The Eggerland ( エッガーランド ) series consists of several puzzle games developed by HAL Laboratory . Its first release was in 1985 for MSX computer systems. The gameplay is almost exactly the same across the series, with only a few changes over the years, mainly graphical.
121-636: The hero of most games is Lolo, a blue , spherical character with eyes, arms, and legs. The story mainly deals with King Egger, the villain, capturing princess Lala, who is similar to Lolo, only colored pink or red , and wearing a bow. Lolo must rescue Lala by travelling through Egger's domain and solving the puzzle rooms laid out before him. None of the Japanese games in the Eggerland series were released in North America, and conversely, none of
242-515: A French chemist, Louis Jacques Thénard , made a synthetic cobalt blue pigment which became immensely popular with painters. In 1824 the Societé pour l'Encouragement d'Industrie in France offered a prize for the invention of an artificial ultramarine which could rival the natural colour made from lapis lazuli. The prize was won in 1826 by a chemist named Jean Baptiste Guimet, but he refused to reveal
363-421: A Heart Framer that does contain magic shots, however, is normally indicated by a different sound effect than a regular Heart Framer's. Magic shots allow Lolo to temporarily turn enemies into Eggs , which can be pushed around, but not pulled. Monsters in eggs will hatch after a few seconds. If Lolo shoots an egg a second time, it will fly off the screen, though the monster will reappear at its original starting point
484-419: A continued supply of lava and its pressure on a solidified crust. Most basaltic lavas are of ʻaʻā or pāhoehoe types, rather than block lavas. Underwater, they can form pillow lavas , which are rather similar to entrail-type pahoehoe lavas on land. Ultramafic lavas, such as komatiite and highly magnesian magmas that form boninite , take the composition and temperatures of eruptions to the extreme. All have
605-462: A dark brown. From the Renaissance onward, painters used this system to create their colours (see RYB colour model ). The RYB model was used for colour printing by Jacob Christoph Le Blon as early as 1725. Later, printers discovered that more accurate colours could be created by using combinations of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black ink, put onto separate inked plates and then overlaid one at
726-455: A darker groundmass , including amphibole or pyroxene phenocrysts. Mafic or basaltic lavas are typified by relatively high magnesium oxide and iron oxide content (whose molecular formulas provide the consonants in mafic) and have a silica content limited to a range of 52% to 45%. They generally erupt at temperatures of 1,100 to 1,200 °C (2,010 to 2,190 °F) and at relatively low viscosities, around 10 to 10 cP (10 to 100 Pa⋅s). This
847-480: A deep blue colour, was once employed in medieval years, but it is unstable pigment, losing its colour especially under dry conditions. Lapis lazuli , mined in Afghanistan for more than three thousand years, was used for jewelry and ornaments, and later was crushed and powdered and used as a pigment. The more it was ground, the lighter the blue colour became. Natural ultramarine , made by grinding lapis lazuli into
968-420: A dome forms on an inclined surface it can flow in short thick flows called coulées (dome flows). These flows often travel only a few kilometres from the vent. Lava tubes are formed when a flow of relatively fluid lava cools on the upper surface sufficiently to form a crust. Beneath this crust, which being made of rock is an excellent insulator, the lava can continue to flow as a liquid. When this flow occurs over
1089-456: A few seconds later. Reappearance is typically indicated by an outlined box of sorts and then the monster physically appearing very shortly afterward. Lolo may move through the outlined box unhindered. If a monster's starting point is covered with an Emerald Framer or another monster and there are no warp holes in the level, the monster will not return to the level. Lolo himself cannot cover a monster's starting point to cause this to happen. If Lolo
1210-705: A fine powder, was the finest available blue pigment in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . It was extremely expensive, and in Italian Renaissance art, it was often reserved for the robes of the Virgin Mary . Intense efforts have focused on blue flowers and the possibility that natural blue colourants could be used as food dyes. Commonly, blue colours in plants are anthocyanins : "the largest group of water-soluble pigments found widespread in
1331-420: A lower frequency and a longer wavelength gradually appear more green. Purer blues are in the middle of this range, e.g., around 470 nanometres. Isaac Newton included blue as one of the seven colours in his first description of the visible spectrum . He chose seven colours because that was the number of notes in the musical scale, which he believed was related to the optical spectrum. He included indigo ,
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#17327977620611452-465: A massive dense core, which is the most active part of the flow. As pasty lava in the core travels downslope, the clinkers are carried along at the surface. At the leading edge of an ʻaʻā flow, however, these cooled fragments tumble down the steep front and are buried by the advancing flow. This produces a layer of lava fragments both at the bottom and top of an ʻaʻā flow. Accretionary lava balls as large as 3 metres (10 feet) are common on ʻaʻā flows. ʻAʻā
1573-481: A maximum limit of 8 holes per level, though rarely ever used this many. One important thing to remember is that the monster's original spot needs to stay covered to send it to a hole. If Lolo removes a monster that was sent to a hole and its original starting point was uncovered, it would not continue going to the hole, but rather back to its original starting point. Though in some rooms, monsters may need to be sent back to their original starting point in order to solve
1694-416: A monster's starting point and cause it to be sent to a hole. For a demonstration of how a warp hole works, see the adjacent image showing a 3-step process. The holes go in a numbered order and the monsters go to the lowest numbered hole available. If there were two holes, for instance, and both the monster's starting point and the first hole were covered, the monster would go to the second hole. Many games had
1815-463: A more complete list see the List of colours ). In nature, many blue phenomena arise from structural colouration , the result of interference between reflections from two or more surfaces of thin films , combined with refraction as light enters and exits such films. The geometry then determines that at certain angles, the light reflected from both surfaces interferes constructively, while at other angles,
1936-468: A quick-drying binding agent, such as egg yolk ( tempera painting ); or with a slow-drying oil, such as linseed oil , for oil painting . Two inorganic but synthetic blue pigments are cerulean blue (primarily cobalt(II) stanate: Co 2 SnO 4 ) and Prussian blue (milori blue: primarily Fe 7 (CN) 18 ). The chromophore in blue glass and glazes is cobalt (II). Diverse cobalt(II) salts such as cobalt carbonate or cobalt(II) aluminate are mixed with
