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90-517: The Thistles were first organized in 1894, and were the first hockey team in Edmonton to hold regular practices. They named one Inspector Snyder as their first captain. The team was made up of the local well-to-do, mostly of British (especially Scottish ) extraction, thence the allusion to the Scottish thistle . They played the first recorded game in the city's history in 1894. In 1895 they played

180-462: A Catholic bishop. Murdoch (1998) notes that the popular image of Cape Breton Island as a last bastion of Gaelic culture distorts the complex history of the island since the 16th century. The original Micmac inhabitants, Acadian French, Irish, Loyalists from New England, Lowland Scots and English have all contributed to a history which has included cultural, religious, and political conflict as well as cooperation and synthesis. The Highland Scots became

270-412: A bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses and individuals. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are normally not considered as an adequate substitute for a bank account. Banks issue new money when they make loans. In contemporary banking systems, regulators set a minimum level of reserve funds that banks must hold against the deposit liabilities created by

360-644: A capacity of 2,000 spectators it became a central part of the small Edmonton and area population's social scene. Founded as the Edmonton Hockey Club in 1905, the club helped found the Alberta Amateur Hockey Association in 1907. In 1908 and 1910, the Edmonton club would challenge for the Stanley Cup. Although the club was technically amateur, the club hired Tommy Phillips , Didier Pitre and Lester Patrick for

450-664: A captain named Zichmni , believed to be Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney , is also claimed to have reached Atlantic Canada as well as New England. Troubles back in Scotland in the 18th and 19th centuries generated a steady flow of emigrants. Some sought political asylum following the failed Jacobite risings in 1688 , 1715 , and 1745 . The Gàidhealtachd was traditionally Catholic, and many Gaels came to Canada after facing eviction for their religious beliefs. Those immigrants who arrived after 1759 were mainly Highland farmers who had been forced off their crofts (rented land) during

540-495: A free passage to what was hoped to be a better life. Crop failures continued into the 1850s and famine relief programmes became semi-permanent operations. During the ten years following 1847, from throughout the Highlands, over 16,000 crofters were shipped overseas to Canada and Australia. Canada had plenty of land and jobs and new opportunities, which created a pull factor. The government made certain potential immigrants know of

630-533: A great boom in the numbers leaving Scotland for Canada. As one of many ethnic groups in Canada, the Scots have managed to retain their separate identity, as well as adopting other religious practices such as deism. Bank A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans . Lending activities can be directly performed by

720-425: A large number of small to medium-sized institutions in its banking system. As of November 2009, China's top four banks have in excess of 67,000 branches ( ICBC :18000+, BOC :12000+, CCB :13000+, ABC :24000+) with an additional 140 smaller banks with an undetermined number of branches. Japan had 129 banks and 12,000 branches. In 2004, Germany, France, and Italy each had more than 30,000 branches – more than double

810-620: A leading role in the social, political, and economic history of Canada, being prominent in banking , labour unions , and politics . The first documented source of Scots in what would become Canada comes from the Saga of Eric the Red and the Viking expedition of 1010 AD to Vinland (literally, the land of meadows), which is believed to refer to the island of Newfoundland . The Viking prince Thorfinn Karlsefni took two Scottish slaves to Vinland. When

900-416: A safe and convenient form of money backed by the goldsmith's promise to pay, allowing goldsmiths to advance loans with little risk of default . Thus the goldsmiths of London became the forerunners of banking by creating new money based on credit. The Bank of England originated the permanent issue of banknotes in 1695. The Royal Bank of Scotland established the first overdraft facility in 1728. By

990-643: A series of games against North-West Mounted Police officers from Fort Saskatchewan. The Edmonton Hockey Club was officially founded on 20 November 1896. and consisted of two team, the senior Thisles, and the junior Stars. The Stars played against their cross-river rivals, the South Edmonton Shamrocks, for the first time on 1 January 1896, and the Thistles first played the Shamrocks on 31 January 1896. Soon-to-be mayor William Antrobus Griesbach

