Misplaced Pages

#170829

135-512: The origin of its name is unknown. One suggestion is that the place was named after the alder ( égerfa in Hungarian ) which grew so abundantly along the banks of the Eger Stream . This explanation seems to be correct because the name of the town reflects its ancient natural environment, and also one of its most typical plants, the alder, large areas of which could be found everywhere on

270-752: A Diet and promised to refrain from levying taxes without the consent of the Estates and to convoke the Diet in each year. His promises remedied most of the Estates' grievances and almost 50 barons and prelates confirmed their loyalty to him on 21 September. Casimir Jagiellon invaded on 2 October 1471. With Bishop Janus Pannonius's support, he seized Nyitra (now Nitra in Slovakia), but only two barons, John Rozgonyi and Nicholas Perényi, joined him. Within five months Prince Casimir withdrew from Hungary, Bishop Janus Pannonius died while fleeing, and Archbishop John Vitéz

405-569: A campaign against Moldavia in the summer of 1476. Although he won the Battle of Valea Albă on 26 July, the lack of provisions forced him to retreat. Matthias sent auxiliary troops to Moldavia under the command of Vlad Dracula, whom he had released, and Stephen Báthory The allied forces defeated an Ottoman army at the Siret River in August. With Hungarian and Moldavian support, Vlad Dracula

540-475: A captain-general. However, the Estates refused to elect his candidate Duke Frederick I of Liegnitz . Ali Bey Mihaloğlu , Bey of Smederevo , pillaged eastern parts of Hungary, destroyed Várad, and took 16,000 prisoners with him in January 1474. The next month, the envoys of Matthias and Casimir IV signed a peace treaty and a three-year truce between Matthias and Vladislaus Jagiellon was also declared. Within

675-414: A conifer forest. Alders are common among the first species to colonize disturbed areas from floods, windstorms, fires, landslides, etc. Alder groves often serve as natural firebreaks since these broad-leaved trees are much less flammable than conifers. Their foliage and leaf litter does not carry a fire well, and their thin bark is sufficiently resistant to protect them from light surface fires. In addition,

810-421: A consequence, Eger's former character of a cultural centre began to fade, which diminished the patina of the settlement. It was of great fortune that in 1968 the baroque inner city was preserved. It was saved from the deterioration (and from the construction of unsuitable, modern buildings). Eger is famous for its wines, most notably the "Egri Bikavér" (Bull's Blood of Eger). It is also well known for "Egri Víz",

945-645: A criminal case against the Frankapans, the Zrinskis and other leading Croatian and Slavonian magnates for their alleged participation in the 1471 conspiracy. Most barons were pardoned as soon as they consented to the introduction of a new land tax. In 1481, for a loan of 100,000 florins, Matthias seized the town of Mautern in Styria and Sankt Pölten in Lower Austria from Friedrich Mauerkircher , one of

1080-420: A degree of edibility, and may be rich in protein. Reported to have a bitter and unpleasant taste, they are more useful for survival purposes. The wood of certain alder species is often used to smoke various food items such as coffee , salmon , and other seafood. Alder is notably stable when immersed, and has been used for millennia as a material for pilings for piers and wharves. Most of the pilings that form

1215-515: A demesne of the Crown. Leopold I re-established Eger as a free royal borough in 1688, which meant that it was relieved from the ecclesiastic manorial burdens. This state lasted until 1695, when Fenessy György  [ hu ] , the returning bishop, had the former legal status of a bishopric town restored by the monarch. Eger soon began to prosper again. The town was reclaimed by its bishops, which caused many local Protestants to leave. Although

1350-579: A failed Ottoman attempt to capture Vienna . The Vienna -based Habsburgs , who controlled the rest of Hungary , apart from Transylvania , steadily expelled the Turks from the country. The castle of Eger was starved into surrender by the Crusader army led by Charles of Lorraine in 1687, after the castle of Buda had been retaken in 1686. Eger was relieved from Turkish rule in December, 1687. Although

1485-520: A few years beginning in April 1578. While István Dobó and his soldiers managed to defend the fortress in 1552, in 1596 the captain at that time and the foreign mercenaries under his rule handed it over. This was the beginning of the 91-year-long Turkish rule in Eger. The Eger minaret , which was built at the end of the 17th century, preserves the memory of this period. Among all the buildings of this type,

SECTION 10

#1732773070171

1620-422: A fleet of local buses, serving most parts of the town, although the majority of buses run in a north–south direction. Line 12 is the busiest line in the town, and it has stops at the railway station, the bus station and in the town centre. ( Note: Most of these districts are historical, but they often appear on maps and street signs. ) Eger has 17 churches, but the notable ones include: The current mayor of Eger

1755-872: A month, however, Vladislaus entered into an alliance with Emperor Frederick and Casimir IV joined them. Casimir IV and Vladislaus invaded Silesia and laid siege to Matthias in Breslau (now Wrocław in Poland) in October. He prevented the besiegers from accumulating provisions, forcing them to raise the siege. Thereafter the Silesian Estates willingly elected Matthias's new candidate Stephen Zápolya as captain-general. The Moravian Estates elected Ctibor Tovačovský as captain-general. Matthias confirmed this decision, although Tovačovský had been Vladislaus Jagiellon's partisan. The Ottomans invaded Wallachia and Moldavia at

1890-577: A month, no compromise was worked out. The Emperor also refused to commit himself to promoting Matthias's election as King of the Romans. After a month, Matthias left Vienna without taking formal leave of Frederick III. Having realised the Hungarian Estates' growing dissatisfaction, Matthias held a Diet in November. The Diet again authorized him to levy an extraordinary tax, stipulating that

2025-662: A nearby hovel in which Matthias persuaded George of Poděbrady to sign an armistice promising that he would mediate a reconciliation between the moderate Hussites and the Holy See. Their next meeting took place in Olomouc in April. Here the papal legates came forward with demands including the appointment of a Catholic Archbishop to the See of Prague , which could not be accepted by George of Poděbrady. The Czech Catholic Estates elected Matthias King of Bohemia in Olomouc on 3 May but he

2160-535: A new campaign against them after the Diet authorized him to collect an extraordinary tax in mid-1461. However, he did not defeat Jiskra, who even captured Késmárk (now Kežmarok , Slovakia ). The envoys of Matthias and Emperor Frederick agreed the terms of peace treaty on 3 April 1462. According to the agreement, the Emperor was to return the Holy Crown of Hungary for 80,000 golden florins, but his right to use

2295-649: A professional army, which became known as the " Black Army " in following decades. The peace treaty made in Wiener-Neustadt 19 July 1463. Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II invaded Wallachia in early 1462. He did not conquer the country but the Wallachian boyars dethroned the anti-Ottoman Vlad Dracula and replaced him with the Sultan's favorite, Radu the Fair . The new Prince was willing to grant concessions to