2057-508: A room-completion prize which allows Lolo entry to the water courses in the southwest region of the game. Revival of the Labyrinth also has special inventory items that Lolo can collect along the way, such as a map and a "Magic Bell". Differences from Eggerland 2 /FDS include the absence of time-based levels with special keys and Guardians/Gods as their prizes. Instead, these are given out for defeating rooms that lead to only one other room in
2178-960: A silica content greater than 63%. They include rhyolite and dacite lavas. With such a high silica content, these lavas are extremely viscous, ranging from 10 cP (10 Pa⋅s) for hot rhyolite lava at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) to 10 cP (10 Pa⋅s) for cool rhyolite lava at 800 °C (1,470 °F). For comparison, water has a viscosity of about 1 cP (0.001 Pa⋅s). Because of this very high viscosity, felsic lavas usually erupt explosively to produce pyroclastic (fragmental) deposits. However, rhyolite lavas occasionally erupt effusively to form lava spines , lava domes or "coulees" (which are thick, short lava flows). The lavas typically fragment as they extrude, producing block lava flows. These often contain obsidian . Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 800 °C (1,470 °F). Unusually hot (>950 °C; >1,740 °F) rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres, such as in
2299-450: A silica content under 45%. Komatiites contain over 18% magnesium oxide and are thought to have erupted at temperatures of 1,600 °C (2,910 °F). At this temperature there is practically no polymerization of the mineral compounds, creating a highly mobile liquid. Viscosities of komatiite magmas are thought to have been as low as 100 to 1000 cP (0.1 to 1 Pa⋅s), similar to that of light motor oil. Most ultramafic lavas are no younger than
2420-441: A similar manner to ʻaʻā flows but their more viscous nature causes the surface to be covered in smooth-sided angular fragments (blocks) of solidified lava instead of clinkers. As with ʻaʻā flows, the molten interior of the flow, which is kept insulated by the solidified blocky surface, advances over the rubble that falls off the flow front. They also move much more slowly downhill and are thicker in depth than ʻaʻā flows. Pillow lava
2541-552: A slight mixture of other colours; azure contains some green, while ultramarine contains some violet. The clear daytime sky and the deep sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering . An optical effect called the Tyndall effect explains blue eyes . Distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called aerial perspective . Blue has been an important colour in art and decoration since ancient times. The semi-precious stone lapis lazuli
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#17327977620612662-530: A solid crust that insulates the remaining liquid lava, helping to keep it hot and inviscid enough to continue flowing. The word lava comes from Italian and is probably derived from the Latin word labes , which means a fall or slide. An early use of the word in connection with extrusion of magma from below the surface is found in a short account of the 1737 eruption of Vesuvius , written by Francesco Serao , who described "a flow of fiery lava" as an analogy to
2783-575: A temperature of 1,100 to 1,200 °C (2,010 to 2,190 °F). On the Earth, most lava flows are less than 10 km (6.2 mi) long, but some pāhoehoe flows are more than 50 km (31 mi) long. Some flood basalt flows in the geologic record extend for hundreds of kilometres. The rounded texture makes pāhoehoe a poor radar reflector, and is difficult to see from an orbiting satellite (dark on Magellan picture). Block lava flows are typical of andesitic lavas from stratovolcanoes. They behave in
2904-475: A time onto paper. This method could produce almost all the colours in the spectrum with reasonable accuracy. On the HSV colour wheel , the complement of blue is yellow ; that is, a colour corresponding to an equal mixture of red and green light. On a colour wheel based on traditional colour theory ( RYB ) where blue was considered a primary colour, its complementary colour is considered to be orange (based on
3025-501: A volcano extrudes silicic lava, it can form an inflation dome or endogenous dome , gradually building up a large, pillow-like structure which cracks, fissures, and may release cooled chunks of rock and rubble. The top and side margins of an inflating lava dome tend to be covered in fragments of rock, breccia and ash. Examples of lava dome eruptions include the Novarupta dome, and successive lava domes of Mount St Helens . When
3146-511: Is a Japanese puzzle video game in the Eggerland series by HAL Laboratory . It was published for the Family Computer Disk System in 1988. The game comprises 50 stages ("maps"), and progresses linearly (unlike previous titles, such as Meikyū Shinwa and Eggerland – Revival of the Labyrinth ). "Construction Mode" enables the player to create a custom map. The game is shorter than earlier Eggerland titles, and many of
3267-402: Is a large subsidence crater, can form in a stratovolcano, if the magma chamber is partially or wholly emptied by large explosive eruptions; the summit cone no longer supports itself and thus collapses in on itself afterwards. Such features may include volcanic crater lakes and lava domes after the event. However, calderas can also form by non-explosive means such as gradual magma subsidence. This
3388-411: Is an outpouring of lava during an effusive eruption . (An explosive eruption , by contrast, produces a mixture of volcanic ash and other fragments called tephra , not lava flows.) The viscosity of most lava is about that of ketchup , roughly 10,000 to 100,000 times that of water. Even so, lava can flow great distances before cooling causes it to solidify, because lava exposed to air quickly develops
3509-415: Is basaltic lava that has a smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface. These surface features are due to the movement of very fluid lava under a congealing surface crust. The Hawaiian word was introduced as a technical term in geology by Clarence Dutton . A pāhoehoe flow typically advances as a series of small lobes and toes that continually break out from a cooled crust. It also forms lava tubes where
3630-719: Is concentrated in a thin layer in the toothpaste next to the tube and only there does the toothpaste behave as a fluid. Thixotropic behavior also hinders crystals from settling out of the lava. Once the crystal content reaches about 60%, the lava ceases to behave like a fluid and begins to behave like a solid. Such a mixture of crystals with melted rock is sometimes described as crystal mush . Lava flow speeds vary based primarily on viscosity and slope. In general, lava flows slowly, with typical speeds for Hawaiian basaltic flows of 0.40 km/h (0.25 mph) and maximum speeds of 10 to 48 km/h (6 to 30 mph) on steep slopes. An exceptional speed of 32 to 97 km/h (20 to 60 mph)