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1080-490: A similar ethnic group. They descended from Lowland Scots and Northern English people via Ulster and so some observe many of the same traditions as Scots. Categorically, Scottish Canadians comprise a subgroup of British Canadians which is a further subgroup of European Canadians . Scottish people have a long history in Canada, dating back several centuries. Many towns, rivers, and mountains have been named in honour of Scottish explorers and traders such as Mackenzie Bay in

1170-625: A superficial and commercialized expression of Gaelic identity, and embrace Scottish Gaelic language and culture through the auspices of organizations such as the Atlantic Gaelic Academy and the Gaelic College. The Comhairle na Gàidhlig is an organization devoted to "creating an environment that makes Nova Scotia a place where Gaelic language, culture, and communities thrive." Every province and territory has an officially recognized tartan , except for Quebec, whose tartan

1260-399: A variety of different ways including interest, transaction fees and financial advice. Traditionally, the most significant method is via charging interest on the capital it lends out to customers. The bank profits from the difference between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities. This difference

1350-484: A wave of Gaels began to arrive in Prince Edward Island , and in 1773 the ship Hector brought 200 Gaels to Pictou , beginning a new stream of Highland emigration — the town's slogan is "The Birthplace of New Scotland". At the end of the 18th century, Cape Breton Island had become a centre of Scottish Gaelic settlement, where only Scottish Gaelic was spoken. A number of Scottish loyalists to

1440-446: Is a bank regulation , which sets a framework within which a bank or depository institution must manage its balance sheet . The categorisation of assets and capital is highly standardised so that it can be risk weighted . After the financial crisis of 2007–2008 , regulators force banks to issue Contingent convertible bonds (CoCos). These are hybrid capital securities that absorb losses in accordance with their contractual terms when

1530-400: Is a Bills of Exchange Act that codifies the law in relation to negotiable instruments , including cheques, and this Act contains a statutory definition of the term banker : banker includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not, who carry on the business of banking' (Section 2, Interpretation). Although this definition seems circular, it is actually functional, because it ensures that

1620-795: Is a historic region with much Scottish or Gaelic background. This is because it is the site of where many Gaels settled after the Highland Clearances . Scottish Gaelic / Canadian Gaelic is a spoken language in the county, but the number of speakers has declined to a great degree. Maxville Public School in Maxville, Glengarry still offers the language. Also known in the region are the Glengarry Highland Games where many Scottish competitions are held to celebrate Scottish Culture . The chief Scottish town in Glengarry

1710-403: Is a list of the largest deals in history in terms of value with participation from at least one bank: Currently, commercial banks are regulated in most jurisdictions by government entities and require a special bank license to operate. Usually, the definition of the business of banking for the purposes of regulation is extended to include acceptance of deposits, even if they are not repayable to

1800-431: Is referred to as the spread between the cost of funds and the loan interest rate. Historically, profitability from lending activities has been cyclical and dependent on the needs and strengths of loan customers and the stage of the economic cycle . Fees and financial advice constitute a more stable revenue stream and banks have therefore placed more emphasis on these revenue lines to smooth their financial performance. In

1890-524: Is unofficial, and Nunavut, which has no tartan. Tartans were first brought to Canada by Scottish settlers, and the first province to officially adopt a tartan was Nova Scotia in 1955. Several of the tartans are registered in the books of the Court of the Lord Lyon , King of Arms of Scotland. The list of Scots who influenced Canada's history is indeed a long one. The explorer Alexander MacKenzie completed

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1980-753: The Atlas , the Baptiste Merchant and the Borothy . After the War of 1812 ended, many soldiers from the disbanded regiments joined them. In 1816, some Scots-Irish from Ulster arrived in the area. Many Perth families became prominent in both provincial and national governments. An educational institution of Scottish origin is Queen's University in Kingston "the Aberdeen of Canada", founded largely through

2070-626: The Basel Accords . Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of Renaissance Italy but, in many ways, functioned as a continuation of ideas and concepts of credit and lending that had their roots in the ancient world . In the history of banking , a number of banking dynasties  – notably, the Medicis , the Pazzi , the Fuggers ,