2430-652: A rebellion in Transylvania in 1467, but he subdued the rebels. The next year, Matthias declared war on George of Poděbrady , the Hussite King of Bohemia, and conquered Moravia , Silesia , and Lusatia , but he could not occupy Bohemia proper. The Catholic Estates proclaimed him King of Bohemia on 3 May 1469, but the Hussite lords refused to yield to him even after the death of their leader George of Poděbrady in 1471. Instead, they elected Vladislaus Jagiellon ,

2565-528: A resemblance to those of Burgundy . Although the quality of the wines deteriorated in the second half of the 20th century, especially the cuvees, Eger is slowly recovering its reputation as a wine region. The most important terroir of the Eger Wine Region is the Nagy-Eged Hill , which is a Grand Cru terroir, where premium Grand Superior wines are produced. The majority of visitors come for

2700-452: A result of this mutually beneficial relationship, alder improves the fertility of the soil where it grows, and as a pioneer species , it helps provide additional nitrogen for the successional species to follow. Because of its abundance, red alder delivers large amounts of nitrogen to enrich forest soils. Red alder stands have been found to supply between 130 and 320 kilograms per hectare (120 and 290 pounds per acre) of nitrogen annually to

2835-567: A single day (mostly from Slovakia ), not staying overnight. Ukrainians and Russians frequent the Eger Castle , along with many Italians . Around the town, one may encounter many German-speaking travelers ( Germans , Austrians , and Swiss ) as well. However, the town is getting more popular for Turkish tourists, because of the common historical memories. Eger is mainly known for its castle, thermal baths (including an Olympic size swimming pool), historic buildings (including Eger minaret -

SECTION 20

#1732773070171

2970-509: A spa. In 1910, 2,674 Jews lived in the village but in 1944 the Jewish community was murdered by Hungarians and Germans during the Holocaust . In World War II , the city suffered under the retreating German Army and the arriving Soviet army , but it managed to escape major bombardment. In the decades after 1945, industrialization of the town commenced because of the change of regime. As

3105-640: A treaty was agreed upon on 28 March 1478, and the text was completed by the end of 1477. The treaty authorized both monarchs to use the title of King of Bohemia although Vladislaus could omit to style Matthias as such in their correspondence, and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were divided between them. Vladislaus ruled in Bohemia proper and Matthias in Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia. They solemnly ratified

3240-573: A type of brandy which originated in the 18th century, the "bujavászon" (a special Turkish tissue), as well as its thermal baths. Today, Eger is a prosperous town and popular tourist destination with a charming Baroque town centre. Eger is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Eger , an ecclesiastical province of Hungary founded as a bishopric in 1009 and made a Metropolitan archdiocese in 1804, by Pope Pius VII . The current archbishop-elect, Archbishop Csaba Ternyak ,

3375-461: A university in Eger all of which also ended in failure. The 19th century began with disasters: a fire that destroyed half the town in 1800, and a collapse of the south wall of the Castle in 1801, which ruined several houses. Eger became the seat of an archbishopric in 1804, and the church remained in firm control of the town, despite efforts by its citizens to obtain greater freedom. In 1827, much of

3510-676: A variety of tumors. The inner bark of the alder, as well as red osier dogwood , or chokecherry , is used by some Indigenous peoples of the Americas in smoking mixtures, known as kinnikinnick , to improve the taste of the bearberry leaf. Alder is illustrated in the coat of arms for the Austrian town of Grossarl . Electric guitars, most notably those manufactured by the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation , have been built with alder bodies since

3645-847: A war against the Ottomans, Matthias held a Diet at Tolna in March 1463. Although the Estates authorized him to levy an extraordinary tax of one florin, he did not intervene when Mehmed II invaded Bosnia in June. In a month, the Ottomans murdered King Stephen Tomašević and conquered the whole country. Matthias adopted an offensive foreign policy only after the terms of his peace with Emperor Frederick had been ratified in Wiener Neustadt on 19 July 1463. He led his troops to Bosnia and conquered Jajce and other forts in its northern parts. The conquered regions were organized into new defensive provinces,

3780-417: Is Ádám Mirkóczki (Egységben a Városért Egyesület). The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections , is made up of 18 members (1 Mayor, 12 Individual constituencies MEPs and 5 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances: Turkey has a honorary consulate in the city. Eger is twinned with: Alder Alders are trees that compose

3915-406: Is 10.8 °C (51.4 °F), and the warmest July has an average temperature of 21.6 °C (70.9 °F), while January is the only month below freezing, with an average temperature of −0.8 °C (30.6 °F). The annual precipitation is 583.4 millimetres (22.97 in), of which January is the month with the least precipitation at 25.7 millimetres (1.01 in), while July is the month with

4050-788: Is often veneered , either by stained light woods such as oak, ash, or figured maple, or by darker woods such as teak or walnut. Alder bark and wood (like oak and sweet chestnut ) contain tannin and are traditionally used to tan leather. A red dye can also be extracted from the outer bark, and a yellow dye from the inner bark. Ermanno Olmi 's movie The Tree of Wooden Clogs ( L' Albero Degli Zoccoli , 1978) refers in its title to alder, typically used to make clogs as in this movie's plot. King Matthias Matthias Corvinus ( Hungarian : Hunyadi Mátyás ; Romanian : Matia/Matei Corvin ; Croatian : Matija/Matijaš Korvin ; Slovak : Matej Korvín ; Czech : Matyáš Korvín ; 23 February 1443 – 6 April 1490)

4185-465: Is particularly noted for its important symbiotic relationship with Frankia alni , an actinomycete , filamentous , nitrogen-fixing bacterium . This bacterium is found in root nodules , which may be as large as a human fist, with many small lobes, and light brown in colour. The bacterium absorbs nitrogen from the air and makes it available to the tree. Alder, in turn, provides the bacterium with sugars , which it produces through photosynthesis . As

Eger - Misplaced Pages Continue

4320-545: Is the equivalent Latin name, from whence French aulne and Spanish Alamo (Spanish term for " poplar "). Alders are commonly found near streams, rivers, and wetlands. Sometimes where the prevalence of alders is particularly prominent these are called alder carrs . In the Pacific Northwest of North America, the white alder ( Alnus rhombifolia ) unlike other northwest alders, has an affinity for warm, dry climates, where it grows along watercourses, such as along

4455-624: The Aq Qoyunlu Turkmens , proposed an anti-Ottoman alliance to Matthias but he refrained from attacking the Ottoman Empire. Matthias supported the Austrian noblemen who rebelled against Emperor Frederick in 1472. The following year, Matthias, Casimir IV and Vladislaus entered into negotiations on the terms of a peace treaty, but the discussions lasted for months. Matthias tried to unify the government of Silesia, which consisted of dozens of smaller duchies , through appointing