3751-431: Is molten or partially molten rock ( magma ) that has been expelled from the interior of a terrestrial planet (such as Earth ) or a moon onto its surface. Lava may be erupted at a volcano or through a fracture in the crust , on land or underwater, usually at temperatures from 800 to 1,200 °C (1,470 to 2,190 °F). The volcanic rock resulting from subsequent cooling is also often called lava . A lava flow
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3872-546: Is mostly determined by composition but also depends on temperature and shear rate. Lava viscosity determines the kind of volcanic activity that takes place when the lava is erupted. The greater the viscosity, the greater the tendency for eruptions to be explosive rather than effusive. As a result, most lava flows on Earth, Mars, and Venus are composed of basalt lava. On Earth, 90% of lava flows are mafic or ultramafic, with intermediate lava making up 8% of flows and felsic lava making up just 2% of flows. Viscosity also determines
3993-481: Is no single word for blue, but rather different words for light blue ( голубой , goluboj ; Celeste ) and dark blue ( синий , sinij ; Azul ) (see Colour term ). Several languages, including Japanese and Lakota Sioux , use the same word to describe blue and green. For example, in Vietnamese , the colour of both tree leaves and the sky is xanh . In Japanese, the word for blue ( 青 , ao )
4114-399: Is now the blue of blue jeans. As the pace of organic chemistry accelerated, a succession of synthetic blue dyes were discovered including Indanthrone blue , which had even greater resistance to fading during washing or in the sun, and copper phthalocyanine . Woad and true indigo were once used but since the early 1900s, all indigo is synthetic. Produced on an industrial scale, indigo
4235-602: Is often used for colours that English speakers would refer to as green, such as the colour of a traffic signal meaning "go". In Lakota, the word tȟó is used for both blue and green, the two colours not being distinguished in older Lakota (for more on this subject, see Blue–green distinction in language ). Linguistic research indicates that languages do not begin by having a word for the colour blue. Colour names often developed individually in natural languages, typically beginning with black and white (or dark and light), and then adding red , and only much later – usually as
4356-456: Is on a monster's starting point and it reappears, Lolo will be "on top" of the monster and can usually walk off of it, though some monsters like Almas or Skulls will kill Lolo if he is standing on their starting points. There are various types of terrain and obstacles in the levels. Emerald Framers, or Emeralds, are green blocks that Lolo may push around freely, but he cannot pull them. Lolo cannot push multiple, stacked Emeralds at one time. This
4477-444: Is one of three basic types of flow lava. ʻAʻā is basaltic lava characterized by a rough or rubbly surface composed of broken lava blocks called clinker. The word is Hawaiian meaning "stony rough lava", but also to "burn" or "blaze"; it was introduced as a technical term in geology by Clarence Dutton . The loose, broken, and sharp, spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes hiking difficult and slow. The clinkery surface actually covers
4598-412: Is similar to the game Sokoban . Emeralds are typically used to block dangerous monsters or ranged attacks from other monsters. One type of terrain is the grass (sometimes called flower bed), which Lolo may walk freely on, yet any mobile monster cannot enter the grass on its own. If Lolo pushes a monster in an egg onto the grass, the monster will try to walk off after the egg hatches. Another type of terrain
4719-474: Is similar to the viscosity of ketchup , although it is still many orders of magnitude higher than that of water. Mafic lavas tend to produce low-profile shield volcanoes or flood basalts , because the less viscous lava can flow for long distances from the vent. The thickness of a solidified basaltic lava flow, particularly on a low slope, may be much greater than the thickness of the moving molten lava flow at any one time, because basaltic lavas may "inflate" by
4840-470: Is the sand . Lolo will only move at half speed while on the sand, but any mobile monster is unaffected by the sand's slowing effects. If Lolo is only halfway on the sand, he will not be affected. Some other obstacles include trees and rocks. Both of these block movement from Lolo and monsters. Monsters that have a ranged attack, like Medusas or Gols, can shoot through the trees, but Lolo cannot. Rocks prevent shots from both Lolo and monsters. Another obstacle
4961-568: Is the blue chromophore in stained glass windows , such as those in Gothic cathedrals and in Chinese porcelain beginning in the Tang dynasty . Copper(II) (Cu ) also produces many blue compounds, including the commercial algicide copper(II) sulfate (CuSO 4 5H 2 O). Similarly, vanadyl salts and solutions are often blue, e.g. vanadyl sulfate . When sunlight passes through the atmosphere,
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5082-646: Is the blue of blue jeans. Blue dyes are organic compounds, both synthetic and natural. For food, the triarylmethane dye Brilliant blue FCF is used for candies. The search continues for stable, natural blue dyes suitable for the food industry. Various raspberry -flavoured foods are dyed blue. This was done to distinguish strawberry , watermelon and raspberry -flavoured foods. The company ICEE used Blue No. 1 for their blue raspberry ICEEs. Blue pigments were once produced from minerals, especially lapis lazuli and its close relative ultramarine . These minerals were crushed, ground into powder, and then mixed with
5203-686: Is the colour of light between violet and cyan on the visible spectrum . Hues of blue include indigo and ultramarine , closer to violet; pure blue, without any mixture of other colours; Azure, which is a lighter shade of blue, similar to the colour of the sky; Cyan, which is midway in the spectrum between blue and green , and the other blue-greens such as turquoise , teal , and aquamarine . Blue also varies in shade or tint; darker shades of blue contain black or grey, while lighter tints contain white. Darker shades of blue include ultramarine, cobalt blue , navy blue , and Prussian blue ; while lighter tints include sky blue , azure , and Egyptian blue (for
5324-528: Is the first game in the Eggerland series. Its main characters are named Lolo and Lala. Eggerland 2 , known in Japan as Meikyū Shinwa ( 迷宮神話 , "Labyrinth Myth") , is a 1986 puzzle game for the MSX (and shows extra colors on MSX2) produced by HAL Laboratory . It is the sequel to the original Eggerland Mystery and the second game in the Eggerland series. The game is often referred to as "Shodai" (初代), or
5445-454: Is the lava structure typically formed when lava emerges from an underwater volcanic vent or subglacial volcano or a lava flow enters the ocean. The viscous lava gains a solid crust on contact with the water, and this crust cracks and oozes additional large blobs or "pillows" as more lava emerges from the advancing flow. Since water covers the majority of Earth 's surface and most volcanoes are situated near or under bodies of water, pillow lava