2160-625: The Battle of Brandywine . When it disbanded after the War, most of its members settled in New Brunswick. A continual influx of immigrants from Scotland and Ulster meant that by 1843, there were over 30,000 Scots in New Brunswick. Canadian Gaelic was spoken as the first language in much of "Anglophone" Canada, such as Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , and Glengarry County in Ontario. Gaelic

2250-742: The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as a regulator. However, for soundness examinations (i.e., whether a bank is operating in a sound manner), the Federal Reserve is the primary federal regulator for Fed-member state banks; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) is the primary federal regulator for national banks. State non-member banks are examined by the state agencies as well as

2340-651: The Great Depression , the U.S. Savings and Loan crisis in the 1980s and early 1990s, the Japanese banking crisis during the 1990s, and the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the 2000s. The 2023 global banking crisis is the latest of these crises: In March 2023, liquidity shortages and bank insolvencies led to three bank failures in the United States , and within two weeks, several of the world's largest banks failed or were shut down by regulators Assets of

2430-650: The Highland and Lowland Clearances to make way for sheep grazing due to the British Agricultural Revolution . Others came as a result of famine. In 1846, potato crops were blighted by the same fungal disease responsible for the Great Irish Famine , and most Highland crofters were very dependent on potatoes as a source of food. Crofters were expected to work in appalling conditions, and although some landlords worked to lessen

2520-528: The Medici Bank , in 1397. The Republic of Genoa founded the earliest-known state deposit bank, and Banco di San Giorgio (Bank of St. George), in 1407 at Genoa , Italy. Fractional reserve banking and the issue of banknotes emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries. Merchants started to store their gold with the goldsmiths of London , who possessed private vaults , and who charged a fee for that service. In exchange for each deposit of precious metal,

2610-569: The Renaissance by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions atop desks covered by green tablecloths. The definition of a bank varies from country to country. See the relevant country pages for more information. Under English common law , a banker is defined as a person who carries on the business of banking by conducting current accounts for their customers, paying cheques drawn on them and also collecting cheques for their customers. In most common law jurisdictions there

2700-624: The St. Lawrence River during the first wave of colonization of French Canada, it was piloted by a Scot, Abraham Martin. The first British governor of Quebec was also a Scot, James Murray . He received the keys to the city gates from the French commander, Major de Ramezay, who was himself of Scottish descent, as many Scots had been employed by the French since the time of the Auld Alliance . Large groups of Scots, chiefly from Ross-shire , arrived on

2790-594: The Welsers , the Berenbergs , and the Rothschilds  – have played a central role over many centuries. The oldest existing retail bank is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena (founded in 1472), while the oldest existing merchant bank is Berenberg Bank (founded in 1590). Banking as an archaic activity (or quasi-banking ) is thought to have begun as early as the end of the 4th millennium BCE, to

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2880-539: The Yukon (named for Sir Alexander Mackenzie ), and others are named after locations in Scotland, such as Calgary (named after a Scottish beach), or Banff, Alberta named after Banff, Aberdeenshire . Most notably, the Atlantic province of Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Once Scots formed the vanguard of the movement of Europeans across the continent. In more modern times, immigrants from Scotland have played

2970-527: The longships moored along the coast, they sent the slaves ashore to run along the waterfront to gauge whether it was safe for the rest of the crew to follow. After the Scots survived a day without being attacked, by either human or animal, the Vikings deemed it safe to spend the night ashore. The expedition was abandoned three years later; the original sagas were passed on in an oral tradition and then written down 250 years later. An apocryphal voyage in 1398 by

3060-481: The 15,000 branches in the United Kingdom. Between 1985 and 2018 banks engaged in around 28,798 mergers or acquisitions, either as the acquirer or the target company. The overall known value of these deals cumulates to around 5,169 bil. USD. In terms of value, there have been two major waves (1999 and 2007) which both peaked at around 460 bil. USD followed by a steep decline (−82% from 2007 until 2018). Here