4590-651: The County Hall of Eger , the Eger Lyceum (now housing the Eszterházy College of Education) and several churches, while others were reclaimed from being mosques. The building processes attracted many craftsman, merchants, and artists, including Kracker János Lukács , Anton Maulberts , Franz Sigrist  [ de ] , Josef Ignaz Gerl  [ hu ] , Jakab Fellner , and Henrik Fasola . The town population grew suddenly. While in 1688 it

4725-692: The General sejm of Poland rejected his offer. Matthias's commander Sebastian Rozgonyi defeated Jiskra's soldiers at Sárospatak but the Ottomans' invasion of Serbia in April forced Matthias to conclude an armistice with the Czechs. They were allowed to keep Sáros Castle (now Šariš Castle , Slovakia) and other fortified places in Upper Hungary. Matthias sent two prelates, August Salánki, Bishop of Győr , and Vincent Szilasi, Bishop of Vác , to Prague to crown George of Poděbrady king. Upon their demand,

4860-697: The Romanian language of the envoys of Stephen the Great , Prince of Moldavia . According to a treaty between John Hunyadi and Đurađ Branković , Despot of Serbia , Matthias and the Despot's granddaughter Elizabeth of Celje were engaged on 7 August 1451. Elizabeth was the daughter of Ulrich II, Count of Celje , who was related to King Ladislaus the Posthumous and an opponent of Matthias's father. Because of new conflicts between Hunyadi and Ulrich of Celje,

4995-685: The Transylvanian Saxon merchants, who had come into bitter conflict with Vlad Dracula. The latter sought assistance from Matthias and they met in Brassó (now Brașov , Romania) in November. However, the Saxons presented Matthias with a letter that was allegedly written by Vlad Dracula to Sultan Mehmed in which the Prince offered his support to the Ottomans. Convinced of Vlad Dracula's treachery, Matthias had him imprisoned. In preparation for

5130-526: The minaret of Eger is found in the northernmost point of the former Ottoman Empire . During the Turkish occupation Eger became the seat of a vilayet which is a Turkish domain including several sanjaks . Churches were converted into mosques , the castle rebuilt, and other structures erected, including public baths and minarets . The rule of the Turks in Central Hungary began to collapse after

5265-703: The "heretic" Poděbrady swore loyalty to the Holy See . Matthias's first Diet assembled in Pest in May 1458. The Estates passed almost fifty decrees that were ratified by Matthias, instead of the Regent, on 8 June. One decree prescribed that the King "must call and hold, and order to be held, a diet of all the gentlemen of the realm in person" every year on Whitsunday . Matthias held more than 25 Diets during his reign and convoked

5400-499: The 1950s. Alder is appreciated for its tone that is claimed to be tight and evenly balanced, especially when compared to mahogany, and has been adopted by many electric guitar manufacturers. It usually is finished in opaque lacquer ( nitrocellulose , polyurethane , or polyester ), as it does not have a prominent grain. As a hardwood , alder is used in making furniture, cabinets, and other woodworking products. In these applications, its aforementioned lack of prominent grain means that it

5535-595: The Compromise of 1867. Industrial development was represented only by the mill, the tobacco factory and the sheet-iron works that were founded in the Reform Age. During the decades after the turn of the century, the character of a school-town was dominant in Eger. Because of its schools and other cultural institutions, it became known as the Hungarian Athens . At the beginning of the century, in 1904,

Eger - Misplaced Pages Continue

5670-536: The Crescent Moon " in remembrance of this battle, and his work has been translated into numerous languages. Despite the fact that István Dobó and his soldiers successfully defended the fortress, it was destroyed during the siege, so it was essential to wholly rebuild it. The reconstruction process of the fortress took place between 1553 and 1596 and Italian artificer officers planned the renovations. The famous Hungarian poet, Bálint Balassi also served here for

5805-596: The Czech mercenaries who dominated Upper Hungary (today parts of Slovakia and Northern Hungary ) and against Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor , who claimed Hungary for himself. In this period, the Ottoman Empire conquered Serbia and Bosnia , terminating the zone of buffer states along the southern frontiers of the Kingdom of Hungary . Matthias signed a peace treaty with Frederick III in 1463, acknowledging

5940-613: The Diet of 1458 explicitly prohibited the imposition of extraordinary taxes. However, an extraordinary tax, one golden florin per each porta or peasant household, was levied late that year. The Ottomans occupied the fort of Golubac in Serbia in August 1458; Matthias ordered the mobilization of all noblemen. He made a raid into Ottoman territory and defeated the enemy forces in minor skirmishes. King Stephen Thomas of Bosnia accepted Matthias's suzerainty. Matthias authorized his new vassal 's son Stephen Tomašević to take possession of

6075-483: The Emperor and Matthias signed a truce in Olomouc in April 1460. The Pope soon offered financial support for an anti-Ottoman campaign. However, John Jiskra returned from Poland, renewing the armed conflicts with Czech mercenaries in early 1460. Matthias seized a newly-erected fort from the Czechs but he could not force them to obey him. The costs of his five-month-long campaign in Upper Hungary were paid for by an extraordinary tax. Matthias entered into an alliance with

6210-408: The Emperor had confirmed Vladislaus Jagiellon's position as King of Bohemia and Prince-elector . Matthias invaded Lower Austria and imposed a blockade on Vienna. Vladislaus Jagiellon denied to support the Emperor, forcing him to seek reconciliation with Matthias. With the mediation of Pope Sixtus IV , Venice, and Ferdinand I of Naples , Matthias concluded a peace treaty with Frederick III, which

6345-464: The Emperor's rebellious brother Albert VI, Archduke of Austria . George of Poděbrady sided with the Emperor although the marriage of his daughter, who became known as Catherine in Hungary, to Matthias was celebrated on 1 May 1461(married 1461 to 1464). Relations between Matthias and his father-in-law deteriorated because of the Czech mercenaries' continued presence in Upper Hungary. Matthias launched

6480-669: The Emperor's right to style himself King of Hungary. The Emperor returned the Holy Crown of Hungary with which Matthias was crowned on 29 April 1464. In this year, Matthias invaded the territories that had recently been occupied by the Ottomans and seized fortresses in Bosnia. He soon realized he could expect no substantial aid from the Christian powers and gave up his anti-Ottoman policy. Matthias introduced new taxes and regularly set taxation at extraordinary levels. These measures caused

6615-483: The Estates more frequently than his predecessors, especially between 1458 and 1476. The Diets were controlled by the barons, whom Matthias appointed and dismissed at will. For instance, he dismissed Palatine Ladislaus Garai and persuaded Michael Szilágyi to resign from the Regency after they entered into a league in the summer of 1458. The King appointed Michael Ország , who had been his father's close supporter, as

6750-613: The Felnémet district that are served by the Eger–Szilvásvárad local trains. The bus station is located close to the basilica. Buses depart approx. every 30 minutes to Budapest , and the trip to the capital is about 2 hours. Volánbusz operates an extensive network of suburban and long-distance buses. Other bus companies also offer connections to a variety of destinations. Taking the bus to Felsőtárkány gets you close to several hiking and mountain biking trails. Volánbusz also operates