5566-495: Is the one-way arrows. Lolo can enter these arrows from any direction except the direction the arrow is pointing. For instance, if the arrow is pointing up, Lolo cannot walk down against the arrow. One-way arrows do not stop monsters in any way, nor do they prevent any shots from Lolo or monsters. Some levels contain water or lava . Neither prevent shots from Lolo nor monsters from going through and both prohibit movement from Lolo and monsters. There are sometimes bridges going over
5687-422: Is typical of many shield volcanoes. Cinder cones and spatter cones are small-scale features formed by lava accumulation around a small vent on a volcanic edifice. Cinder cones are formed from tephra or ash and tuff which is thrown from an explosive vent. Spatter cones are formed by accumulation of molten volcanic slag and cinders ejected in a more liquid form. Another Hawaiian English term derived from
5808-516: Is usually of higher viscosity than pāhoehoe. Pāhoehoe can turn into ʻaʻā if it becomes turbulent from meeting impediments or steep slopes. The sharp, angled texture makes ʻaʻā a strong radar reflector, and can easily be seen from an orbiting satellite (bright on Magellan pictures). ʻAʻā lavas typically erupt at temperatures of 1,050 to 1,150 °C (1,920 to 2,100 °F) or greater. Pāhoehoe (also spelled pahoehoe , from Hawaiian [paːˈhoweˈhowe] meaning "smooth, unbroken lava")
5929-646: Is very common. Because it is formed from viscous molten rock, lava flows and eruptions create distinctive formations, landforms and topographical features from the macroscopic to the microscopic. Volcanoes are the primary landforms built by repeated eruptions of lava and ash over time. They range in shape from shield volcanoes with broad, shallow slopes formed from predominantly effusive eruptions of relatively fluid basaltic lava flows, to steeply-sided stratovolcanoes (also known as composite volcanoes) made of alternating layers of ash and more viscous lava flows typical of intermediate and felsic lavas. A caldera , which
6050-614: The Baltic Sea area and Northern Europe , and are also found in Eastern , Central , and Southern Europe . Blue eyes are also found in parts of Western Asia , most notably in Afghanistan , Syria , Iraq , and Iran . In Estonia , 99% of people have blue eyes. In Denmark in 1978, only 8% of the population had brown eyes, though through immigration, today that number is about 11%. In Germany , about 75% have blue eyes. In
6171-573: The Caucasus , and as far away as Mauritania . It was used in the funeral mask of Tutankhamun (1341–1323 BC). A term for Blue was relatively rare in many forms of ancient art and decoration, and even in ancient literature. The Ancient Greek poets described the sea as green, brown or "the colour of wine". The colour is mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible as ' tekhelet '. Reds, blacks, browns, and ochres are found in cave paintings from
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#17327977620616292-494: The Hawaiian language , a kīpuka denotes an elevated area such as a hill, ridge or old lava dome inside or downslope from an area of active volcanism. New lava flows will cover the surrounding land, isolating the kīpuka so that it appears as a (usually) forested island in a barren lava flow. Lava domes are formed by the extrusion of viscous felsic magma. They can form prominent rounded protuberances, such as at Valles Caldera . As
6413-470: The Munsell colour wheel ). In 1993, high-brightness blue LEDs were demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation . In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano of Nagoya University were working on a new development which revolutionized LED lighting. Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention. Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded
6534-833: The Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of an efficient blue LED. Lasers emitting in the blue region of the spectrum became widely available to the public in 2010 with the release of inexpensive high-powered 445–447 nm laser diode technology. Previously the blue wavelengths were accessible only through DPSS which are comparatively expensive and inefficient, but still widely used by scientists for applications including optogenetics , Raman spectroscopy , and particle image velocimetry , due to their superior beam quality. Blue gas lasers are also still commonly used for holography , DNA sequencing , optical pumping , among other scientific and medical applications. Blue
6655-889: The Proterozoic , with a few ultramafic magmas known from the Phanerozoic in Central America that are attributed to a hot mantle plume . No modern komatiite lavas are known, as the Earth's mantle has cooled too much to produce highly magnesian magmas. Some silicate lavas have an elevated content of alkali metal oxides (sodium and potassium), particularly in regions of continental rifting , areas overlying deeply subducted plates , or at intraplate hotspots . Their silica content can range from ultramafic ( nephelinites , basanites and tephrites ) to felsic ( trachytes ). They are more likely to be generated at greater depths in
6776-520: The Snake River Plain of the northwestern United States. Intermediate or andesitic lavas contain 52% to 63% silica, and are lower in aluminium and usually somewhat richer in magnesium and iron than felsic lavas. Intermediate lavas form andesite domes and block lavas and may occur on steep composite volcanoes , such as in the Andes . They are also commonly hotter than felsic lavas, in
6897-539: The Tyndall scattering of light in the stroma, an optical effect similar to what accounts for the blueness of the sky. The irises of the eyes of people with blue eyes contain less dark melanin than those of people with brown eyes, which means that they absorb less short-wavelength blue light, which is instead reflected out to the viewer. Eye colour also varies depending on the lighting conditions, especially for lighter-coloured eyes. Blue eyes are most common in Ireland,
7018-532: The imagination , cold , and sadness . The modern English word blue comes from Middle English bleu or blewe , from the Old French bleu , a word of Germanic origin, related to the Old High German word blao (meaning 'shimmering, lustrous'). In heraldry , the word azure is used for blue . In Russian , Spanish, Mongolian , Irish , and some other languages, there
7139-402: The iridophore cells in some fish and frogs. Blue eyes do not actually contain any blue pigment. Eye colour is determined by two factors: the pigmentation of the eye's iris and the scattering of light by the turbid medium in the stroma of the iris . In humans, the pigmentation of the iris varies from light brown to black. The appearance of blue, green, and hazel eyes results from