3150-462: The 1920s had been born in Scotland, and another quarter had Scottish-born fathers. The Scots had a long tradition of struggle to maintain a separate identity in the face of a simultaneous pressure to integrate into a foreign society. Thus over the years, they had gained considerable experience in the ambivalence of being both accommodating and distinctive. Substantial numbers of Scots continued to immigrate to Canada after 1870. The early 20th century saw

3240-404: The 19th century, we find in ordinary cases of deposits, of money with banking corporations, or bankers, the transaction amounts to a mere loan, or mutuum , and the bank is to restore, not the same money, but an equivalent sum, whenever it is demanded and money, when paid into a bank, ceases altogether to be the money of the principal (see Parker v. Marchant, 1 Phillips 360); it is then the money of

3330-419: The 3rd millennia BCE. The present era of banking can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities in the centre and north like Florence , Lucca , Siena , Venice and Genoa . The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th-century Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici set up one of the most famous Italian banks,

3420-729: The British crown, who had fled the United States in 1783, arrived in Glengarry County (in eastern Ontario ) and Nova Scotia. In 1803, Lord Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk , who was sympathetic to the plight of the dispossessed crofters (tenant farmers in the Highlands), brought 800 colonists to Prince Edward Island. In 1811, he founded the Red River Colony as a Scottish colonization project on an area of 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) in what would later be

3510-529: The FDIC. National banks have one primary regulator – the OCC. Each regulatory agency has its own set of rules and regulations to which banks and thrifts must adhere. The Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) was established in 1979 as a formal inter-agency body empowered to prescribe uniform principles, standards, and report forms for the federal examination of financial institutions. Although

3600-705: The Hudson's Bay Company joined the Glengarry Settlements. Another famous Scottish area that came to exert great influence in Ontario was the Perth Settlement , another region of Scottish and military origin. Unemployment and suffering following the end of the Napoleonic Wars caused the British government to reverse its former policies and actively encourage emigration. In 1815, three loaded transports set sail from Greenock for Upper Canada:

3690-664: The Premier of British Columbia, and later the Lieutenant Governor General. Many local place names in Vancouver are of Scottish origin. The district of Dollarton, for example, was named for Captain Robert Dollar. West Vancouver's first European settler, John Lawson, planted holly by the side of the "burn" or river flowing across his property; he coined "Hollyburn" as the name for his place. Iona Island

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3780-542: The Scottish-born Dunsmuir family, whose coal-baron patriarch Robert Dunsmuir immigrated from Scotland to become one of Vancouver Island's richest businessmen. These two castles brought Scottish Baronial architecture to very prominent landmarks in Victoria, both of which have been designated as National Historic Sites for their significance to the city. Robert's son James Dunsmuir would go on to become

3870-586: The UK, for example, the Financial Services Authority licenses banks, and some commercial banks (such as the Bank of Scotland ) issue their own banknotes in addition to those issued by the Bank of England , the UK government's central bank. Banking law is based on a contractual analysis of the relationship between the bank (defined above) and the customer  – defined as any entity for which

3960-506: The advantages, sending agents to recruit Irish and Scottish emigrants to settle in western Canada between 1867 and the 1920s. The Canadian government hoped to develop the economy in the sparsely populated western part of the country. It set up offices in towns in Ireland and Scotland, and agents went up and down the land pasting up attractive posters, giving lectures, handing out pamphlets and trying one-on-one to persuade farmers and laborers of

4050-486: The arrival of thousands of loyalists of Scottish origin both during and after the American Revolution. One of the New Brunswick and Canada's most famous regiments was "The King's First American Regiment" founded in 1776. It was composed mostly of Highlanders, many of whom fought with their traditional kilts to the sound of bagpipes . The regiment distinguished itself when it defeated Washington's forces at

4140-639: The bank agrees to conduct an account. The law implies rights and obligations into this relationship as follows: These implied contractual terms may be modified by express agreement between the customer and the bank. The statutes and regulations in force within a particular jurisdiction may also modify the above terms or create new rights, obligations, or limitations relevant to the bank-customer relationship. Some types of financial institutions, such as building societies and credit unions , may be partly or wholly exempt from bank license requirements, and therefore regulated under separate rules. The requirements for