6885-456: The Great , Prince of Moldavia , enabling Stephen to repel a series of Ottoman invasions in the late 1470s. In 1476, Matthias besieged and seized Šabac , an important Ottoman border fort. He concluded a peace treaty with Vladislaus Jagiellon in 1478, confirming the division of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown between them. Matthias waged a war against Emperor Frederick and occupied Lower Austria between 1482 and 1487. Matthias established one of

SECTION 50

#1732773070171

7020-435: The Great had supported the rebellion, Matthias invaded Moldavia . However, Stephen's forces routed Matthias's at the Battle of Baia on 15 December 1467. Matthias suffered severe injuries, forcing him to return to Hungary. Matthias's former brother-in-law Victor of Poděbrady invaded Austria in early 1468. Emperor Frederick appealed to Matthias for support, hinting at the possibility of Matthias's election as King of

7155-524: The Hungarian Athens The shield of Eger developed from the shield of Bishop György Fenesy (1686–1689) after an agreement which was made with him in 1694. The bastion with the three gates on it refers to the existence of the fortress. The rampant unicorn between the two bastions on the side of the shield came from the bishop's shield. The sword in the fore-feet of the unicorn symbolises the manorial power of life and death. The snake twisting on

7290-436: The King appointed Peter Szokoli to administer the province together with the old Ban. Matthias convoked the Diet to make preparations for an anti-Ottoman campaign in 1466. For the same purpose, he received subsidies from Pope Paul II . However, Matthias had realized that no substantial aid could be expected from the Christian powers and tacitly gave up his anti-Ottoman foreign policy. He did not invade Ottoman territory and

7425-706: The King had the Hunyadi brothers imprisoned in Buda on 14 March 1457. The royal council condemned them to death for high treason and Ladislaus Hunyadi was beheaded on 16 March. Matthias was held in captivity in a small house in Buda. His mother and her brother Michael Szilágyi staged a rebellion against the King and occupied large territories in the regions to the east of the river Tisza . King Ladislaus fled to Vienna in mid-1457, and from Vienna to Prague in September, taking Matthias with him. The civil war between

7560-417: The Ottomans did not make major incursions into Hungary, implying that he signed a peace treaty with Mehmed II's envoy who arrived in Hungary in 1465. Matthias visited Slavonia and dismissed the two Bans Nicholas Újlaki and Emeric Zápolya, replacing them with Jan Vitovec and John Tuz in 1466. Early the following year, he mounted a campaign in Upper Hungary against a band of Czech mercenaries who were under

7695-647: The Ottomans to march through Slavonia when raiding the Emperor's realms. The Frangepan family, whose domains in Croatia were exposed to Ottoman raids, entered into negotiations with the Emperor and the Republic of Venice. In 1469, Matthias sent an army to Croatia to prevent the Venetians from seizing the Adriatic coastal town Senj . Matthias expelled George of Poděbrady's troops from Silesia. Matthias's army

7830-401: The Palatine's daughter Anna, his executed brother's bride. Michael Szilágyi arrived at the Diet with 15,000 troops, intimidating the barons who assembled in Buda. Stirred up by Szilágyi, the noblemen gathered on the frozen River Danube and unanimously proclaimed the 14-year-old Matthias king on 24 January. At the same time, the Diet elected his uncle as regent. Matthias's election was

7965-408: The Romans , the first step towards the imperial throne. Matthias declared war on Victor's father King George of Bohemia on 31 March. He said he also wanted to help the Czech Catholic lords against their "heretic monarch", whom the Pope had excommunicated . Matthias expelled the Czech troops from Austria and invaded Moravia and Silesia . He took an active part in the fighting; he was injured during

8100-483: The Saxons and the Székelys ) formed an alliance against the King in Kolozsmonostor (now Mănăștur district in Cluj-Napoca, Romania) on 18 August, stating that they were willing to fight for the freedom of Hungary. Matthias assembled his troops immediately and hastened to the province. The rebels surrendered without resistance but Matthias severely punished their leaders, many of whom were impaled, beheaded, or mercilessly tortured upon his orders. Suspecting that Stephen

8235-405: The administration of justice. He appointed Albert Hangácsi , Bishop of Csanád as the first Chief Justice . Sultan Mehmed II returned to Bosnia and laid siege to Jajce in July 1464 . Matthias began assembling his troops along the River Sava , forcing the Sultan to raise the siege on 24 August. Matthias and his army crossed the river and seized Srebrnica . He also besieged Zvornik , but

SECTION 60

#1732773070171

8370-417: The administration of royal revenues. He entrusted the administration of the Crown's customs to John Ernuszt , a converted Jewish merchant. Within two years, Ernuszt was responsible for the collection of all ordinary and extraordinary taxes, and the management of the salt mines. Matthias's tax reform caused a revolt in Transylvania. The representatives of the " Three Nations " of the province (the noblemen,

8505-418: The archbishop of that time, founded a gallery which he donated to the Hungarian National Museum because the town did not guarantee an appropriate place for it. It was Pyrker 's present which served as a base for the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts that was opened in 1900. In 1828 Pyrker established the first Hungarian teachers training college in Eger and he was the one who ordered the construction of

8640-574: The arrival of a large Ottoman army forced him to withdraw to Hungary. The following year, Matthias forced Stefan Vukčić, who had transferred Makarska Krajina to the Republic of Venice , to establish Hungarian garrisons in his forts along the river Neretva . Dénes Szécsi died in 1465 and John Vitéz became the new Archbishop of Esztergom. Matthias replaced the two Voivodes of Transylvania (Nicholas Újlaki and John Pongrác of Dengeleg) with Counts Sigismund and John Szentgyörgyi, and Bertold Ellerbach . Although Újlaki preserved his office of Ban of Macsó ,

8775-419: The autumn of 1552, Captain István Dobó and his handful of soldiers were successful in defending the fortress and northern Hungary from the expanding Turkish Empire . The first writer of note to draw on the story was the Hungarian renaissance poet and musician Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos ( c.  1510 –1556), whose account may have come partly from eyewitnesses. Géza Gárdonyi wrote his novel, " Eclipse of

8910-421: The banates of Jajce and Srebrenik . Matthias was assisted by Stjepan Vukčić Kosača , Grand Duke of Bosnia , who controlled the area of modern and Old Hercegovina . A former vassal to the Bosnian kings, Stjepan accepted Matthias's suzerainty. Queen Catherine died in early 1464 during preparations for her husband's coronation with the Holy Crown, which had been returned by Emperor Frederick. The ceremony