7260-425: The mandarin fish and the picturesque dragonet . More commonly, blueness in animals is a structural colouration ; an optical interference effect induced by organized nanometre-sized scales or fibres. Examples include the plumage of several birds like the blue jay and indigo bunting , the scales of butterflies like the morpho butterfly , collagen fibres in the skin of some species of monkey and opossum , and
7381-418: The most abundant elements of the Earth's crust , with smaller quantities of aluminium , calcium , magnesium , iron , sodium , and potassium and minor amounts of many other elements. Petrologists routinely express the composition of a silicate lava in terms of the weight or molar mass fraction of the oxides of the major elements (other than oxygen) present in the lava. The silica component dominates
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#17327977620617502-506: The "first Eggerland ". The game features a total of 122 stages; the game is therefore presented in a 10-by-10 grid, plus 22 extra stages. Eggerland ( エッガーランド ) is a port of Meikyū Shinwa for the MSX computer platform with updated graphics and different music. The game was released in Japan in 1987 for the Family Computer Disk System by HAL Laboratory . Eggerland: Meikyū no Fukkatsu ( エッガーランド 迷宮の復活 , Eggerland: Revival of
7623-605: The American Adventures of Lolo 1 & 2 are compilations of stages taken from earlier Japan-only titles. The American Adventures of Lolo 3 includes mostly original stages, instead, usually easier than the stages in the Japanese Adventures of Lolo 2 . The player must guide Lolo through a room of 11×11 tiles and have Lolo collect all of the Heart Framers (sometimes referred to as Hearts) in
7744-634: The Hammer, the Bridge, and the Arrow Turn (sometimes called a One-Way Pass). To obtain a power, Lolo must collect a certain amount of hearts, which is pre-defined in the data for any level that gives a power. This value varies from level to level. The maximum amount of powers a level can have is three. If the next heart to be collected will give Lolo a power, all hearts in the room will flash as an indicator: To use any of these powers, Lolo simply needs to face
7865-790: The Islamic world, blue was the colour worn by Christians and Jews, because only Muslims were allowed to wear white and green. In the art and life of Europe during the early Middle Ages , blue played a minor role. This changed dramatically between 1130 and 1140 in Paris, when the Abbe Suger rebuilt the Saint Denis Basilica . Suger considered that light was the visible manifestation of the Holy Spirit. He installed stained glass windows coloured with cobalt , which, combined with
7986-577: The Labyrinth ) is a puzzle video game developed by HAL Laboratory for the Family Computer . It was released in 1988 in Japan as the fourth game in the Eggerland series following Eggerland Mystery , and is the third in the series not counting the port of Eggerland 2 made for the Famicom Disk System . The game contains roughly 162 stages (or maps), which are arranged on an 8-by-16 grid (with some stages hidden). This entry in
8107-655: The Romans, blue was the colour of mourning, as well as the colour of barbarians. The Celts and Germans reportedly dyed their faces blue to frighten their enemies, and tinted their hair blue when they grew old. The Romans made extensive use of indigo and Egyptian blue pigment, as evidenced, in part, by frescos in Pompeii . The Romans had many words for varieties of blue, including caeruleus , caesius , glaucus , cyaneus , lividus , venetus , aerius , and ferreus , but two words, both of foreign origin, became
8228-558: The United States and Europe, blue is the colour that both men and women are most likely to choose as their favourite, with at least one recent survey showing the same across several other countries, including China, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Past surveys in the US and Europe have found that blue is the colour most commonly associated with harmony , confidence , masculinity , knowledge , intelligence , calmness , distance , infinity ,
8349-417: The United States, as of 2006, 1 out of every 6 people, or 16.6% of the total population, and 22.3% of the white population , have blue eyes, compared with about half of Americans born in 1900, and a third of Americans born in 1950. Blue eyes are becoming less common among American children . In the US, males are 3–5% more likely to have blue eyes than females. As early as the 7th millennium BC , lapis lazuli
8470-722: The Upper Paleolithic period, but not blue. Blue was also not used for dyeing fabric until long after red, ochre, pink, and purple. This is probably due to the perennial difficulty of making blue dyes and pigments. On the other hand, the rarity of blue pigment made it even more valuable. The earliest known blue dyes were made from plants – woad in Europe, indigo in Asia and Africa, while blue pigments were made from minerals, usually either lapis lazuli or azurite , and required more. Blue glazes posed still another challenge since
8591-989: The aspect (thickness relative to lateral extent) of flows, the speed with which flows move, and the surface character of the flows. When highly viscous lavas erupt effusively rather than in their more common explosive form, they almost always erupt as high-aspect flows or domes. These flows take the form of block lava rather than ʻaʻā or pāhoehoe. Obsidian flows are common. Intermediate lavas tend to form steep stratovolcanoes, with alternating beds of lava from effusive eruptions and tephra from explosive eruptions. Mafic lavas form relatively thin flows that can move great distances, forming shield volcanoes with gentle slopes. In addition to melted rock, most lavas contain solid crystals of various minerals, fragments of exotic rocks known as xenoliths , and fragments of previously solidified lava. The crystal content of most lavas gives them thixotropic and shear thinning properties. In other words, most lavas do not behave like Newtonian fluids, in which
8712-418: The blue wavelengths are scattered more widely by the oxygen and nitrogen molecules, and more blue comes to our eyes. This effect is called Rayleigh scattering , after Lord Rayleigh and confirmed by Albert Einstein in 1911. The sea is seen as blue for largely the same reason: the water absorbs the longer wavelengths of red and reflects and scatters the blue, which comes to the eye of the viewer. The deeper
8833-446: The dungeon. Rather than the small key used to enter new rooms, the player may occasionally receive one of the game's special keys, which are used to open special doorways normal keys cannot open, and four of these special keys are used to access rooms closed off from the main dungeon map to obtain pieces of a large King Egger tablet required for access to the final levels of the game. Two other items that can also be obtained from chests are
8954-463: The early blue dyes and pigments were not thermally robust. In c. 2500 BC , the blue glaze Egyptian blue was introduced for ceramics, as well as many other objects. The Greeks imported indigo dye from India, calling it indikon, and they painted with Egyptian blue. Blue was not one of the four primary colours for Greek painting described by Pliny the Elder (red, yellow, black, and white). For