4230-571: The bank or indirectly through capital markets . Whereas banks play an important role in financial stability and the economy of a country, most jurisdictions exercise a high degree of regulation over banks. Most countries have institutionalized a system known as fractional-reserve banking , under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities. In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity , banks are generally subject to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards,

4320-411: The bank will not repay it), and interest rate risk (the possibility that the bank will become unprofitable, if rising interest rates force it to pay relatively more on its deposits than it receives on its loans). Banking crises have developed many times throughout history when one or more risks have emerged for the banking sector as a whole. Prominent examples include the bank run that occurred during

4410-667: The bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers' current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as Automated Clearing House (ACH), Wire transfers or telegraphic transfer , EFTPOS , and automated teller machines (ATMs). Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts, by accepting term deposits , and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds . Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current accounts, by making installment loans , and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending. Banks provide different payment services, and

4500-456: The banker, who is bound to return an equivalent, by paying a similar sum to that deposited with him, when he is asked for it. The goldsmith paid interest on deposits. Since the promissory notes were payable on demand, and the advances (loans) to the goldsmith's customers were repayable over a longer time-period, this was an early form of fractional reserve banking . The promissory notes developed into an assignable instrument which could circulate as

4590-662: The beginning of the 19th century Lubbock's Bank had established a bankers' clearing house in London to allow multiple banks to clear transactions. The Rothschilds pioneered international finance on a large scale, financing the purchase of shares in the Suez canal for the British government in 1875. The word bank was taken into Middle English from Middle French banque , from Old Italian banco , meaning "table", from Old High German banc, bank "bench, counter". Benches were used as makeshift desks or exchange counters during

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4680-515: The business of banking for the purposes of the legislation, and not necessarily in general. In particular, most of the definitions are from legislation that has the purpose of regulating and supervising banks rather than regulating the actual business of banking. However, in many cases, the statutory definition closely mirrors the common law one. Examples of statutory definitions: Since the advent of EFTPOS (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale), direct credit, direct debit and internet banking ,

4770-533: The capital of the issuing bank falls below a certain level. Then debt is reduced and bank capitalisation gets a boost. Owing to their capacity to absorb losses, CoCos have the potential to satisfy regulatory capital requirement. The economic functions of banks include: Banks are susceptible to many forms of risk which have triggered occasional systemic crises. These include liquidity risk (where many depositors may request withdrawals in excess of available funds), credit risk (the chance that those who owe money to

4860-688: The challenge, and only one player who had played from the regular season played in the challenge against the Montreal Wanderers . It was to no avail, as the Wanderers won the series. The Edmonton Hockey Club folded after 1910, and the Eskimos club was formed for the 1910–11 season by Deacon White from the remains of the organization. Scottish Canadians Scottish Canadians ( Scottish Gaelic : Canèidianaich Albannach ) are people of Scottish descent or heritage living in Canada. As

4950-483: The cheque has lost its primacy in most banking systems as a payment instrument. This has led legal theorists to suggest that the cheque based definition should be broadened to include financial institutions that conduct current accounts for customers and enable customers to pay and be paid by third parties, even if they do not pay and collect cheques . Banks act as payment agents by conducting checking or current accounts for customers, paying cheques drawn by customers in

5040-423: The cross-selling of complementary products. Banks face a number of risks in order to conduct their business, and how well these risks are managed and understood is a key driver behind profitability, and how much capital a bank is required to hold. Bank capital consists principally of equity , retained earnings and subordinated debt . Some of the main risks faced by banks include: The capital requirement

5130-524: The cultural life of the province, especially in its music. According to the 2006 census about 900 Nova Scotians are fluent in Gaelic languages (the census does not distinguish between Scottish Gaelic / Canadian Gaelic and Irish Gaelic ), and about 6,015 in all of Canada. However, the Nova Scotian Office of Gaelic Affairs estimates there are currently around 2000 Scottish Gaelic speakers in

5220-408: The customer's order – although money lending, by itself, is generally not included in the definition. Unlike most other regulated industries, the regulator is typically also a participant in the market, being either publicly or privately governed central bank . Central banks also typically have a monopoly on the business of issuing banknotes . However, in some countries, this is not the case. In