9045-405: The basilica which was built in neo-classical style, in accordance with the plans of József Hild . On the basis of its size, this basilica is the second among the churches of Hungary . In 1837, János Joó , an art teacher, began to edit Hungary 's first technical journal with the title "Héti Lapok". The inhabitants of Eger took an active part in the revolution in 1848 . Even though the revolution

9180-470: The coastal Northwest. Groves of red alder 25 to 50 centimetres (10 to 20 in) in diameter intermingle with young Douglas-fir forests west of the Cascades, attaining a maximum height of 30 to 33 m (100 to 110 ft) in about sixty years and then are afflicted by heart rot . Alders largely help create conditions favorable for giant conifers that replace them. Alder roots are parasitized by northern groundcone . The catkins of some alder species have

9315-474: The command of Ján Švehla and had seized Kosztolány (now Veľké Kostoľany in Slovakia). Matthias routed them and had Švehla and his 150 comrades hanged. At the Diet of March 1467, two traditional taxes were renamed; the chamber's profit was thereafter collected as tax of the royal treasury and the thirtieth as the Crown's customs . Because of this change, all previous tax exemptions became void, increasing state revenues. Matthias set about centralizing

9450-405: The death of King Matthias , during the bishopric of Hyppolit the so-called Hyppolit Gate was built, this has recently been removed. After the Battle of Mohács (1526) a sorrowful period began in the history of Eger. During the dual kingship the town changed hands almost every year and the Ottoman army came closer as well. This circumstance provided the reason for reinforcing the fortress. In

9585-407: The different parts of the country. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Walloon settlers came from the areas beyond the Rhine . They settled with the kings' permission, bringing western culture to this region and acclimating the viticulture . The development of the town accelerated with their presence. This development was blocked for a short time by the Mongol invasion in 1241 , when the town

9720-562: The dining rooms" after his marriage. According to a contemporaneous record, around that time Matthias's revenues amounted about 500,000 florins, half of which derived from the tax of the royal treasury and the extraordinary tax. Matthias concluded an alliance with the Teutonic Knights and the Bishopric of Ermland against Poland in March 1477. However, instead of Poland, he declared war on Emperor Frederick after he learnt that

9855-640: The direction of Ferenc Markhot , but it was closed in 1755. Unfortunately the university of Eger could not begin its work because of appoint ... the monarch'. In the building which was marked out for the university we can find the Archdiocese's Library (the most beautiful baroque library in Hungary), and an astronomical museum with original equipment, which was the second museum of this type in Europe . Between 1946 and 1948 there were several more efforts to found

9990-637: The earliest professional standing armies of medieval Europe (the Black Army of Hungary ), reformed the administration of justice, reduced the power of the barons, and promoted the careers of talented individuals chosen for their abilities rather than their social statuses. Matthias patronized art and science; his royal library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana , was one of the largest collections of books in Europe. With his patronage, Hungary became

10125-483: The eldest son of Casimir IV of Poland . A group of Hungarian prelates and lords offered the throne to Vladislaus's younger brother Casimir , but Matthias overcame their rebellion. Having routed the united troops of Casimir IV and Vladislaus at Breslau in Silesia (now Wrocław in Poland) in late 1474, Matthias turned against the Ottomans, who had devastated the eastern parts of Hungary. He sent reinforcements to Stephen

10260-433: The end of 1474. Matthias sent reinforcements under the command of Blaise Magyar to Stephen the Great. Their united forces routed the invaders in the Battle of Vaslui on 10 January 1475. Fearing a new Ottoman invasion, the Prince of Moldavia swore fealty to Matthias on 15 August. Sultan Mehmed II proposed peace but Matthias refused him. Instead, he stormed into Ottoman territory and captured Šabac , an important fort on

10395-565: The first Christian king of Hungary, who founded an episcopal see in Eger. The first cathedral of Eger was built on Castle Hill, within the present site of Eger Castle. Eger grew around this cathedral, and remains an important religious centre in Hungary. This settlement took up an important place among the Hungarian towns even in the early Middle Ages. The natural fundamentals of the surroundings (meeting of plains and hills) made it possible to establish economic and cultural relations between

10530-671: The first country to embrace the Renaissance from Italy. As Matthias the Just, the monarch who wandered among his subjects in disguise, he remains a popular hero of Hungarian and Slovak folk tales. Matthias was born in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca in Romania) on 23 February 1443. He was the second son of John Hunyadi and his wife, Elizabeth Szilágyi . Matthias' education was managed by his mother due to his father's absence. Many of

10665-424: The first independent theatre of stone was opened and the canalisation and the provision of public utilities began as well. Economic recovery was slow after World War I , although the 1899 publication of Gárdonyi's "Eclipse of the Crescent Moon" made Eger popular as a tourist attraction and archaeological excavation of the castle resumed. In 1933, Eger was one of those towns that first got the permission for opening

10800-560: The first time that a member of the nobility mounted the royal throne in Hungary. Michael Szilágyi sent John Vitéz to Prague to discuss the terms of Matthias's release with George of Poděbrady. Poděbrady, whose daughter Katalin Matthias promised to marry, agreed to release his future son-in-law for a ransom of 60,000 gold florins . Matthias was surrendered to the Hungarian delegates in Strážnice on 9 February. With Poděbrady's mediation, he

10935-503: The following species is unresolved: The following hybrids have been described: The status of the following hybrids is unresolved: The oldest fossil pollen that can be identified as Alnus is from northern Bohemia , dating to the late Paleocene , around 58 million years ago. The common name alder evolved from the Old English word alor , which in turn is derived from Proto-Germanic root aliso . The generic name Alnus

11070-573: The fortresses of the Archbishopric in Carinthia , Carniola and Styria . An Ottoman army supported by Basarab Țepeluș of Wallachia invaded Transylvania and set fire to Szászváros (now Orăștie in Romania) in late 1479. Stephen Báthory and Paul Kinizsi annihilated the marauders in the Battle of Breadfield on 13 October. Matthias united the command of all forts along the Danube to

11205-552: The foundation of Venice were made from alder trees. Alder bark contains the anti-inflammatory salicin , which is metabolized into salicylic acid in the body. Some Native American cultures use red alder bark ( Alnus rubra ) to treat poison oak, insect bites, and skin irritations. Blackfeet Indians have traditionally used an infusion made from the bark of red alder to treat lymphatic disorders and tuberculosis . Recent clinical studies have verified that red alder contains betulin and lupeol , compounds shown to be effective against

11340-634: The future. Matthias also exercised royal prerogatives to increase his revenues. For instance, he ordered a Palatine's eyre in a county, the cost of which were to be covered by the local inhabitants, but he soon authorised the county to redeem the cancellation of the irksome duty. The Czech Catholics, who were led by Zdeněk of Šternberk , joined forces with Matthias in February 1469. Their united troops were encircled at Vilémov by George of Poděbrady's army. In fear of being captured, Matthias opened negotiations with his former father-in-law. They met in

