofs, towers and turrets were kept for status reasons. Renaissance elements were introduced. This concerned mainly
272-654: The Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland , with his mentor, William Burn , from 1845 to 1850 and alone from 1851 until his death. He also took an interest in another branch of Freemasonry known as the Royal Arch. He was Exhalted (initiated) in Edinburgh St Andrew Chapter, No.83. Bryce worked in all styles, and at first chiefly in the so-called Palladian and Italian Renaissance, but he soon devoted himself more exclusively to
306-716: The post-nominal letters FRSE, Honorary Fellows HonFRSE, and Corresponding Fellows CorrFRSE. The Fellowship is split into four broad sectors, covering the full range of physical and life sciences, arts, humanities, social sciences, education, professions, industry, business and public life. Examples of current fellows include Peter Higgs and Jocelyn Bell Burnell . Previous fellows have included Melvin Calvin , Benjamin Franklin , James Clerk Maxwell , James Watt , Thomas Reid , and Andrew Lawrence . A comprehensive biographical list of Fellows from 1783–2002 has been published by
340-823: The Architectural Institute of Scotland, of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and officiated for several years as grand architect to the Grand Lodge of Masons in Scotland. He died on 7 May 1876, after a short illness from bronchitis, leaving many important works in progress, which were completed under the superintendence of his nephew, who had been his partner for some years, and who succeeded to his business. He died unmarried, but had one son with his common law wife, Janet Tod (1797-1884), David Bryce Tod, whom he recognised in later life, and in his will. He
374-512: The British Empire. The Scottish National War Memorial was the last significant monument of the baronial style, built 1920 in Edinburgh Castle after World War I . The Scottish baronial style is also called Scotch baronial, Scots baronial or just baronial style. The name was invented in the 19th century and may come from Robert William Billings's book Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland , published in 1852. Before,
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#1732790117454408-560: The Gothic, particularly that variety of it known as Scottish Baronial, of which he became the most distinguished and the ablest exponent. It was in this style that his greatest successes were achieved, particularly in the erection and alteration of mansion houses throughout the country, of which at least fifty testify to his sound judgement in planning, and to his appreciation of its opportunities for picturesque effects. The best of his public buildings in this style are probably Fettes College and
442-718: The Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh; while the buildings of the Bank of Scotland, which so largely contribute to the beauty of the outline of the Old Town of Edinburgh, exhibit him at his best in the Italian style. The North perspective view for the Bank of Scotland was drawn in 1863, in which the front would be refurbished in a Baroque style, adorned with Corinthian columns and allegorical statues, wings with lanterns would be added, and
476-664: The Royal Society of Edinburgh Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ( FRSE ) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Edinburgh , Scotland's national academy of science and letters , judged to be "eminently distinguished in their subject". This society received a royal charter in 1783, allowing for its expansion. Around 50 new fellows are elected each year in March. As of 2016 there are around 1,650 Fellows, including 71 Honorary Fellows and 76 Corresponding Fellows. Fellows are entitled to use
510-1011: The Scots baronial style was "a Caledonian reading of the gothic". Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland. Inveraray Castle , built starting from 1746 with design input from William Adam , incorporates turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some external features of the Scots baronial style. William Adam's son's, Robert and James continued their father's approach, with houses such as Mellerstain and Wedderburn in Berwickshire and Seton House in East Lothian, but most clearly at Culzean Castle , Ayrshire, remodelled by Robert from 1777. Large windows of plate glass are not uncommon. Bay windows often have their individual roofs adorned by pinnacles and crenulations. Porches , porticos and porte-cocheres , are often given
544-707: The Scottish Renaissance style finally gave way to the grander English forms associated with Inigo Jones in the later part of the seventeenth century. European architecture of the 19th century was dominated by revivals of various historic styles. This current took off in the middle of the 18th century with the Gothic Revival in Britain. The Gothic Revival in architecture has been seen as an expression of romanticism and according to Alvin Jackson ,
578-720: The Society. Scottish Baronial Scottish baronial or Scots baronial is an architectural style of 19th-century Gothic Revival which revived the forms and ornaments of historical architecture of Scotland in the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period . Reminiscent of Scottish castles , buildings in the Scots baronial style are characterised by elaborate rooflines embellished with conical roofs , tourelles , and battlements with machicolations , often with an asymmetric plan. Popular during
612-522: The architecture often had little in common with tower houses, which retained their defensive functions and were deficient with respect to 19th-century ideas of comfort. The revival often adapted the style to the needs and technical abilities of a later time. In Ireland, a young English architect of the York School of Architecture, George Fowler Jones , designed Castle Oliver , a 110-room mansion of about 29,000 sq ft (2,700 m ), built in
646-504: The building of Cockburn Street in Edinburgh (from the 1850s) as well as the National Wallace Monument at Stirling (1859–1869). Dall House (1855) and Helen's Tower (1848) have square-corbelled-on-round towers or turrets. The rebuilding of Balmoral Castle as a baronial palace and its adoption as a royal retreat from 1855 to 1858 by Queen Victoria confirmed the popularity of the style. This architectural style
680-450: The building of St Mary's Church, Dalkeith , Midlothian , for the Duke of Buccleuch . Burn moved to London, and Bryce succeeded to a very large and increasing practice, to which he devoted himself with the enthusiasm of an artistic temperament and untiring energy and perseverance. In the course of a busy and successful career, which was actively continued almost down to his death, he attained