5310-458: The effects of the famine on their tenants, many landlords simply resorted to eviction. In particular, John Gordon of Cluny became the target of criticism in newspapers when many of his crofters were reduced to living on the streets of Inverness . Gordon resorted to hiring a fleet of ships and forcibly transporting his Hebridean crofters to Canada, where they were conveniently abandoned on Canadian authorities. Some more sympathetic landlords supplied

5400-568: The efforts of noted scholar George Munroe Grant. Numerous educational institutions have Scottish influence, one being Sir John A. Macdonald Collegiate Institute , a secondary school located in Toronto , Ontario . The crest contains a map of Canada and the symbols of the Macdonald clan: a white coronet, a mailed fist, and crossed crosslets. Red, Royal Purple, and White, which predominate in the tartan of Sir John's family clan, Clanranald. Owing to

5490-613: The fathers of the Confederation; Sir Richard McBride (1870–1917) was from 1903 to 1915 the Premier of British Columbia, where his was the first government under the new system of political parties. McBride was also known for his tireless work on behalf of the extension of the Pacific Great Eastern Railroad , which was to bind British Columbia together the way the CPR had Canada.. In the 20th century, perhaps

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5580-619: The first known transcontinental crossing of America north of Mexico. John Sandfield Macdonald (1812–1872) became Premier of the Province of Canada in 1862 and the first Premier of Ontario in 1867. Sir John A. Macdonald (1815–1891), who emigrated in 1820, became the first Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada, leading the country through its period of early growth. Under his leadership, the dominion expanded to include Manitoba, British Columbia and Prince Edward Island. Alexander Mackenzie

5670-589: The funding of these loans, in order to ensure that the banks can meet demands for payment of such deposits. These reserves can be acquired through the acceptance of new deposits, sale of other assets, or borrowing from other banks including the central bank. Activities undertaken by banks include personal banking , corporate banking , investment banking , private banking , transaction banking , insurance , consumer finance , trade finance and other related. Banks offer many different channels to access their banking and other services: A bank can generate revenue in

5760-407: The goldsmiths issued receipts certifying the quantity and purity of the metal they held as a bailee ; these receipts could not be assigned, only the original depositor could collect the stored goods. Gradually the goldsmiths began to lend money out on behalf of the depositor , and promissory notes , which evolved into banknotes, were issued for money deposited as a loan to the goldsmith. Thus, by

5850-548: The interurban tram stop at Wilson Road (today West 41st Avenue). She chose to call it "Kerry's Dale", after the name of her family home, Kerrydale, in Gairloch, Scotland. Kerrysdale means "little seat of the fairies." It was quickly corrupted to Kerrisdale. Other evidence of the Scottish influence on the development of British Columbia can be found in the names of streets, parks, creeks and other geographical features throughout

5940-709: The island, which received a large influx of settlers, predominantly Catholics from the Highlands, in the late 18th century. Another large group of Gaels arrived in 1803. This migration, primarily from the Isle of Skye , was organized by the Earl of Selkirk . New Brunswick became the home for many Scots. In 1761, a Highland regiment garrisoned Fort Frederick . The surrounding lands surveyed by Captain Bruce in 1762 attracted many Scottish traders when William Davidson of Caithness arrived to settle two years later. Their numbers were swelled by

6030-442: The issue of a bank license vary between jurisdictions but typically include: Banks' activities can be divided into: Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by the government, or are non-profit organisations . The United States banking industry is one of the most heavily regulated and guarded in the world, with multiple specialised and focused regulators. All banks with FDIC-insured deposits have

6120-409: The largest 1,000 banks in the world grew by 6.8% in the 2008–2009 financial year to a record US$ 96.4 trillion while profits declined by 85% to US$ 115 billion. Growth in assets in adverse market conditions was largely a result of recapitalisation. EU banks held the largest share of the total, 56% in 2008–2009, down from 61% in the previous year. Asian banks' share increased from 12% to 14% during