11475-466: The genus Alnus in the birch family Betulaceae . The genus includes about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs , a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few species extending into Central America , as well as the northern and southern Andes . With a few exceptions, alders are deciduous , and the leaves are alternate, simple, and serrated . The flowers are catkins with elongate male catkins on

11610-871: The hilly region around it have always been very suitable for human settlements, and there are many archaeological findings from the early ages of history, which support this fact. The other names of the town are in Latin Agria , in Serbian and Croatian Jegar / [Јегар] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |script= ( help ) or Jegra / [Јегра] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |script= ( help ) , in Czech and Slovene Jager , in Slovak Jáger , in Polish Eger , and in Turkish Eğri . Nickname:

11745-491: The light weight of alder seeds – numbering 1.5 million per kilogram or 680,000 per pound – allows for easy dispersal by the wind. Although it outgrows coastal Douglas-fir for the first 25 years, it is very shade intolerant and seldom lives more than 100 years. Red alder is the Pacific Northwest's largest alder and the most plentiful and commercially important broad-leaved tree in

11880-404: The limits of the town were cleared for the most part, and vines were planted in their place. More and more town-houses were built in the settlement. Roads were constructed among which the ones in the inner town were narrow and twisting but those leading to the northern mining towns were wider. The various surrounding settlements such as Almagyar and Czigléd were built up along with Eger. During

12015-586: The lower Columbia River east of the Cascades and the Snake River, including Hells Canyon. Alder leaves and sometimes catkins are used as food by numerous butterflies and moths. A. glutinosa and A. viridis are classed as environmental weeds in New Zealand. Alder leaves and especially the roots are important to the ecosystem because they enrich the soil with nitrogen and other nutrients. Alder

12150-589: The marriage of their children only took place in 1455. Elizabeth settled in the Hunyadis ' estates but Matthias was soon sent to the royal court, implying that their marriage was a hidden exchange of hostages between their families. Elizabeth died before the end of 1455. John Hunyadi died on 11 August 1456, less than three weeks after his greatest victory over the Ottomans in Belgrade . John's elder son, who

12285-650: The marshy banks of the Stream although they have since disappeared. The German name of the town: Erlau , from Erlen-au ('elder grove'), also speaks in favour of this supposition. And there is another theory which says that Eger's name comes from the Latin word: ager ('field'). This theory comes from more recent researchers who think that during the 11th and 12th centuries settlers with a Walloon origin ( latins in Hungarian) moved to this territory. The basin of Eger and

12420-542: The most learned men of Central Europe , including Gregory of Sanok and John Vitéz , frequented John Hunyadi's court when Matthias was a child. Gregory of Sanok, a former tutor of King Vladislaus III of Poland , was Matthias's only teacher whose name is known. Under these scholars' influences, Matthias became an enthusiastic supporter of Renaissance humanism . As a child, Matthias learnt many languages and read classical literature , especially military treatises. According to Antonio Bonfini , Matthias "was versed in all

12555-587: The most precipitation at 82.9 millimetres (3.26 in). Temperature extremes ranged from −18.3 °C (−0.9 °F) on January 13, 2003 to 38.6 °C (101.5 °F) on July 20, 2007. Beside its historic sights and its thermal baths, Eger is famous for its wines . It produces both red and white wines of high quality. The famous and traditional varieties of the region are Egri Leányka , Egerszóláti Olaszrizling , Debrői Hárslevelű (whites), and Egri Bikavér (a red). More recently, Chardonnay and Pinot noir wines have appeared. The region's wines are said to bear

12690-420: The new Palatine. Most of Matthias's barons were descended from old aristocratic families but he also promoted the careers of members of the lesser nobility, or even of skilful commoners. For instance, the noble Zápolya brothers Emeric and Stephen owed their fortunes to Matthias's favour. Matthias's ordinary revenues amounted around 250,000 golden florins per year when his reign began. A decree passed at

12825-412: The northernmost Turkish minaret ) and, above all else, its famous Hungarian red wines . The main railway station is located 1.5 km from the town centre. MÁV operates interregio train services to Budapest , and the trip is about 1 1 ⁄ 2 hours. Local trains to Füzesabony and Szilvásvárad also depart from this station. There are also smaller stations located near the castle and in

12960-571: The ones in Nagyszombat and in Vienna . There were already precedents for this type of education because in 1700 Bishop István Telekessy , who took sides with Ferenc Rákóczy the Second , established a seminary in Eger. Then in 1740, Canon György Foglár founded a Faculty of Law and in 1754 bishop Barkóczy set up a school of philosophy. In 1769 the first medical school of Hungary was opened by

13095-429: The outset, although he reaffirmed his uncle's position as Regent. For instance, Matthias instructed the citizens of Nagyszeben (now Sibiu in Romania) to reconcile their differences with Vlad Dracula , Prince of Wallachia on 3 March. Jiskra was the first baron who turned against Matthias. He offered the throne to Casimir IV of Poland , the husband of King Ladislaus V's younger sister Elisabeth , in late March but

13230-549: The parts of Serbia that had not been occupied by the Ottomans. At the turn of 1458 and 1459, Matthias held a Diet at Szeged to prepare for a war against the Ottoman Empire. However, gossip about a conspiracy compelled him to return to Buda. The rumours proved to be true because at least 30 barons{, including Ladislaus Garai, Nicholas Újlaki, and Ladislaus Kanizsai , }met in Németújvár (now Güssing in Austria) and offered

13365-496: The peace treaty at their meeting in Olomouc on 21 July. Emperor Frederick only paid off half of the indemnity due to Matthias according to their treaty of 1477. Matthias concluded a treaty with the Swiss Confederacy on 26 March 1479, hindering the recruitment of Swiss mercenaries by the Emperor. He also entered into an alliance with Archbishop of Salzburg Bernhard II of Rohr , who allowed him to take possession of

13500-511: The peace treaty with Frederick. To pay the large amounts stipulated in his treaties with the Emperor and Jiskra, Matthias collected an extraordinary tax with the consent of the Royal Council. The Diet, which assembled in mid-1462, confirmed this decision but only after 9 prelates and 19 barons promised that no extraordinary taxes would be introduced thereafter. Through hiring mercenaries among Jiskra's companions, Matthias began organizing

13635-548: The rebels and the barons loyal to the monarch continued until the sudden death of the young King on 23 November 1457. Thereafter the Hussite Regent of Bohemia, George of Poděbrady , held Matthias captive. King Ladislaus died childless in 1457. His elder sister, Anna , and her husband, William III, Landgrave of Thuringia , laid claim to his inheritance but received no support from the Estates . The Diet of Hungary

13770-423: The reign of King Matthias (1458–1490), Eger began to develop again. The gothic-styled Bishops Palace of Eger which can be seen at the present time was reconstructed by the order of bishop János Bekensloer . Building operations continued during the bishoprics of Orbán Dóczy and Tamás Bakócz . The beginning of the reconstruction (in late gothic style) of the cathedral fort can also be linked to their names. After