9075-418: The eruption. A cooling lava flow shrinks, and this fractures the flow. Basalt flows show a characteristic pattern of fractures. The uppermost parts of the flow show irregular downward-splaying fractures, while the lower part of the flow shows a very regular pattern of fractures that break the flow into five- or six-sided columns. The irregular upper part of the solidified flow is called the entablature , while
9196-654: The flood basalts of South America formed in this manner. Flood basalts typically crystallize little before they cease flowing, and, as a result, flow textures are uncommon in less silicic flows. On the other hand, flow banding is common in felsic flows. The morphology of lava describes its surface form or texture. More fluid basaltic lava flows tend to form flat sheet-like bodies, whereas viscous rhyolite lava flows form knobbly, blocky masses of rock. Lava erupted underwater has its own distinctive characteristics. ʻAʻā (also spelled aa , aʻa , ʻaʻa , and a-aa , and pronounced [ʔəˈʔaː] or / ˈ ɑː ( ʔ ) ɑː / )
9317-517: The flow of water and mud down the flanks of the volcano (a lahar ) after heavy rain . Solidified lava on the Earth's crust is predominantly silicate minerals : mostly feldspars , feldspathoids , olivine , pyroxenes , amphiboles , micas and quartz . Rare nonsilicate lavas can be formed by local melting of nonsilicate mineral deposits or by separation of a magma into immiscible silicate and nonsilicate liquid phases . Silicate lavas are molten mixtures dominated by oxygen and silicon ,
9438-496: The formula of his colour. In 1828, another scientist, Christian Gmelin then a professor of chemistry in Tübingen, found the process and published his formula. This was the beginning of new industry to manufacture artificial ultramarine, which eventually almost completely replaced the natural product. In 1878 German chemists synthesized indigo . This product rapidly replaced natural indigo, wiping out vast farms growing indigo. It
9559-453: The genus Nessaea , where blue is created by pterobilin . Other blue pigments of animal origin include phorcabilin, used by other butterflies in Graphium and Papilio (specifically P. phorcas and P. weiskei ), and sarpedobilin, which is used by Graphium sarpedon . Blue-pigmented organelles , known as "cyanosomes", exist in the chromatophores of at least two fish species,
9680-424: The hue between blue and violet, as one of the separate colours, though today it is usually considered a hue of blue. In painting and traditional colour theory , blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments (red, yellow, blue), which can be mixed to form a wide gamut of colours. Red and blue mixed together form violet, blue and yellow together form green. Mixing all three primary colours together produces
9801-497: The icy satellites of the Solar System 's giant planets . The lava's viscosity mostly determines the behavior of lava flows. While the temperature of common silicate lava ranges from about 800 °C (1,470 °F) for felsic lavas to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) for mafic lavas, its viscosity ranges over seven orders of magnitude, from 10 cP (10 Pa⋅s) for felsic lavas to 10 cP (10 Pa⋅s) for mafic lavas. Lava viscosity
9922-445: The last main category of colour accepted in a language – adding the colour blue, probably when blue pigments could be manufactured reliably in the culture using that language. The term blue generally describes colours perceived by humans observing light with a dominant wavelength between approximately 450 and 495 nanometres. Blues with a higher frequency and thus a shorter wavelength gradually look more violet, while those with
10043-404: The lava's chemical composition. This temperature range is similar to the hottest temperatures achievable with a forced air charcoal forge. Lava is most fluid when first erupted, becoming much more viscous as its temperature drops. Lava flows quickly develop an insulating crust of solid rock as a result of radiative loss of heat. Thereafter, the lava cools by a very slow conduction of heat through
10164-598: The lava. The crumbling bridge is an obstacle that was only featured in Adventures of Lolo 3 . These bridges can only be crossed twice. The first time will make the bridge crack. The second time, the bridge will crumble away, leaving either water or lava behind. Lolo must be fully on the bridge to qualify it for being crossed. If Lolo only walks halfway on these bridges and walks off, they will not be damaged. Any monster walking over these bridges will not cause any damage to them. One final trick that appears in most games are
10285-610: The lava. Other cations , such as ferrous iron, calcium, and magnesium, bond much more weakly to oxygen and reduce the tendency to polymerize. Partial polymerization makes the lava viscous, so lava high in silica is much more viscous than lava low in silica. Because of the role of silica in determining viscosity and because many other properties of a lava (such as its temperature) are observed to correlate with silica content, silicate lavas are divided into four chemical types based on silica content: felsic , intermediate , mafic , and ultramafic . Felsic or silicic lavas have
10406-436: The level. Eggs will sink upon reaching the end of the current. An egg that sinks in the water will remove the monster from the level temporarily, but the monster will reappear in its original starting point (just like hitting it as an egg with a second magic shot). There can only be one egg on any water part of the level at any time. A second egg may not be put into the water until the first one sinks. Eggs may not be pushed into
10527-632: The light from the red glass, filled the church with a bluish violet light. The church became the marvel of the Christian world , and the colour became known as the "bleu de Saint-Denis" . In the years that followed even more elegant blue stained glass windows were installed in other churches, including at Chartres Cathedral and Sainte-Chapelle in Paris. In the 12th century the Roman Catholic Church dictated that painters in Italy (and
10648-516: The light interferes destructively. Diverse colours therefore appear despite the absence of colourants. Egyptian blue , the first artificial pigment, was produced in the third millennium BC in Ancient Egypt. It is produced by heating pulverized sand, copper, and natron . It was used in tomb paintings and funereal objects to protect the dead in their afterlife. Prior to the 1700s, blue colourants for artwork were mainly based on lapis lazuli and
10769-464: The lower and upper boundaries. These are described as pipe-stem vesicles or pipe-stem amygdales . Liquids expelled from the cooling crystal mush rise upwards into the still-fluid center of the cooling flow and produce vertical vesicle cylinders . Where these merge towards the top of the flow, they form sheets of vesicular basalt and are sometimes capped with gas cavities that sometimes fill with secondary minerals. The beautiful amethyst geodes found in