6210-421: The largest community in the early 19th century, and their heritage in music, folklore, and language has survived government indifference, but it is now threatened by a synthetic marketable 'tartan clan doll culture' aimed primarily at tourists. Scots have long and historic ties with the province of Quebec . The early Scots who arrived in the province were crofters and fishermen. When the Don de Dieu sailed up

6300-450: The legal basis for bank transactions such as cheques does not depend on how the bank is structured or regulated. The business of banking is in many common law countries not defined by statute but by common law, the definition above. In other English common law jurisdictions there are statutory definitions of the business of banking or banking business . When looking at these definitions it is important to keep in mind that they are defining

6390-409: The most well-known Canadian politician, particularly revered in Britain for his contribution to the allied cause in World War II, was William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874–1950), who was very proud of his Scots background. King was three time Prime Minister of Canada, doing much to help preserve the unity of the French and English populations in his vast country. The first full-time Minister of Labour, King

6480-455: The past 20 years, American banks have taken many measures to ensure that they remain profitable while responding to increasingly changing market conditions. This helps in making a profit and facilitates economic development as a whole. Recently, as banks have been faced with pressure from fintechs, new and additional business models have been suggested such as freemium, monetisation of data, white-labeling of banking and payment applications, or

6570-761: The province and notes the enduring impact of institutions such as the Gaelic College in Cape Breton . Dalhousie University in Halifax , the largest university in the Maritime provinces , was founded in 1818 by Scottish aristocrat George Ramsay as the only Gaelic college in Canada. St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish was also founded by a Scot — Colin Francis MacKinnon ,

6660-583: The province of Manitoba — land that was granted by the Hudson's Bay Company , in what is referred to as the Selkirk Concession . Prince Edward Island (PEI) was also heavily influenced by Scottish Gaelic settlers. One prominent settler in PEI was John MacDonald of Glenaladale , who conceived the idea of sending Gaels to Nova Scotia on a grand scale after Culloden. The name Macdonald still dominates on

6750-498: The province, the most notable of which are the Fraser River and Mount Douglas (PKOLS). Today Canada is awash in Scottish memorabilia, as Rae (2005) shows. The Tartan days , clan gatherings , highland games , and showings of films like Braveheart indicate a sense of Scottishness that is informed by stories, narratives, or myths of the homeland's rural, masculinist, resistant past. Other Canadians reject tartanism as

6840-536: The role that the Hudson's Bay Company , a company dominated by a Scottish managerial class, played in the colonial settlement of British Columbia , many of the leading early colonial officials were Scottish or of Scottish descent such as Sir James Douglas (whose father was from Scotland), William Fraser Tolmie, and John Ross. Scottish influence has been an important part of the cultural mix both in metropolitan Vancouver and wider British Columbian society. The St. Andrew's and Caledonian Society of Vancouver, for example,

6930-519: The ship Nephton in 1802 to settle in Quebec. Many of their descendants have become prominent in the business, financial and religious activities of Montreal . Many early settlers from Tryon County, New York came here, in what was then wilderness. They were joined by many Highlanders during the Revolution, and after the War had ended, by a whole regiment of the "King's Royals." McGill University

7020-468: The third-largest ethnic group in Canada and amongst the first Europeans to settle in the country, Scottish people have made a large impact on Canadian culture since colonial times. According to the 2016 Census of Canada , the number of Canadians claiming full or partial Scottish descent is 4,799,010, or 13.93% of the nation's total population. Prince Edward Island has the highest population of Scottish descendants at 41%. The Scots-Irish Canadians are

7110-500: The virtues of life in Canada. Although many people agreed to emigrate, the agents faced competition from the United States, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa, and opponents of emigration warned of hardship in Canada. The agents did not create 'emigration fever,' but they did tap into a sense of restlessness that, if nurtured, could result in a decision to emigrate. Bumsted (1981) notes that between 1760 and 1860, millions of people emigrated from Great Britain. Before 1815, emigration

7200-462: The year, while the share of US banks increased from 11% to 13%. Fee revenue generated by global investment in banking totalled US$ 66.3 billion in 2009, up 12% on the previous year. The United States has the most banks in the world in terms of institutions (5,330 as of 2015) and possibly branches (81,607 as of 2015). This is an indicator of the geography and regulatory structure of the US, resulting in