13905-402: The reoccupation was effected by a siege (which starved out the defenders) and not by a bombardment, the town fell into a very poor state. According to the ... records there were only 413 houses in the area within the town walls which were habitable and most of these were occupied by left over Turkish families. After the expelling of the Turks, the town was considered by the imperial regiment as

14040-548: The river Száva, on 15 February 1476. During the siege, Matthias barely escaped capture while he was watching the fortress from a boat. For unknown reasons, Archbishop Johann Beckensloer left Hungary, taking the treasury of the Esztergom See with him in early 1476. He fled to Vienna and offered his funds to the Emperor. Matthias accused the Emperor of having incited the Archbishop against him. Mehmed II launched

14175-428: The same plant as shorter female catkins, often before leaves appear; they are mainly wind-pollinated , but also visited by bees to a small extent. These trees differ from the birches ( Betula , another genus in the family) in that the female catkins are woody and do not disintegrate at maturity, opening to release the seeds in a similar manner to many conifer cones . The largest species are red alder ( A. rubra ) on

14310-442: The siege of Třebíč in May 1468 and was captured at Chrudim while spying out the enemy camp in disguise in February 1469. On the latter occasion, he was released because he made his custodians believe he was a local Czech groom. The Diet of 1468 authorized Matthias to levy an extraordinary tax to finance the new war but only after 8 prelates and 13 secular lords pledged on the King's behalf that he would not demand such charges in

14445-422: The soil. From Alaska to Oregon, Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata ( A. sinuata , Sitka Alder or Slide Alder), characteristically pioneer fresh, gravelly sites at the foot of retreating glaciers. Studies show that Sitka alder, a more shrubby variety of alder, adds nitrogen to the soil at an average rate of 60 kg/ha (54 lb/acre) per year, helping convert the sterile glacial terrain to soil capable of supporting

14580-511: The sum of all taxes payable per porta could not exceed one florin. The Estates also made it clear that they opposed the war in Bohemia. George of Poděbrady died on 22 March 1471. The Diet of Bohemia proper elected Vladislaus Jagiello king on 27 May. The papal legate Lorenzo Roverella soon declared Vladislaus's election void and confirmed Matthias's position as King of Bohemia, but the Imperial Diet refused Matthias's claim. Matthias

14715-468: The sword stands for the defeat of treachery and hatred by faith. The star and the sun symbolise the alternation of days and nights. And finally, the eagle with a gospel in its clutches refers to apostle and evangelist Saint John who is the patron saint of the Archdiocese of Eger . Eger has been inhabited since the Stone Age. Today's Eger was formed in the 10th century by St. Stephen (997–1038),

14850-570: The throne to Emperor Frederick III on 17 February 1459. Even George of Poděbrady turned against Matthias when Frederick promised him to make him governor of the Holy Roman Empire. Although the joint troops of the Emperor and the rebellious lords defeated a royal army at Körmend on 27 March, Garai had by that time died, Újlaki and Sigismund Szentgyörgyvölgyi soon entered into negotiations with Matthias' envoys.Újlaki became indifferent, Szentgyörgyvölgyi joined to Matthias. Skirmishes along

14985-516: The title King of Hungary along with Matthias was confirmed. In accordance with the treaty, the Emperor adopted Matthias, which granted him the right to succeed his "son" if Matthias died without a legitimate heir. Within a month, Jiskra yielded to Matthias. He surrendered all the forts he held in Upper Hungary to the King's representatives; as compensation, he received a large domain near the Tisza and Arad and 25,000 golden florins. That happened before

15120-534: The title of Chief and Secret Chancellor, but Várdai was the actual leader of the Royal Chancery . Around the same time, Matthias united the superior courts of justice, the Court of Royal Special Presence and the Court of Personal Presence , into one supreme court. The new supreme court diminished the authority of the traditional courts presided over by the barons and contributed to the professionalization of

15255-447: The tongues of Europe", with the exceptions of Turkish and Greek . Although this was an exaggeration, it is without doubt that Matthias spoke Hungarian , Latin , Italian , Polish , Czech , and German . Bonfini also wrote that he needed an interpreter to speak with a POW during his Moldavian campaign . On the other hand, the late 16th-century Polish historian Krzystoff Warszewiecki wrote that Matthias had been able to understand

15390-442: The town centre was damaged by fire again, and four years later over 200 were killed in an outbreak of cholera. In 1804, a significant change occurred in the organisation of Eger's bishopric. The monarch made this town a centre of archbisphoric, but the bishoprics of Szatmár and Kassa separated from it. The Period of Reforms (1825–1848) left several lasting marks on the life of Eger, especially on its culture. Pyrker László János ,

15525-638: The town supported the Hungarian leader Prince Francis II Rákóczi in the 1703–1711 war of independence against the Habsburgs , the Hungarians were eventually defeated by the Imperial army. In 1709, Francis II Rákóczi and Ukranciev , the legate of Peter the Great , met here. It must be added that the legate died in Eger and was buried near the Serbian Church of Eger . Soon after that, the town

15660-849: The west coast of North America, and black alder ( A. glutinosa ), native to most of Europe and widely introduced elsewhere, both reaching over 30 metres (100 ft). By contrast, the widespread Alnus alnobetula (green alder) is rarely more than a 5 m-tall (16 ft) shrub. The genus is divided into three subgenera: Trees with stalked shoot buds, male and female catkins produced in autumn (fall) but stay closed over winter, pollinating in late winter or early spring, about 15–25 species, including: Trees or shrubs with stalked shoot buds, male and female catkins produced in autumn (fall) and expanding and pollinating then, three species: Shrubs with shoot buds not stalked, male and female catkins produced in late spring (after leaves appear) and expanding and pollinating then, one to four species: The status of

15795-483: The west of Belgrade in the hand of Paul Kinizsi to improve the defence of the southern frontier. Matthias sent reinforcements to Stephen the Great, who invaded pro-Ottoman Wallachia in early 1480; Matthias launched a campaign as far as Sarajevo in Bosnia in November. He set up five defensive provinces, or banates, centred around the forts of Szörényvár (now Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania), Belgrade , Šabac , Srebrenik and Jajce . The next year, Matthias initiated

15930-549: The western borderlands lasted for several months, preventing Matthias from providing military assistance to Tomašević against the Ottomans. The latter took Smederevo on 29 June, completing the conquest of Serbia. Jiskra swore an oath of loyalty to Emperor Frederick on 10 March 1460. Pope Pius II offered to mediate a peace treaty between the Emperor and Matthias. Podedébrandy also realised he need to support Matthias or at least had to be indifferent. He sent his daughter to Buda also offered his assistance. The representatives of