714-709: The castle treatment. An imitation portcullis on the larger houses would occasionally be suspended above a front door, flanked by heraldic beasts and other medieval architectural motifs. Important for the adoption of the style in the early nineteenth century was Abbotsford House , the residence of the novelist and poet Sir Walter Scott . Rebuilt for him from 1816, it became a model for the Scottish baronial Revival style. Common features borrowed from 16th- and 17th-century houses included battlemented gateways, crow-stepped gables , spiral stairs, pointed turrets and machicolations . Orchardton Castle near Auchencairn, Scotland
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#1732790117454748-541: The central dome would be made taller in Florentine style, topped with a golden statue of Fame . His fame is, however, mainly due to his ability in reviving the picturesque French Gothic, now naturalised in Scotland under the name of Baronial; the annual report of the Royal Scottish Academy in the year of his death said "there is no doubt that his name will long be honourably associated with much that
782-492: The cylinder of their main bodies are particular the Scottish baronial style. They can be seen at Claypotts , Monea , Colliston , Thirlestane , Auchans , Balvenie , and Fiddes . Such castles or tower houses are typically built on asymmetric plans. Often this is a Z-plan as at Claypotts Castle (1569–1588), or on an L-plan as at Colliston. Roof lines are uneven and irregular. The Scottish baronial style coexisted even in Scotland with Northern Renaissance architecture, which
816-467: The empire at Vorontsov Palace near the city of Yalta, Crimea. The popularity of the baronial style peaked towards the end of the nineteenth century, and the building of large houses declined in importance in the twentieth century. The baronial style continued to influence the construction of some estate houses, including Skibo Castle , which was rebuilt from 1899 to 1903 for industrialist Andrew Carnegie by Ross and Macbeth. Isolated examples included
850-839: The fashion for Romanticism and the Picturesque , Scots baronial architecture was equivalent to the Jacobethan Revival of 19th-century England , and likewise revived the Late Gothic appearance of the fortified domestic architecture of the elites in the Late Middle Ages and the architecture of the Jacobean era . Among architects of the Scots baronial style in the Victorian era were William Burn and David Bryce . Romanticism in Scotland coincided with
884-542: The foremost place in his profession in Scotland, and designed important works in most of the principal towns of the country. In the 1830s Bryce was living at 8 Great Stuart Street on the Moray Estate in Edinburgh's West End. In 1835 he was elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, and in the following year became an academician. He was also a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects, of
918-556: The style does not seem to have had a name. The buildings produced by the Scottish baronial revival by far outnumber those of the original Scottish "baronial" castles of the Early Modern Period. Scottish baronial style drew upon the buildings of the Scottish Renaissance . The style of elite residences built by barons in Scotland developed under the influence of French architecture and the architecture of
952-463: The stylistic features characteristic of the baronial castles built from the latter 16th century as Scots baronial style, which as a revived idiom architects continued to employ up until 1930s. Scottish baronial was core influence on Charles Rennie Mackintosh 's Modern Style architecture. The style was considered a British national idiom emblematic of Scotland, and was widely used for public buildings, country houses, residences and follies throughout
986-456: The windows that became bigger, had straight lintels or round bows and typically lacked mullions. The style drew on tower houses and peel towers , retaining many of their external features. French Renaissance also kept the steep roofs of medieval castles as can be seen for example at Azay-le-Rideau (1518), and the original Scottish baronial style might have been influenced by French masons brought to Scotland to work on royal palaces. The style
1020-640: Was built for Robert Dunsmuir , a Scottish coal baron, in 1890. In Toronto, E. J. Lennox designed Casa Loma in the Gothic Revival style for Sir Henry Pellatt , a prominent Canadian financier and industrialist. The mansion has battlements and towers, along with modern plumbing and other conveniences. Another Canadian example is the Banff Springs Hotel in the Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada. The style can also be seen outside
1054-515: Was often employed for public buildings, such as Aberdeen Grammar School (about 1860). However, it was by no means confined to Scotland and is a fusion of the Gothic revival castle architecture first employed by Horace Walpole for Strawberry Hill and the ancient Scottish defensive tower houses . In the 19th century it became fashionable for private houses to be built with small turrets. Such buildings were dubbed "in Scottish baronial style". In fact
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1088-656: Was one of the first to revive the French château style. Several other architects trained under Bryce including Charles Kinnear , John Starforth , James M. Wardrop , James McLaren , John Milne , J. J. Stevenson , Sir James Gowans , William Hamilton Beattie and James Campbell Walker . [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Burnet, George Wardlaw (1886). " Bryce, David ". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 7. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 158. Fellow of
1122-690: Was preferred by the wealthier clients. William Wallace 's work at the North Range of Linlithgow Palace (1618–1622) and at Heriot's Hospital (1628–1633) are examples of a contemporaneous Scottish Renaissance architecture. Wallace worked for the Countess of Home at Moray House on Edinburgh's Canongate , an Anglo-Scottish client who employed the English master mason Nicholas Stone at her London house in Aldersgate. The baronial style as well as
1156-531: Was quite limited in scope: a style for lesser Scottish landlords. The walls usually are rubble work and only quoins, window dressings and copings are in ashlar. Sculpted ornaments are sparsely used. In most cases the windows lack pediments. The style often uses corbelled turrets sometimes called tourelles, bartizans or pepperpot turrets. The corbels supporting the turret typically are roll-moulded. Their roofs were conical. Gables are often crow-stepped. Round towers supporting square garret chambers corbelled out over
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