7290-500: Was Cornwall, located in modern-day Ontario . It was reinforced in 1786 when The ship McDonald arrived at Quebec from Greenock with 520 new pioneers. Soon immigrants came from all parts of Scotland to make it one of the most important Scots-Canadian communities. The Glengarry clansmen managed to get away from their homelands before the British Government's embargo during the war with Napoleon. Many other retired officials from

7380-468: Was a member of the Stars in 1896 and soon moved up the Thistles, though was never a star player. For their first season, games were played on North Saskatchewan River , with an outdoor rink constructed in 1896 at Jasper Avenue and First Street , and this was the club's home until local businessman Richard Secord sponsored the construction of the new indoor Thistle Rink at 102 Avenue and 102 Street with

7470-617: Was briefly colonized by Scottish settlers in 1620, although by 1624 the Scottish settlers had been removed by treaty and the area was turned over to the French until the middle of the 18th century. Scottish settlement greatly accelerated during the resettlement of Loyalists in Nova Scotia following the end of the American revolutionary war, and especially following the Highland Clearances in Scotland. The Gaelic influences of Scottish immigrants continue to play an important role in defining

7560-680: Was discouraged, but emigration from Scotland to the Maritime Provinces constituted one of the principal components of the exodus; by 1815, Scots formed one of the three major ethnic groups there. Most of the emigrants were unskilled Gaelic-speaking farmers, who gathered in isolated communities. The Maritimes attracted them because of the opportunity there to be left alone to pursue the traditional way of life. A large group of Ulster Scots , many of whom had first settled in New Hampshire , moved to Truro, Nova Scotia in 1761. In 1772,

7650-525: Was formerly called McMillan Island, after a Scottish settler named Donald McMillan. Part of West Vancouver is named after Dundarave Castle in Scotland. In 1905, at what is now West 41st Avenue in Vancouver, a young Scottish couple who had recently settled in the district with the last name MacKinnon were invited to name the new station. Mrs. MacKinnon was asked by the British Columbia Electric Railway manager R.H. Sterling to name

7740-442: Was founded in 1821 with revenue from the estate bequeathed by James McGill , a merchant and politician who had emigrated from Glasgow . Its first head was Scotsman John Bethune, a pupil of Strachan (who was prevented from assuming the position only by a delay in its foundation). Another wealthy Scot, Peter Redpath, was responsible for financing the museum, the library and a University chair. Glengarry County in modern day- Ontario

7830-584: Was founded in 1886, the same year as the city. On St. Andrew's Day, 1887, the society held a grand St. Andrew's Ball in McDonough Hall at the southeast corner of Hastings and Columbia and almost half the city's population attended. The city still celebrates Scottish Heritage week which concludes with the BC Highland Games. In Victoria, two of the city's most recognizable landmarks, Craigdarroch Castle and Hatley Castle , were commissioned by

7920-472: Was the first Liberal Prime Minister of Canada (1873–78). Another Scot, William Lyon Mackenzie , who led the revolt in Upper Canada against the colonial government in 1838, became a symbol of Canadian radicalism. His rebellion dramatized the need to reform the colony's outmoded constitution and led to the 1841 union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Another Scot, William McDougall , was known as one of

8010-585: Was the leader of the Liberal Party for over 30 years. His last term as prime minister was from 1935 to 1948. Established as one of the major ethnic components of the Canadian population during the period 1815–1870, Scots dominated in many areas other than education and politics. Economic affairs also took their interest, and they largely controlled the trade in furs, timber, banking and railroad management. Almost one-quarter of Canada's industrial leaders in

8100-577: Was the third most commonly spoken language in Canada. The Scots have influenced the cultural mix of Nova Scotia for centuries and constitute the largest ethnic group in the province, at 29.3% of its population. The name of Nova Scotia literally means "New Scotland" in Latin, and its flag was designed as a combination of the Scottish Saltire and the Royal Arms of Scotland . Nova Scotia

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