16065-431: Was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1458 to 1490, as Matthias I . After conducting several military campaigns, he was elected King of Bohemia in 1469 and adopted the title Duke of Austria in 1487. He was the son of John Hunyadi , Regent of Hungary , who died in 1456. In 1457, Matthias was imprisoned along with his older brother, Ladislaus Hunyadi , on the orders of King Ladislaus the Posthumous . Ladislaus Hunyadi

16200-567: Was Matthias's brother, Ladislaus became the head of the family. Ladislaus's conflict with Ulrich of Celje ended with Ulrich's capture and assassination on 9 November. Under duress, the King promised he would never take his revenge against the Hunyadis for Ulrich's killing. However, the murder turned most barons{, including Palatine Ladislaus Garai , Judge royal Ladislaus Pálóci, and Nicholas Újlaki , Voivode of Transylvania , against Ladislaus Hunyadi. Taking advantage of their resentment,

16335-601: Was carried out in full accordance with the customary law of Hungary on 29 March 1464; Archbishop of Esztergom Dénes Szécsi ceremoniously put the Holy Crown on Matthias's head in Székesfehérvár . At the Diet assembled on this occasion, the newly crowned King confirmed the liberties of the nobility. Hereafter the legality of Matthias's reign could not be questioned. Matthias dismissed his Chief Chancellor Archbishop Szécsi, replacing him with Stephen Várdai , Archbishop of Kalocsa , and John Vitéz. Both prelates bore

16470-601: Was convoked to Pest to elect a new king in January 1458. Pope Calixtus III 's legate Cardinal Juan Carvajal , who had been John Hunyadi's admirer, began openly campaigning for Matthias. The election of Matthias as king was the only way of avoiding a protracted civil war. Ladislaus Garai was the first baron to yield. At a meeting with Matthias's mother and uncle, he promised that he and his allies would promote Matthias's election, and Michael Szilágyi promised that his nephew would never seek vengeance for Ladislaus Hunyadi's execution. They also agreed that Matthias would marry

16605-469: Was encircled and routed at Uherský Brod on 2 November, forcing him to withdraw to Hungary. Matthias soon ordered the collection of an extraordinary tax without holding a Diet, raising widespread discontent among the Hungarian Estates. He visited Emperor Frederick in Vienna on 11 February 1470, hoping the Emperor would contribute to the costs of the war against Poděbrady. Although the negotiations lasted for

16740-399: Was executed, causing a rebellion that forced King Ladislaus to flee Hungary. After the King died unexpectedly, Matthias's uncle Michael Szilágyi persuaded the Estates to unanimously proclaim the 14-year-old Matthias as king on 24 January 1458. He began his rule under his uncle's guardianship, but he took effective control of government within two weeks. As king, Matthias waged wars against

16875-499: Was forbidden to leave his see. Matthias appointed the Silesian Johann Beckensloer to administer the Archdiocese of Esztergom . Vitéz died and Beckensloer succeeded him in a year. The Ottomans had meanwhile seized the Hungarian forts along the river Nertva. Matthias nominated the wealthy baron Nicholas Újlaki as King of Bosnia in 1471, entrusting the defence of the province to him. Uzun Hassan , head of

17010-417: Was never crowned. Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia soon accepted his rule but Bohemia proper remained faithful to George of Poděbrady. The Estates of Bohemia even acknowledged the right of Vladislaus Jagiello , the eldest son of Casimir IV of Poland, to succeed king George of Poděbrady. Matthias's relations with Frederick III had in the meantime deteriorated because the Emperor accused Matthias of allowing

17145-425: Was only 1200, in 1787 more than 17,000 people lived here. At this time, Eger was the 6th largest town of Hungary (based on the number of its inhabitants). Viticulture also reached its brightest period in these days. The wine-growing area was twelve times larger than it had been earlier. The 18th century was also important because bishop Barkóczy and Eszterházy decided to found a university in Eger patterned after

17280-558: Was previously Secretary for the Congregation For Clergy . He succeeds Archbishop István Seregely , who retired because of age. The constituent dioceses of the province were Košice (Kassa, Kaschau), Rožňava (Rozsnyó, Rosenau, now part of Slovakia), Szatmár , and Szepes (Zipo, Zipsen). Eger has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) closely bordering on an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) or humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). The annual average temperature of Eger

17415-462: Was ransacked and burned down during the episcopacy of Cletus Bél . After the withdrawal of the Mongols , Eger began to flourish all over again. Lampert , the bishop of Eger, received a permit from Béla IV for building a stone fortress. So the nearly destroyed town revived and reached the peak of its medieval development in the 14th and 15th centuries. During this period the forests which spread to

17550-668: Was ravaged by plague. However, immigration into Eger was strong, and the population rose from 6000 to 10,000 between 1725 and 1750. Muslims were assimilated into the Christian population. In the history of Eger, the 18th century was the period of development and prosperity. Many new buildings were built in Baroque and later in Rococo and Neoclassical style, including the cathedral, the Archiepiscopal Palace of Eger ,

17685-520: Was reconciled with John Jiskra of Brandýs , the commander of the Czech mercenaries who dominated most of Upper Hungary . Matthias made his state entry into Buda five days later. He ceremoniously sat on the throne in the Church of Our Lady, but was not crowned, because the Holy Crown of Hungary had been in the possession of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor for almost two decades. The 14-year-old monarch administered state affairs independently from

17820-506: Was reinstalled as Prince of Wallachia but he was killed fighting against his opponent Basarab Laiotă . Matthias's bride Beatrice of Naples arrived in Hungary in late 1476. Matthias married her in Buda on 22 December that year. The Queen soon established a rigid etiquette, making direct contacts between the King and his subjects more difficult. According to Bonfini, Matthias also "improved his board and manner of life, introduced sumptuous banquets, disdaining humility at home and beautified

17955-466: Was signed on 1 December. The Emperor promised to confirm Matthias as the lawful ruler of Bohemia and to pay him an indemnity of 100,000 florins. They met in Korneuburg where Frederick III installed Matthias as King of Bohemia and Matthias swore loyalty to the Emperor. Negotiations between the envoys of Matthias and Vladislaus Jagiellon accelerated during the next few months. The first draft of

18090-602: Was staying in Moravia when he was informed that a group of Hungarian prelates and barons had offered the throne to Casimir , a younger son of King Casimir IV of Poland. The conspiracy was initiated by Archbishop John Vitéz and his nephew Janus Pannonius , Bishop of Pécs , who opposed war against the Catholic Vladislaus Jagiellon. Initially, their plan was supported by the majority of the Estates, but nobody dared to rebel against Matthias, enabling him to return to Hungary without resistance. Matthias held

18225-412: Was suppressed, the age of landowners and serfs had gone forever, and the municipality gained freedom from the rule of the archbishop in 1854. The main railway line between Miskolc and Pest bypassed the town, which was only reached later by a branch line from Füzesabony . Unfortunately (unlike other towns) Eger's civil development did not become faster, as distinguished from other towns, after 1849 and

#170829