10890-467: The lower part that shows columnar jointing is called the colonnade . (The terms are borrowed from Greek temple architecture.) Likewise, regular vertical patterns on the sides of columns, produced by cooling with periodic fracturing, are described as chisel marks . Despite their names, these are natural features produced by cooling, thermal contraction, and fracturing. As lava cools, crystallizing inwards from its edges, it expels gases to form vesicles at
11011-422: The mantle than subalkaline magmas. Olivine nephelinite lavas are both ultramafic and highly alkaline, and are thought to have come from much deeper in the mantle of the Earth than other lavas. Tholeiitic basalt lava Rhyolite lava Some lavas of unusual composition have erupted onto the surface of the Earth. These include: The term "lava" can also be used to refer to molten "ice mixtures" in eruptions on
11132-456: The manufacture of wallpaper, and in the 19th century was widely used by French impressionist painters. Beginning in the 1820s, Prussian blue was imported into Japan through the port of Nagasaki . It was called bero-ai , or Berlin blue, and it became popular because it did not fade like traditional Japanese blue pigment, ai-gami , made from the dayflower . Prussian blue was used by both Hokusai , in his wave paintings, and Hiroshige . In 1799
11253-578: The map, which retains its usage from Eggerland 2 , and a new item: the Magic Bell, which rings in four specific rooms of the castle that contain entrances to special dungeons that if completed, award the player with one of the four Gods needed to finish the final rooms of the game, in a similar fashion to the Guardians from Eggerland 2 . These entrances to the God dungeons are not revealed like they were in
11374-581: The maps are reproduced from Eggerland Mystery . Blue Blue is one of the three primary colours in the RYB colour model (traditional colour theory), as well as in the RGB (additive) colour model . It lies between violet and cyan on the spectrum of visible light . The term blue generally describes colours perceived by humans observing light with a dominant wavelength that's between approximately 450 and 495 nanometres . Most blues contain
11495-521: The minimal heat loss maintains a low viscosity. The surface texture of pāhoehoe flows varies widely, displaying all kinds of bizarre shapes often referred to as lava sculpture. With increasing distance from the source, pāhoehoe flows may change into ʻaʻā flows in response to heat loss and consequent increase in viscosity. Experiments suggest that the transition takes place at a temperature between 1,200 and 1,170 °C (2,190 and 2,140 °F), with some dependence on shear rate. Pahoehoe lavas typically have
11616-417: The more blue it often appears to the eye. For example, mountains in the distance often appear blue. This is the effect of atmospheric perspective ; the farther an object is away from the viewer, the less contrast there is between the object and its background colour, which is usually blue. In a painting where different parts of the composition are blue, green and red, the blue will appear to be more distant, and
11737-745: The most enduring; blavus , from the Germanic word blau , which eventually became bleu or blue; and azureus , from the Arabic word lazaward , which became azure. Blue was widely used in the decoration of churches in the Byzantine Empire. By contrast, in the Islamic world, blue was of secondary to green, believed to be the favourite colour of the Prophet Mohammed . At certain times in Moorish Spain and other parts of
11858-427: The observer goes, the darker the blue becomes. In the open sea, only about 1% of light penetrates to a depth of 200 metres (see underwater and euphotic depth ). The colour of the sea is also affected by the colour of the sky, reflected by particles in the water; and by algae and plant life in the water, which can make it look green; or by sediment, which can make it look brown. The farther away an object is,
11979-446: The physical behavior of silicate magmas. Silicon ions in lava strongly bind to four oxygen ions in a tetrahedral arrangement. If an oxygen ion is bound to two silicon ions in the melt, it is described as a bridging oxygen, and lava with many clumps or chains of silicon ions connected by bridging oxygen ions is described as partially polymerized. Aluminium in combination with alkali metal oxides (sodium and potassium) also tends to polymerize
12100-502: The plant kingdom". In the few plants that exploit structural colouration, brilliant colours are produced by structures within cells. The most brilliant blue colouration known in any living tissue is found in the marble berries of Pollia condensata , where a spiral structure of cellulose fibrils scattering blue light. The fruit of quandong ( Santalum acuminatum ) can appear blue owing to the same effect. Blue-pigmented animals are relatively rare. Examples of which include butterflies of
12221-515: The previous game, where the player had to move one specific Emerald Frame after the room's completion. Here the player has to align the Emerald Framers in a particular pattern to reveal the entrance. Alongside the Gods, Lolo can also encounter Buddhas that give out information in certain empty rooms. Eggerland: Sōzō e no Tabidachi ( エッガーランド 創造への旅立ち , Eggerland: Departure to Creation )
12342-440: The range of 850 to 1,100 °C (1,560 to 2,010 °F). Because of their lower silica content and higher eruptive temperatures, they tend to be much less viscous, with a typical viscosity of 3.5 × 10 cP (3,500 Pa⋅s) at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). This is slightly greater than the viscosity of smooth peanut butter . Intermediate lavas show a greater tendency to form phenocrysts . Higher iron and magnesium tends to manifest as
12463-409: The rate of flow is proportional to the shear stress . Instead, a typical lava is a Bingham fluid , which shows considerable resistance to flow until a stress threshold, called the yield stress, is crossed. This results in plug flow of partially crystalline lava. A familiar example of plug flow is toothpaste squeezed out of a toothpaste tube. The toothpaste comes out as a semisolid plug, because shear
12584-430: The red closer to the viewer. The cooler a colour is, the more distant it seems. Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere , hence our "blue planet". Some of the most desirable gems are blue, including sapphire and tanzanite . Compounds of copper(II) are characteristically blue and so are many copper-containing minerals. Azurite ( Cu 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 ) , with
12705-424: The reds and the blues so no one colour dominated the picture. Ultramarine was the most prestigious blue of the Renaissance, being more expensive than gold. Wealthy art patrons commissioned works with the most expensive blues possible. In 1616 Richard Sackville commissioned a portrait of himself by Isaac Oliver with three different blues, including ultramarine pigment for his stockings. Lava Lava
12826-476: The related mineral ultramarine. A breakthrough occurred in 1709 when German druggist and pigment maker Johann Jacob Diesbach discovered Prussian blue . The new blue arose from experiments involving heating dried blood with iron sulphides and was initially called Berliner Blau. By 1710 it was being used by the French painter Antoine Watteau , and later his successor Nicolas Lancret . It became immensely popular for
12947-421: The respective obstacle the power is used for and use the magic shot button. For arrows, Lolo may be facing the arrow from any direction, though care must be taken to ensure that Lolo is standing in the proper position, or a shot will be fired by accident instead. Eggerland Mystery ( エッガーランド ミステリー , Eggerland Misuteri ) is a 1985 puzzle game for MSX computer systems produced by HAL Laboratory . It
13068-524: The rest of Europe consequently) to paint the Virgin Mary with blue, which became associated with holiness, humility and virtue. In medieval paintings, blue was used to attract the attention of the viewer to the Virgin Mary. Paintings of the mythical King Arthur began to show him dressed in blue. The coat of arms of the kings of France became an azure or light blue shield, sprinkled with golden fleur-de-lis or lilies. Blue had come from obscurity to become
13189-625: The rocky crust. For instance, geologists of the United States Geological Survey regularly drilled into the Kilauea Iki lava lake, formed in an eruption in 1959. After three years, the solid surface crust, whose base was at a temperature of 1,065 °C (1,949 °F), was still only 14 m (46 ft) thick, even though the lake was about 100 m (330 ft) deep. Residual liquid was still present at depths of around 80 m (260 ft) nineteen years after
13310-414: The room. If a monster is in the process of reappearing and Lolo covers its spot while this is happening (i.e. when the outlined box indicating a monster is about to reappear is there and gets covered), the reappearing process will fail and the monster will be permanently removed from the level. It will not be sent to a hole. In some levels, Lolo can obtain certain powers to help him. These powers include
13431-681: The room. Doing so opens up a Jewel Box, which contains an item (sometimes a key or jewel). Successfully acquiring the contents of the Jewel Box will clear the room of all monsters and open the way to the next room(s). Players need to navigate Lolo past the many monsters seen throughout the rooms — some are harmless while others are deadly. Lolo's only weapon is a Magic Shot. Two shots (and always two shots) are obtained by collecting certain Heart Framers (sometimes referred to as Shot Framers). Heart Framers containing magic shots are not differentiated in appearance from regular Heart Framers. Collecting
13552-400: The royal colour. Blue came into wider use beginning in the Renaissance, when artists began to paint the world with perspective, depth, shadows, and light from a single source. In Renaissance paintings, artists tried to create harmonies between blue and red, lightening the blue with lead white paint and adding shadows and highlights. Raphael was a master of this technique, carefully balancing
13673-410: The series would serve as the basis for Eggerland – Departure to Creation , which reuses Revival of the Labyrinth' s core gameplay and presentation. This game is more linear than its predecessor: Lolo (the player) can choose to go in two different directions only in a dozen of rooms. Similar to the key that is used to access new rooms of the dungeon, the raft makes its second appearance in the series as
13794-460: The silica prior to firing. The cobalt occupies sites otherwise filled with silicon. Methyl blue is the dominant blue pigment in inks used in pens. Blueprinting involves the production of Prussian blue in situ. Certain metal ions characteristically form blue solutions or blue salts. Of some practical importance, cobalt is used to make the deep blue glazes and glasses. It substitutes for silicon or aluminum ions in these materials. Cobalt
13915-573: The three American games were released in Japan . Europe saw the release of three Japanese games, as well as the three American games. Below is a list of all video games and their respective releases. Although the graphics and game engine of the Japanese Adventures of Lolo are identical to those of the Western Adventures of Lolo 2 , the stages are completely different. Therefore, they are two separate video games. The Japanese Adventures of Lolo 1 & 2 include original stages, whereas
14036-466: The warp holes. Some levels, but not all, have pre-defined locations for a monster to alternately appear if it is removed from the screen and its original starting point is covered. Its starting point may be covered with an Emerald or another monster. Also, an object need only cover a part of the original point. For instance, if an Emerald were only on 1/4 of the monster's original starting point, this would be sufficient to cover it. Lolo himself cannot cover
14157-446: The water and lava and both Lolo and mobile monsters can cross the bridges freely. With water, Lolo can push a monster in an egg onto the water to act as a temporary bridge. Typically, levels are laid out so Lolo can go to the other side of the waterway. An egg sinks quickly after being pushed into the water. If Lolo is on an egg and it sinks, Lolo will be killed. Some waterways even have currents which Lolo can ride eggs on to other parts of
14278-707: Was mined in the Sar-i Sang mines, in Shortugai , and in other mines in Badakhshan province in northeast Afghanistan . Lapis lazuli artifacts, dated to 7570 BC, have been found at Bhirrana , which is the oldest site of Indus Valley civilisation . Lapis was highly valued by the Indus Valley Civilisation (7570–1900 BC). Lapis beads have been found at Neolithic burials in Mehrgarh ,
14399-480: Was recorded following the collapse of a lava lake at Mount Nyiragongo . The scaling relationship for lavas is that the average speed of a flow scales as the square of its thickness divided by its viscosity. This implies that a rhyolite flow would have to be about a thousand times thicker than a basalt flow to flow at a similar speed. The temperature of most types of molten lava ranges from about 800 °C (1,470 °F) to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) depending on
14520-547: Was replaced by the finer indigo from America. In the 19th century, synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced organic dyes and mineral pigments. Dark blue became a common colour for military uniforms and later, in the late 20th century, for business suits. Because blue has commonly been associated with harmony, it was chosen as the colour of the flags of the United Nations and the European Union . In
14641-467: Was used in ancient Egypt for jewellery and ornament and later, in the Renaissance , to make the pigment ultramarine , the most expensive of all pigments. In the eighth century Chinese artists used cobalt blue to colour fine blue and white porcelain . In the Middle Ages , European artists used it in the windows of cathedrals . Europeans wore clothing coloured with the vegetable dye woad until it
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